Government of India

Last updated

Government of the Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya Kī Sarkār
Government of India logo.svg
Formation26 January 1950;72 years ago (1950-01-26)
Country Republic of India
Website india.gov.in
Legislative branch
Legislature Parliament
Meeting place Sansad Bhavan
Executive branch
Leader Prime Minister
Headquarters Central Secretariat
Departments Union Council of Ministers, Union Government ministries of India
Judicial branch
Court Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice Chief Justice of India

The Government of India (ISO: Bhārat Sarkār; often abbreviated as GoI), known as the Union Government or Central Government but often simply as the Centre, [lower-alpha 1] is the national government of the Republic of India, a federal democracy located in South Asia, consisting of 28 union states and eight union territories. Under the Constitution, there are three primary branches of government: the legislative, the executive and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in a bicameral Parliament, President, aided by the Council of Ministers, and the Supreme Court respectively. Through judicial evolution, the Parliament has lost its sovereignty as its amendments to the Constitution are subject to judicial intervention. Judicial appointments in India are unique in that the executive or legislature have negligible say.

Contents

Etymology and history

The Government of India Act 1833, passed by the British parliament, is the first such act of law with the epithet "Government of India". [1]

Basic structure

The government of India, also known as the Union of India (according to Article 300 of the Indian constitution), [2] is modelled after the Westminster system. [3] The Union government is mainly composed of the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, and powers are vested by the constitution in the prime minister, parliament, and the supreme court, respectively. The president of India is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces, whilst the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government. [4] The parliament is bicameral in nature, with the Lok Sabha being the lower house, and the Rajya Sabha the upper house. The judiciary systematically contains an apex supreme court, 25 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the supreme court. [5]

The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the civil procedure code, the penal code, and the criminal procedure code. [6] Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English common and statutory law. [7] The full name of the country is the Republic of India. India and Bharat are equally official short names for the Republic of India in the Constitution, [8] and both names appears on legal banknotes, in treaties and in legal cases. The terms "Union government", "central government" and "bhārat sarkār" are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the government of India.[ citation needed ] The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Union government, [9] as the seat of the central government is in New Delhi.

Legislature

Building of the Parliament of India New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
Building of the Parliament of India

The powers of the legislature in India are exercised by the Parliament, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. Of the two houses of parliament, the Rajya Sabha (or the 'Council of States') is considered to be the upper house and consists of members appointed by the president and elected by the state and territorial legislatures. The Lok Sabha (or the 'House of the People') is considered the lower house. [10]

The parliament does not have complete control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court. [11] However, it does exercise some control over the executive. The members of the Council of Ministers, including the prime minister, are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office. [12] The council as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha. [13] The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term. [14]

Executive

The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers. [15]

President

The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through subordinate officers as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is to act following aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution.

The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on his or her initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha.

The President is responsible for appointing many high officials in India. These high officials include the governors of the 28 states; the chief justice; other judges of the supreme court and high courts on the advice of other judges; the attorney general; the comptroller and auditor general; the chief election commissioner and other election commissioners; the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission; the officers of the All India Services (IAS, IFoS and IPS) and Central Civil Services in group 'A'; and the ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries on the recommendations of the Council of Ministers. [16] [17]

The President, as the head of state, also receives the credentials of ambassadors from other countries, whilst the prime minister, as head of government, receives credentials of high commissioners from other members of the Commonwealth, in line with historical tradition.

The President is the de jure commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. [18]

The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person once, particularly in cases involving the punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister. [19] Presently, the President of India is Droupadi Murmu.

Vice president

The vice president is the second-highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. [20] The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of the parliament following the system of proportional representation employing the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by the election commission.

Prime minister

The Rashtrapati Bhawan complex, with North and South Block housing the Prime Minister's Office, Cabinet Secretariat, Ministry of Defence, and others. New Delhi government block 03-2016 img5.jpg
The Rashtrapati Bhawan complex, with North and South Block housing the Prime Minister's Office, Cabinet Secretariat, Ministry of Defence, and others.

The Prime Minister of India, as addressed in the Constitution of India, is the chief executive of the government and the leader of the majority party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha. The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India.

The prime minister is the senior member of the cabinet in the executive government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.

The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.

Cabinet, ministries and agencies

The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India. Government of India hierarchy.svg
The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.

The Union Council of Ministers includes the prime minister, Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). [21] Each minister must be a member of one of the houses of the parliament. The cabinet is headed by the prime minister, and is advised by the cabinet secretary, who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. Other members of the council are either union cabinet ministers, who are heads of various ministries; or ministers of state, who are junior members who report directly to one of the cabinet ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or ministers of state (independent charges), who do not report to a cabinet minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either house, any joint sitting of the houses, and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.

Secretaries

A secretary to the Government of India, a civil servant, generally an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, [22] [23] [24] [25] is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department. [26] [27] Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on Indian order of precedence. [28] [29] [30] [31] Secretaries at the higher level are assisted by one or many additional secretaries, who are further assisted by joint secretaries. [27] At the middle they are assisted by directors/deputy secretaries and under secretaries. [27] At the lower level, there are section officers, assistant section officers, upper division clerks, lower division clerks and other secretarial staff. [27]

Ministries and departments of the Government of India
#MinistryDepartment(s)
1 Prime Minister's Office Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Space
2 Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Department of Agricultural Research and Education
3 Ministry of Ayush
4 Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
Department of Fertilizers
Department of Pharmaceuticals
5 Ministry of Civil Aviation
6 Ministry of Co-operation
7 Ministry of Coal
8 Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
Department of Commerce
9 Ministry of Communications Department of Posts
Department of Telecommunications
10 Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Department of Consumer Affairs
Department of Food and Public Distribution
11 Ministry of Corporate Affairs
12 Ministry of Culture
13 Ministry of Defence Department of Defence
Department of Defence Production
Department of Defence Research and Development
Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare
Department of Military Affairs
14 Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
15 Ministry of Earth Sciences
16 Ministry of Education Department of Higher Education
Department of School Education and Literacy
17 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
18 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
19 Ministry of External Affairs
20 Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs
Department of Expenditure
Department of Financial Services
Department of Investment and Public Asset Management
Department of Public Enterprises
Department of Revenue
21 Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
22 Ministry of Food Processing Industries
23 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Department of Family Welfare
Department of Health
Department of Health Research
24 Ministry of Heavy Industries
25 Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Border Management
Department of Home
Department of Internal Security
Department of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Affairs
Department of Official Language
Department of States
26 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Central Public Works Department
27 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
28 Ministry of Jal Shakti
29 Ministry of Labour and Employment
30 Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs
Department of Justice
Legislative Department
31 Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
32 Ministry of Mines
33 Ministry of Minority Affairs
34 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
35 Ministry of Panchayati Raj
36 Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
37 Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances
Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare
Department of Personnel and Training
38 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
39 Ministry of Planning
40 Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
41 Ministry of Power
42 Ministry of Railways
43 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
44 Ministry of Rural Development Department of Land Resources
Department of Rural Development
45 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Biotechnology
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Department of Science and Technology
46 Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
47 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
Department of Social Justice and Empowerment
48 Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
49 Ministry of Steel
50 Ministry of Textiles
51 Ministry of Tourism
52 Ministry of Tribal Affairs
53 Ministry of Women and Child Development
54 Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Department of Youth Affairs
Department of Sports

Civil services

The Civil Services of India are the civil services and the permanent bureaucracy of India. The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants.

In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people based on universal adult suffrage. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers is not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.

Cabinet secretary

The cabinet secretary (IAST: Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva) is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary is the ex-officio head of the Civil Services Board, the Cabinet Secretariat, the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government.

The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the Indian order of precedence. [28] [29] [30] [31] The cabinet secretary is under the direct charge of the prime minister. Presently, the Cabinet Secretary of India is Rajiv Gauba, IAS.

Judiciary

India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries. The Supreme Court of India consists of the chief justice and 33 associate justices, all appointed by the president on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. The jury trials were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case KM Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra , for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled.

Unlike its United States counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and union levels. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of India, high courts at the state level, and district courts and Sessions Courts at the district level.

Supreme Court

Building of the Supreme Court of India. Supreme Court of India - 200705.jpg
Building of the Supreme Court of India.

The Supreme Court of India is situated in New Delhi, the capital region of India.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 33 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. [32]

As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by the president. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention to them. The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments. [33] Per Article 142, it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.

In addition, Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court concerning enforcing fundamental rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct the transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court, or from a Court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court. Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts, of late the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which the interest of the public at large is involved. This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing a writ petition at the filing counter of the court or by addressing a letter to the Chief Justice of India, highlighting the question of public importance for redress. These are known as public interest litigations. [34]

Elections and voting

India has a quasi-federal form of government, called "union" or "central" government, [35] with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level, the head of government, the prime minister, is appointed by the president of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of the Rajya Sabha, which represents the states, are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation, except for 12 members who are nominated by the president.

India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 900 million eligible voters, as of 2019. [36]

State and local governments

State governments in India are the governments ruling states of India and the chief minister heads the state government. [37] Power is divided between union government and state governments. [38] The state legislature is bicameral in five states and unicameral in the rest. [39] The lower house is elected with a five-year term, while in the upper house one-third of the members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year terms.

Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people.

Finance

Taxation

Reserve Bank of India's headquarters in Mumbai, India's financial capital RBI-Tower.jpg
Reserve Bank of India's headquarters in Mumbai, India's financial capital

India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein the constitution empowers the union government to levy income tax, tax on capital transactions (wealth tax, inheritance tax), sales tax, service tax, customs and excise duties and the state governments to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, taxon entertainment and professions, excise duties on manufacture of alcohol, stamp duties on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The local governments are empowered by the state government to levy property tax and charge users for public utilities like water supply, sewage etc. [40] More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which 3/4 come from direct taxes. More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues are shared with the state governments. [41]

The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions:

The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services. [43]

Inter-state share in the union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the Finance Commission to the president.

Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD.

Union budget

The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual union budget in the parliament on the last working day of February. However, for the F.Y. 2017–18, this tradition had been changed. Now the budget will be presented on the 1st day of February. The budget has to be passed by the Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's fiscal year. The Union budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year [44]

India's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold from 1985 to 1986. Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing to defend from a difficult neighbourhood and external terror threats. In 2020-21, India's defence budget stood at ₹4.71 trillion (US$59 billion).

Issues

Corruption

In 2009, several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including murder. [45] Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high-level government officials, including cabinet ministers and chief ministers, such as the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam (₹700 billion (equivalent to ₹1.3 trillionorUS$17 billion in 2020)), the Adarsh Housing Society scam, the Coal Mining Scam (₹1.86 trillion (equivalent to ₹3.5 trillionorUS$44 billion in 2020)), the mining scandal in Karnataka and the cash-for-votes scandal.

See also

Related Research Articles

Politics of India works within the framework of the country's Constitution. India is a parliamentary democratic secular republic in which the president of India is the head of state & first citizen of India and the prime minister of India is the head of government. It is based on the federal structure of government, although the word is not used in the Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that consists of the central authority at the centre and states at the periphery. The Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state governments; it is well recognised, fluid and considered supreme, i.e. the laws of the nation must conform to it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prime Minister of India</span> Leader of the Executive Branch of the Government of India

The prime minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of India, the Lok Sabha, which is the main legislative body in the Republic of India. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of India</span> Ceremonial head of state of India

The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajya Sabha</span> Upper house of the Parliament of India

The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2022, it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245, according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be prorogued by the president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lok Sabha</span> Lower house of the Parliament of India

The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan, New Delhi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of India</span> Supreme law of India

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written national constitution in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of India</span> Bicameral national legislature of India

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the president of India and two houses: the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The president in his role as head of the legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the prime minister and his Union Council of Ministers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arun Jaitley</span> Indian politician and attorney (1952–2019)

Arun Jaitley was an Indian politician and attorney. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Jaitley served as the Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs of the Government of India from 2014 to 2019. Jaitley previously held the cabinet portfolios of Finance, Defence, Corporate Affairs, Commerce and Industry, and Law and Justice in the Vajpayee government and Narendra Modi government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vice President of India</span> Second-highest constitutional office of India

The vice president of India is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India, i.e. the president of India. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the order of precedence and first in the line of succession to the presidency. The vice president is also a member of the Parliament of India as the ex officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Union Council of Ministers is the principal executive organ of the Government of India, which functions as the senior decision making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. Currently, the council is headed by prime minister Narendra Modi and consists of 29 members, including the prime minister. The council is subject to the Parliament of India.

India has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the central government and the states.

In the Westminster system, a money bill or supply bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending, as opposed to changes in public law.

This is a brief description of the lawmaking procedure in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sushma Swaraj</span> Indian stateswoman and diplomat (1952–2019)

Sushma Swaraj was an Indian lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as the Minister of External Affairs of India in the first Narendra Modi government from 2014 to 2019. She is only the second person to complete the 5-year term as Minister of External Affairs after Jawaharlal Nehru. Being a senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, she was the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi. She was elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of the Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister of Delhi for a short duration in 1998 and became the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarbananda Sonowal</span> 14th Chief Minister of Assam

Sarbananda Sonowal is an Indian politician from Assam who is the current Cabinet Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways and Cabinet Minister of AYUSH in the Government of India. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from Assam and also a member of the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs. He is a former Chief Minister of Assam and a former Member of the Legislative Assembly (India) in Assam Legislative Assembly. Sonowal earlier served as the Assam state President of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from 2012 to 2014 and again in 2015 to 2016. He has also served as the Minister for Sports and Youth Affairs, Government of India, from 2014 to 2016. He was chosen to be the Chief Minister of Assam after the 2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election and he became the first Chief Minister of Assam from Bharatiya Janata Party. During the cabinet reshuffle on 7 July 2021, he was inducted Cabinet minister in the 2nd Modi Cabinet.

The Government of Uttar Pradesh is the subnational government of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with the governor as its appointed constitutional head of the state by the President of India. The Governor of Uttar Pradesh is appointed for a period of five years and appoints the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and their council of ministers, who are vested with the executive powers of the state. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and their council are responsible for day-to-day government functions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Representation of the People Act, 1951</span>

The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is an act of Parliament of India to provide for the conduct of election of the Houses of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of those Houses, the corrupt practices and other offences at or in connection with such elections and the decision of doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with such elections. It was introduced in Parliament by law minister Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The Act was enacted by the provisional parliament under Article 327 of Indian Constitution, before the first general election.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, commonly known as the Telangana Act, is an Act of Indian Parliament that bifurcated the state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telangana movement. The Act defined the boundaries of the two states, determined how the assets and liabilities were to be divided, and laid out the status of Hyderabad as the permanent capital of new Telangana state and temporary capital of the Andhra Pradesh state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha</span> Representative of the Indian people in the lower house of the Indian Parliament

A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha is the representative of a legislative constituency in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and states and up to 20 members to represent the union territories. Between 1952 and 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India.

References

  1. ↑ "Government of India Acts | United Kingdom | Britannica". Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  2. ↑ "Article 300 in The Constitution Of India 1949". Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  3. ↑ Subramanian, K. (17 June 2014). "A prime ministerial form of government". The Hindu . ISSN   0971-751X. OCLC   13119119. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  4. ↑ "Government of India, Structure of Government India". elections.com. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  5. ↑ "Constitution of India's definition of India". Indiagovt.in. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019.
  6. ↑ "Legal services India on Criminal laws in India". Legal Services India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Dheeraj Kumar Tiwari. "Structure of Indian Legal System: Original Origin and Development". International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  8. ↑ Buckley, A. M. (2012). India. Edina, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company. ISBN   978-1-61787-625-7. OCLC   767886738.
  9. ↑ Das, Nairita (14 June 2012). "Why Raisina Hills, is so important for Indian Politicians?". One India . Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  10. ↑ Arnull, Elaine; Fox, Darrell (29 June 2016). Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practise. p. 186. ISBN   978-1-137-43397-8. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  11. ↑ "Parliament's actions subject to judicial review: court". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  12. ↑ "Indian Constitution And Parliamentary Government | Law Teacher". Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  13. ↑ Laxmikanth. Governance in India. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN   978-0-07-107466-7. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "Our Parliament". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  15. ↑ Arnull, Elaine; Fox, Darrell (29 June 2016). Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practice. Springer. ISBN   978-1-137-43397-8. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  16. ↑ Pratiyogita Darpan (March 2007). Pratiyogita Darpan. Pratiyogita Darpan. p. 60. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  17. ↑ Bakshi, Parvinrai Mulwantrai (2010). The Constitution of India (10th ed.). New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 48. ISBN   978-8175348400. OCLC   551377953.
  18. ↑ Oldenburg, Philip (2010). India, Pakistan, and Democracy: Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-415-78018-6. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Kumar; Rajesh. Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pg no. 72.
  20. ↑ "Important India functions of vicepresident". Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  21. ↑ Cabinet Ministers (as on 26 May 2014). Cabsec.nic.in. Retrieved 6 December 2013. Archived 27 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Tikku, Aloke (15 January 2016). "Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide". Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  23. ↑ "Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts". The Asian Age . 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  24. ↑ "Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials of 20 Civil Services". NDTV. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  25. ↑ Dastidar, Avishek G (14 January 2017). "Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi". The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  26. ↑ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 3.1–3.10. ISBN   978-9339204785.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure – 14th Edition (2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  28. 1 2 "Order of Precedence" (PDF). Rajya Sabha . President's Secretariat. 26 July 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  29. 1 2 "Table of Precedence" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. 26 July 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  30. 1 2 "Table of Precedence". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  31. 1 2 Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN   9788125019886.
  32. ↑ "Rule of law index 2016". Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  33. ↑ "History of Supreme Court of India" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  34. ↑ "PIL". LegalServicesIndia. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  35. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ↑ "Indian voter population is 900 million". The Economic Times. 10 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  37. ↑ Prasad, R. C. (1980). "Local Government and Development in India". International Political Science Review. 1 (2): 265–279. doi:10.1177/019251218000100210. JSTOR   1600996. S2CID   145673733.
  38. ↑ Jagannadham, V. (1947). "Division of Powers in the Indian Constitution". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 8 (3): 742–751. JSTOR   42743171.
  39. ↑ de Miñón, Miguel Herrero (1975). "The Passing of Bicameralism". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 23 (2): 236–254. doi:10.2307/839106. JSTOR   839106.
  40. 1 2 Bernardi, Luigi; Fraschini, Angela (2005). "Tax System And Tax Reforms in India". Polis Working Papers. Working paper n. 51. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  41. ↑ Tax revenue was 88% of total union government revenue in 1950–51 and has come down to 73% in 2003–04, as a result of the increase in non-tax revenue. Tax revenues were 70% of total state government revenues from 2002 to 2003. Indirect taxes were 84% of the union government's total tax revenue and have come down to 62% in 2003–04, mostly because of cuts in import duties and rationalisation. The state's share in the union government's tax revenue is 28.0% for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission. In addition, states that do not levy sales tax on sugar, textiles and tobacco, are entitled to 1.5% of the proceeds.Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K.P.M. (2005). Indian Economy. S.Chand. pp. 938, 942, 946. ISBN   81-219-0298-3.
  42. ↑ "Indif_real_GDP_per_capitaa says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax". Daily Times. 25 March 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
  43. ↑ Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K. P. M. "55". Indian Economy. pp. 943–945.
  44. ↑ "Union Budget 2017–18". ibef.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  45. ↑ When the Little Ones Run the Show (quote from the New Delhi based Association for Democratic Reform) Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  1. ↑ The Constitution of India describes the federal government as "The Union".

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.