Zhuge Liang,also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming,was a Chinese statesman,strategist,and engineer who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served as the Imperial Chancellor of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.
Guo Jia,courtesy name Fengxiao,was an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Throughout his 11 years of service,Guo Jia aided Cao Cao greatly with his brilliance and foresight,and his strategies were instrumental to Cao Cao's triumphs over rival warlords such as LüBu and Yuan Shao. For example,four years before Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu,Guo Jia already foresaw that Cao Cao would win when he pointed out ten advantages Cao Cao had over Yuan Shao.
Deng Ai,courtesy name Shizai,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Wei conquest of its rival state,Shu,in 263. He was described as a very loyal subject who made great contributions to Wei,but was also noted for his arrogance and audacity,which led to his downfall and death.
Chen Shou,courtesy name Chengzuo (承祚),was a Chinese historian,politician,and writer who lived during the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is best known for his most celebrated work,the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi),which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi primarily in the form of biographies of notable persons of those eras. Today,Chen's Records of the Three Kingdoms is part of the Twenty-Four Histories canon of Chinese history.
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. All five expeditions were led by Zhuge Liang,the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu. Although they proved unsuccessful and ended up as a stalemate,the expeditions have become some of the best known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period and one of the few battles during it where each side fought against each other with hundreds of thousands of troops,as opposed to other battles where one side had a huge numerical advantage.
Han Xin was a Chinese military general and politician who served Liu Bang during the Chu–Han Contention and contributed greatly to the founding of the Han dynasty. Han Xin was named as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty",along with Zhang Liang and Xiao He.
The Ten Attendants,also known as the Ten Eunuchs,were a group of influential eunuch-officials in the imperial court of Emperor Ling in Eastern Han China. Although they are often referred to as a group of 10,there were actually 12 of them,and all held the position of zhong changshi in Emperor Ling's imperial court.
Guo Huai,courtesy name Boji,was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao as a subordinate of Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served in Wei,the state established by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi,and lived through the reigns of four Wei emperors. From the 220s until his death in 255,he governed and defended Wei's western borders in Yong and Liang provinces. During this time,he resisted multiple invasions by Wei's rival state,Shu Han,and quelled some rebellions by local Qiang,Di and other non-Han Chinese tribes.
Guo Wei,also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou (後周太祖),was the founding emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,reigning from 951 until his death in 954.
Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state,Cao Wei,between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China. The campaigns were led by Jiang Wei,a prominent Shu general. Unlike the previous Northern campaigns led by Zhuge Liang,which added Wudu and Yinping commanderies to Shu Han state territories,Jiang Wei's campaigns ended up being unpopular in both the military and civil circles in Shu. Also unlike Zhuge Liang's campaigns which often featured 60,000 to sometimes even 100,000 Shu Troops,Jiang Wei's were often much smaller rarely exceeding 30,000 even after the death of Fei Yi,where Jiang Wei assumed control of the military. The Zhuge Liang campaigns did suffer from logistical and supply issues for their large army. Zhuge's successor Jiang Wan,believed that it was the Hanzhong's mountainous terrain itself that were to blame for the campaigns failures and attempted to switch the route thru the Han river. Fei Yi,who succeeded Jiang Wan,agreed,and never allowed any large campaigns to be launched by Hanzhong. Jiang Wei however overlooked these concerns and used Hanzhong as his home base as Zhuge Liang did.
The Jingnan campaign,or Jingnan rebellion,was a three-year civil war from 1399 to 1402 in the early years of the Ming dynasty of China. It occurred between two descendants of the Ming dynasty's founder Zhu Yuanzhang:his grandson Zhu Yunwen by his first son,and Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son Zhu Di,Prince of Yan. Though Zhu Yunwen had been the chosen crown prince of Zhu Yuanzhang and been made emperor upon the death of his grandfather in 1398,friction began immediately after Yuanzhang's death. Zhu Yunwen began arresting Zhu Yuanzhang's other sons immediately,seeking to decrease their threat. But within a year open military conflict began,and the war continued until the forces of the Prince of Yan captured the imperial capital Nanjing. The fall of Nanjing was followed by the demise of the Jianwen Emperor,Zhu Yunwen. Zhu Di was then crowned the Ming Dynasty's third emperor,the Yongle Emperor.
Deng Yang,courtesy name Xuanmao,was an official of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Samseong mythology is a mythology originated in the Tamna,present-day Jeju island,which is different from Dangun mythology in Korean peninsula. There are following descriptions in Yeong Ju Ji,Goryeosa,Nasanok. Also in Goryeosa,Nasanok,and Tamnaraji,Byeoknangguk was explained as Japan and a girl who come from that country.
The Battle of Handan began in 259 BC and concluded in 257 BC,during which the garrison of Handan,the capital city of Zhao,joined by the allied force of Wei and Chu,defeated the invading army of Qin. It was one of the most remarkable failures of the Qin army after the Reform of Shang Yang.
Tie Xuan,courtesy name Dingshi (鼎石),was born in Dengzhou,Henan during the Yuan dynasty and was a Semu Hui. He served as a loyal officer to the deposed Ming dynasty emperor Jianwen. During the Jingnan campaign,when the Prince of Yan Zhu Di rebelled against his nephew,the Jianwen Emperor,Tie Xuan refused to support Zhu Di. He then sentenced Tie Xuan to death by having his limbs torn off and fried in oil. Later generations honored him for his unyielding loyalty. In various regions of China,temples are set up in Tie's honor to offer rituals to him. In the Southern Ming period,he was honored with the title of Grand Protector (太保) and given the posthumous name Zhongxiang (忠襄),meaning loyal assistant. Later,during Qianlong's reign in the Qing dynasty,he was given the posthumous name Zhongding (忠定).
Xu Guang,courtesy name Jiwu,was a minister of Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was captured by Shi Le's general Wang Yang (王陽) and served as a servant,but after discovering his potential,he was recruited into Shi Le's army instead. Misconducts by Xu Guang angered Shi Le who had him and family imprisoned in 326. However,Xu Guang won Shi Le's favour back in 328,after his advice earned them a victory over Zhao's rival Han-Zhao. As he became a prominent member of the administration,Xu Guang tried to reduce the power of Shi Le's nephew,Shi Hu but could not convince Shi Le to fully remove him. Shi Hu resented him for this,and after his coup in 333,Shi Hu had him and his ally Cheng Xia executed.
The Ziwu Campaign was a military counter offensive launched in 230 by the state of Cao Wei against his rival state Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wei's Grand Marshal,Cao Zhen following the numerous Northern Expeditions and more recently the battle of Jianwei.
Xie Cheng (182–254),courtesy name Weiping. An in-law to the warlord then Emperor of Eastern Wu Sun Quan,he served in Jing province after Sun Quan's conquests there and was a noted historian whose work is still used.
Li Mi (224–287),courtesy name Lingbo,was an official and scholar of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. After the fall of Shu in 263,he continued serving under the Jin dynasty,that succeeded Cao Wei state in 266.
