Helen Herron Taft

Last updated

William Howard Taft
​
​
(m. 1886;died 1930)​
Helen Herron Taft
Helen Herron Taft cph.3a02670.jpg
Taft in 1908
First Lady of the United States
In role
March 4, 1909 –March 4, 1913
Children
Education University of Cincinnati
Signature Helen Taft Signature.svg

Helen Louise Taft (née Herron; June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943), known as Nellie, was the First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913 as the wife of President William Howard Taft. Born to a politically well-connected Ohio family, she took an early interest in political life, deciding at the age of 17 that she wished to become first lady. Herron married Taft in 1886, and she guided him throughout his political career, encouraging him to take actions that would bring him closer to the presidency. Accompanying her husband to the Philippines in 1900, she became a prominent socialite in Manila, contributing to US-Philippines relations. After her husband was appointed Secretary of War, she played a significant role in convincing him to run for president in the 1908 presidential election and making the necessary connections to ensure his success.

Contents

As first lady, Taft was closely involved in the political aspects of the presidency, regularly sitting in on meetings and serving as her husband's closest advisor. She held a strong influence over the president's decisions, expressing her concerns when she disagreed with him and providing her input on presidential appointments. She also carried out a reorganization of the White House staff and decor. Inspired by her experience in the Philippines, she converted the White House lawn and the West Potomac Park into social hubs with regular live shows and events. Her decision to plant cherry trees in the park proved to be a success, creating a popular tourist attraction. Taft's influence as first lady was cut short by a stroke two months into her tenure, permanently limiting her mobility and leaving her absent for a year while she partially recovered.

Though President Taft was relieved that his term had ended, Helen Taft was upset by his defeat for reelection. She remained active after leaving the White House, supporting the Red Cross during World War I and participating in activities for the Colonial Dames of America. She was widowed in 1930, and she was buried beside her husband in Arlington National Cemetery after her death in 1943.

Early life

Childhood

Helen Herron was born on June 2, 1861, in Cincinnati as the fourth of eleven children, the daughter of Harriet Collins Herron and lawyer John Williamson Herron. [1] : 172  Throughout her life, she went by "Nellie". [2] : 126  Her father was an associate of two future presidents: he was a college classmate of Benjamin Harrison and a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, [1] : 173  while her mother was the daughter and the sister of U.S. congressmen. [3] Growing up around politics, Herron developed a love for campaigning. [2] : 128  She was also musically inclined as a child, [4] : 321  eventually becoming proficient in the piano. [5] : 207 

Herron's many siblings, eight of whom survived to adulthood, made life complicated for her family, causing her to develop a personal insecurity and distance herself from her family. [6] : 321  As a teenager, Herron would rebel against the societal expectations for upper class women; by the age of 15 she had secretly begun smoking cigarettes, drinking whiskey, and gambling. [7] : 95  Seeking a channel for her ambition and independence, she enrolled in Cincinnati's prestigious Miss Nourse School for Girls where she was educated in many subjects, including several languages. [6] : 322  She then attended Miami University, [4] : 321  and she also briefly attended the University of Cincinnati. [6] : 323 

Herron took an interest in law when she was young, often reading her father's legal books at his law office. [8] : 174  In 1877, she accompanied her parents when they visited President Hayes and stayed for several weeks at the White House. [4] : 321  Her younger sister Lucy Hayes Herron was baptized at that event and named for Mrs. Hayes. [9] [10] This visit instilled in Herron a strong desire to return to the White House as first lady, one that she would often present to her eventual husband. [7] : 96 

Early career and courtship

Herron long wished to leave Ohio, feeling that the region offered her little opportunity. She did not consider marriage to be a viable option, believing that matrimony should not be a woman's goal. [2] : 127  As a young adult, she worked for her father in his law office. Her debut took place at this time, which she enjoyed despite considering her social obligations to be frivolous. [1] : 173  Herron lamented her lack of career options as a woman, eventually taking up teaching as it was the only available career for which she was qualified. [2] : 127  She taught French at a private school in Walnut Hills, Ohio for two years beginning in 1881, but she found it unpleasant. She wished to write or perform music, though neither developed into a career for her. [1] : 173  [6] : 323 

Herron first met William Howard Taft at a sledding party in 1880, though the Herron family and the Taft family were familiar with one another. They would go on to perform together as part of the community theater company. In 1884, Herron founded a salon to discuss intellectual topics each Sunday afternoon with other people of her age. [8] : 174  Among the people she invited were Taft and his brother Horace. [2] : 127  Taft courted Herron, accompanying her to dances and sending her letters and flowers. Self-doubt caused Herron to avoid commitment to Taft, fearing that he did not truly care for her or value her opinions. [2] : 127  Taft proposed to her multiple times, [2] : 128  and she eventually accepted in June 1885, though she asked that he keep the engagement secret. [1] : 174 

Marriage and family

Marriage

Helen Taft with her two elder children (1892) Recollections of full years (1914) (14786297583).jpg
Helen Taft with her two elder children (1892)

Herron married Taft on June 19, 1886. They went on a honeymoon in Europe, spending three months in England before visiting Germany and Italy. She managed the budget on their vacation, limiting their spending to five dollars per day. [4] : 324  After returning, her husband borrowed money to have a home built for them in Walnut Hills, [5] : 208  and they lived with his parents until it was complete. [5] : 215 

As a couple, they shared not only an emotional companionship but an intellectual one, and they held high regard for each other's ideas. [5] : 208  Her husband would welcome her opinion when she thought he was in error, describing her as his "best critic", and she would sometimes mother him. He generally took her advice, though she failed in her attempts to convince him to live a healthier lifestyle and better control his weight. [5] : 209  Taft's husband considered Taft to be the politician of the family, and early in their marriage he expected her to develop a political career that would outpace his own. [2] : 128  She managed the finances of the Taft household, and she encouraged her husband's political career, pushing him toward the executive branch rather than his preferred career in the judiciary. [7] : 96 

Taft worried about their political future when her husband accepted a five-year term on the Cincinnati Superior Court in 1888, but she was optimistic after he was appointed Solicitor General of the United States in 1890, [6] : 324  a position which she had helped him in obtaining through her acquaintance with President Harrison. [8] : 175  She saw their move to Washington, D.C., as an opportunity to escape Cincinnati, where she had felt confined, and she hoped that her husband would build connections in Washington politics. [6] : 324  She assisted her husband in his presentation in this role, instructing him in oration to better plead cases. [1] : 174  She also became a popular socialite in the city and regularly attended Congressional proceedings, both of which allowed her to build political connections. [8] : 175  Among her closest friends in Washington were the family of Attorney General William H. H. Miller and the wives of the Supreme Court justices. [4] : 325 

They returned to Cincinnati in 1892 when Taft's husband was appointed as a judge on the federal circuit. He enjoyed this position, but Taft again feared that it would stifle his ambition and that he would progress no further. [1] : 174  While her husband served on the bench, Taft raised their three children: Robert, born 1889; Helen, born 1891; and Charles, born 1897. [6] : 324  She helped found a hospital at this time, [8] : 176  and she founded the Cincinnati Orchestra Association, serving as its president. [6] : 324  She lamented the lack of excitement in Cincinnati, with her only respite being a vacation home in Murray Bay, Quebec. [4] : 325–326 

Life in the Philippines

Helen Taft wearing a Philippine gown in Manila (1901) Mrs. Taft in Filipina costume - Till's Studio, Manila, Escolta 105. LCCN2013649077 (cropped).jpg
Helen Taft wearing a Philippine gown in Manila (1901)

Taft's husband was sent to help establish a government in the Philippines in 1900, as Spain had transferred the Philippines to the United States the previous year. [7] : 97  Though neither of them knew what the job would entail, Taft encouraged him to accept the position. [2] : 129  She relished this opportunity for travel and excitement, stopping in Hawaii and Japan while her husband went on to the Philippines. She also believed that the position would move him closer to the presidency. [6] : 325  After Taft arrived in the Philippines, she sought to win the approval of the Filipino people and respect the culture of the Philippines by learning the language, wearing a native Filipino costume, and inviting Filipinos to social events. [11] Taft's treatment of the Filipino people contributed to improved relations with the country, including her work to end the system of racial segregation that had previously been in place. [4] : 327 

Taft traveled extensively throughout the Philippines, learning how to ride a horse in order to do so. [1] : 175  She also accompanied her husband when he traveled to China, Japan, and Hong Kong on official duties. [8] : 176  She considered her primary responsibility in the country to be the hosting of gala events, where she would mingle with the Filipino people. [6] : 325  Her husband became Governor-General of the Philippines on July 4, 1901, and the Tafts moved into the Malacañang Palace in Manila. [7] : 97  While in the Philippines, Taft organized a nutritional program that provided milk for Filipino children. [7] : 98  When she wrote her autobiography years later, the majority of her writing addressed her years in the Philippines, overshadowing even her time in the White House. [2] : 129 

The Tafts took leave from the Philippines and began a voyage to return home on December 24, 1901. [1] : 176  The winter was difficult for Taft, as she was exhausted from the constant stress of her role in the Philippines, compounded by her husband needing two surgeries, and both of her parents suffering from strokes, her mother's proving fatal. [4] : 328  Taft accompanied her husband on a trip to Italy in 1902, where she was treated as a guest of honor and was personally received by Pope Leo XIII. She returned to Philippines in September 1902. [1] : 176  When President Theodore Roosevelt offered Taft's husband the position of Secretary of War in 1904, Taft convinced him to accept, and the Tafts returned to Washington, D.C. [6] : 326 

Cabinet member's wife

Taft became a cabinet member's wife when her husband became Secretary of War. In this role, she was expected to call upon and receive other cabinet members' wives in Washington. She considered the position to be a downgrade from her time in the Philippines, where she had grown accustomed to being the wife of the region's chief executive. [2] : 130  This also required her to be in regular contact with first lady Edith Roosevelt, with whom she developed a strong rivalry. At the same time, Taft's husband developed a close political and personal friendship with President Roosevelt: a relationship that Taft encouraged and helped facilitate. [6] : 326  His work in the Department of War did allow for more travel, providing Taft with a chance to learn more of international politics and make connections abroad. [12] The couple traveled together to Panama and Japan, and she also took their children on a vacation to England while her husband stayed behind. [8] : 177 

Taft's husband's career came to a crossroads in 1906 when President Roosevelt considered nominating him for a position on the Supreme Court, while at the same time momentum grew for a William Howard Taft presidency. Taft was vehemently opposed to her husband taking such a position, fearing it would end any further political aspirations. She personally met with Roosevelt and discouraged him from nominating her husband in a half hour discussion. [2] : 130  Taft had spoken to the president on several occasions, earning his trust to improve her husband's position in the Roosevelt administration. This would eventually contribute to Roosevelt's support of a William Howard Taft presidency, and Roosevelt would even strategize politically with Taft rather than with her husband as the 1908 presidential election approached. [8] : 177 

By 1907, Taft's husband was considered to be a potential candidate for the presidency, and the Tafts traveled across the country in a speaking tour. Taft found the experience more intensive than she had expected, and she was deeply embarrassed by one incident in which she lost track of the week and she was seen playing cards with her husband on the Lord's Day. Afterward, they returned to the Philippines and took a trip to other countries. Upon returning to the United States, Taft declined to join her husband in campaigning. [1] : 177  She did advise him during his campaign, however, and she closely followed news coverage of the race so that she would be aware of the criticisms against him. She also advised him as to how his decisions as Secretary of War would affect public opinion. [6] : 326–327 

First Lady of the United States

Entering the White House

First Lady Helen Taft in her official White House portrait Htaft.jpeg
First Lady Helen Taft in her official White House portrait

Taft considered it a personal victory when her husband was elected president in 1908, as she had guided him toward the office. She eagerly planned for the upcoming inauguration and her term as first lady, including how she would manage the White House. She also had her inaugural dress sent to the Philippines so that it could be embroidered there. President Roosevelt was unavailable on the day of President Taft's inauguration, so Taft determined that she would ride to the White House with her husband in Roosevelt's place, becoming the first presidential wife to do so. [2] : 131 

Upon entering the White House, Taft had the White House redecorated, and she removed the trophy heads that Theodore Roosevelt had mounted on the walls. [7] : 99  She made several other decorative changes, taking inspiration from Eastern cultures and using flowers from the White House greenhouse. [4] : 333  She had twin beds put into the White House for the first time, and she made accommodations for the White House silver collection by installing a vault and a silver cleaner. She also made staff changes, replacing the ushers with footmen and the steward with a housekeeper. [1] : 178  Taft was strict about cleanliness and presentation in the White House, and her decorative talents were celebrated by contemporary journalists. [6] : 328 

In May 1909, shortly after her husband's term began, Taft suffered a stroke, impairing her speech and limiting movement in right arm and leg. [13] She left Washington to recover, causing newspapers to report that she had suffered a nervous breakdown. Over the following year, Taft was forced to relearn how to speak. [2] : 132  She took a less active role after her stroke, but she remained involved in White House affairs. Though her condition improved over time, she would never fully recover. [6] : 331  The nature of her stroke was not disclosed to the press, following a long-standing precedent of the press not inquiring about the first lady's private life. [14]

Hostess and socialite

Taft family (1912) President Taft and his family (1912).png
Taft family (1912)

Taft had grown accustomed to the royal style of treatment that she had experienced in the Philippines, and she wished to establish a similar regal environment as White House hostess. [15] : 24  She sought to improve the social traditions associated with the White House while she was first lady; she changed the locations of events to make them more efficient, and she introduced dancing at formal receptions. [1] : 178  She made extensive use of the White House lawn, hosting garden parties, theatrical shows, and music performances. [6] : 328  In the time that she was recovering from her stroke in 1909, Taft took a less active role in organizing events, having her sisters and her daughter supporting her in the duties of White House hostess. [2] : 132  She resumed her responsibilities in 1910, and she had returned to an active schedule by 1911. [8] : 179  Taft hosted many parties and social events, but the social highlight of her tenure was the Tafts' silver wedding anniversary gala on June 19, 1911, for nearly 5,000 guests. Another 15,000 observers crowded outside of the White House. [1] : 179 

Taft exerted some level of autonomy while she served as first lady. She declined to participate in luncheons with the wives of cabinet members, feeling that they were of little consequence and simply a means of putting her aside as a woman. Instead, she observed presidential meetings and closely managed the organization of the White House. She felt that the presidential salary of $75,000 was well above what they needed, she reduced their spending to $50,000 per year, accumulating a savings of $100,000 by the end of her husband's term. [2] : 133  Among her cost-saving practices were the purchase of foods wholesale and the care of a cow on White House grounds to provide milk and butter. [15] : 48  The presence of the cow was poorly received. [5] : 212 

As first lady, Taft received guests three afternoons a week in the Red Room. She introduced musical entertainment after state dinners which became a White House tradition. The Tafts attended symphony, opera, and theater performances in Washington, D.C.; she started another summer tradition at West Potomac Park with the United States Marine Band playing for the public. [12] One major undertaking of Taft's tenure as first lady was the transformation of the West Potomac Park into an esplanade. Inspired by Luneta Park in Manila, she had a bandstand constructed and organized weekly concerts. [1] : 178  She also arranged for the planting of Japanese cherry trees, accepting a donation of trees from the mayor of Tokyo, who was a friend of the Tafts. The Potomac cherry trees would continue to be a popular tourist attraction, particularly during their blooming. [5] : 212 

Prohibition was a major political issue while the Tafts lived in the White House. Taft opposed the Prohibition movement, and she served alcohol to White House guests against the wishes of the president. [6] : 329  Unlike most other first ladies, Taft would visit the White House kitchens and oversee the preparation of food. [15] : 45  In particular, she would observe the preparation of one of her specialty dishes, turtle soup. [15] : 25  As first lady, Taft also saw to the replacement of horse and buggy with the first presidential automobile fleet. [8] : 179  She was open with the press, and she broke precedent by actively participating in media interviews. She particularly engaged with women journalists to support their work and earn their support. [8] : 179  In 1912, she donated her inauguration gown to the National Museum of American History to begin the First Ladies' Gown display, [16] one of the Smithsonian’s most popular exhibits. [17]

Political influence

Helen and William Taft (1912) President Taft and Mrs. Taft.jpg
Helen and William Taft (1912)

Taft took an interest in everything relating to her husband's presidency, and she maintained her own opinions on important matters. Though she did not believe that women should be "meddling" in politics, she spoke publicly on her beliefs, even when they contradicted the positions of her husband. She managed his appearance and scheduling to ensure he maintained proper presentation, and she would provide him with political information such as names and statistics as he needed them. [1] : 179  She would also stay near him to prevent his narcolepsy from affecting his responsibilities. [15] : 73 

Taft also influenced appointments during her husband's presidency, providing her thoughts on the character of his nominees. She convinced her husband to recall ambassador Henry White because of a long-standing grudge that she held against him. [2] : 134  She also rejected the appointment of Nicholas Longworth as a diplomat because he was married to Alice Roosevelt Longworth, whom she disliked. This latter action is cited as one of the reasons that Presidents Roosevelt and Taft began to oppose one another during the Taft presidency. [8] : 180 

Though Taft did not identify as a feminist, she supported women's rights and used her position to advance the cause, convincing her husband to appoint women in government. [6] : 330  In 1912, she attended a House Rules committee inquiry to hear testimonies of police brutality against women, bringing awareness to the issue. [6] : 332  She also supported the rights of African Americans and other marginalized groups, believing that they were hampered by a lack of opportunity. She was active in other causes, such as safe workplace conditions, throughout her tenure as first lady. [6] : 330  Her stroke at the beginning of her tenure prevented her from further political activity, a fact that she regretted. [2] : 132  Her husband recognized her influence in White House politics, considering the accomplishments of his presidency to be hers as well. [6] : 329  She also spoke openly about her own influence on the presidency, prompting criticism from her husband's political opponents. [8] : 178 

Taft was the first first lady to visit the American judiciary. In 1911, she visited the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the arguments of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States . [6] : 336  She also asked to observe the inauguration of new Supreme Court justices, becoming the first woman to ever sit in the bar of the court. [4] : 335  In June 1912, she attended both the Republican National Convention that re-nominated her husband and the Democratic National Convention that nominated his opponent Woodrow Wilson. She took a front-row seat at the latter in order to deter speakers' criticism of her husband. [18] Though her husband disliked the presidency, Taft was saddened when her husband lost reelection to Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential election, and she left the White House reluctantly. [1] : 179 

Later life and death

Helen Taft on December 6, 1938 Former First Lady. Washington, D.C., Dec. 6. Seldom photographed, (Mrs.) William Howard Taft, widow of the late President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was snapped as she left the LCCN2016874504 (cropped).jpg
Helen Taft on December 6, 1938

After leaving the White House, the Tafts moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where Taft's husband held a chair at Yale University. [1] : 179  Taft was unhappy with life outside of the White House, and she was often alone when her husband was traveling and her children were away at school. [6] : 332  She was, however, happy to be out of the public eye. [5] : 214  In 1914, Taft became the first first lady to publish a memoir with the publication of Recollections of Full Years , which had been written with her daughter Helen and journalist Eleanor Egan. [6] : 334  She took an interest in the events of World War I, and during the war she provided support for the American Red Cross. [8] : 180 

The Tafts continued to travel after retiring from the White House, visiting Bermuda, Panama, England, and Italy, being greeted in the latter two countries by King George V and the Pope, respectively. Continuing in her interest in politics, Taft joined the Colonial Dames of America in 1923 and became its honorary vice president in 1925. [8] : 181 She also served as the honorary leader of the Girl Scouts of the USA. [12]

After her husband's death in March 1930, she lived with her housekeeper in Washington, D.C., occasionally traveling to other countries. [1] : 180  She continued to follow politics later in life, opposing the New Deal policies that were implemented in the 1930s. [8] : 181  Taft died in Washington on May 22, 1943, and was buried next to her husband at Arlington National Cemetery. [1] : 180 

Legacy

Taft was one of the earliest first ladies to become directly involved in the political career of her husband. Her influence in presidential politics was not given significant attention by historians after her death in 1943, and like other first ladies, her influence was not closely examined by historians until the 1980s. [6] : 333  Before this, she was most well known for her introduction of cherry trees in the West Potomac Park. [6] : 329  The first biography about Taft was written in 2005 by Carl Sferrazza Anthony, who argued that she was her husband's closest advisor and that she saw herself as responsible for the presidency as her husband. [6] : 336  Her role as a mentor and guide to her husband was recognized by contemporary journalists and has since become a defining aspect of her legacy. She is recognized for her role in developing her husband's political career and bringing about the presidency of William Howard Taft. [2] : 132 

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Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth was an American writer and socialite. She was the eldest child of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and his only child with his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt. Longworth led an unconventional and controversial life. Her marriage to Representative Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican Party leader and 38th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and her only child, Paulina, was from her affair with Senator William Borah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of William Howard Taft</span> 31st United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of William Howard Taft as the 27th president of the United States was held on Thursday, March 4, 1909, at the Senate chamber inside the United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., instead of the regular East Portico due to a blizzard. This was the 31st inauguration and marked the commencement of William Howard Taft's only term as president and James S. Sherman's only term as vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belle Hagner</span> First White House Social Secretary

Isabella Louisa Hagner James was the first White House social secretary. She served in the administrations of President Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

<i>Recollections of Full Years</i> 1914 memoir

Recollections of Full Years is a 1914 memoir by Helen Taft, a First Lady of the United States and wife of William Howard Taft. The memoirs were the first to be published by a first lady. The book serves as "the most important source of information" about Helen Taft.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2010). First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Facts on File. pp. 172–181. ISBN   978-1-4381-0815-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Caroli, Betty Boyd (2010). First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 120–136. ISBN   978-0-19-539285-2.
  3. ↑ "Helen Taft Biography". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gould, Lewis L. (1996). American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. Garland Publishing. pp. 321–339. ISBN   0-8153-1479-5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Boller, Paul F. (1988). Presidential Wives. Oxford University Press. pp. 206–218. ISBN   9780195121421.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Fierro, Rafaele (2016). "Helen Herron Taft: The Forgotten Impact of a Memorable First Lady". In Sibley, Katherine A. S. (ed.). A Companion to First Ladies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 320–338. ISBN   978-1-118-73218-2.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Foster, Feather Schwartz (2011). The First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Mamie Eisenhower, an Intimate Portrait of the Women Who Shaped America. Cuberland House. pp. 95–100. ISBN   978-1-4022-4272-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Watson, Robert P. (2001). First Ladies of the United States: A Biographical Dictionary. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 173–182. doi:10.1515/9781626373532. ISBN   978-1-62637-353-2. S2CID   249333854.
  9. ↑ Anderson, Greta (2015). Ohio's Remarkable Women: Daughters, Wives, Sisters, and Mothers Who Shaped History. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 83. ISBN   9781493016754.
  10. ↑ Waldrup, Carole Chandler (2016). Wives of the American Presidents, 2d ed. McFarland. pp. 124–125. ISBN   9781476605166.
  11. ↑ Hendricks, Nancy (October 13, 2015). America's First Ladies: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House. ABC-CLIO. pp. 212–214. ISBN   978-1-61069-883-2.
  12. 1 2 3 Cordery, Stacy A. (2000). Taft, Helen Herron (1861-1943), First Lady. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500911. ISBN   978-0-19-860669-7 . Retrieved December 1, 2022.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1999). Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 2: 1933–1938. Viking. p. 17. ISBN   9780670844982.
  14. ↑ Beasley, Maurine H. (2005). First Ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age. Northwestern University Press. p. 51. ISBN   9780810123120.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick (1998). America's First Ladies: Changing Expectations. Franklin Watts. ISBN   9780531113790.
  16. ↑ "The First Ladies at the Smithsonian: The Tradition of the Gowns (page 1 of 3)". The National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. April 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  17. ↑ "The First Ladies at the Smithsonian: The First Ladies: Introduction". The National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. April 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  18. ↑ Anthony, Carl. "Nellie Taft's Unprecedented Appearance at a National Convention". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016.

Further reading

Honorary titles
Preceded by First Lady of the United States
1909–1913		Succeeded by
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