Hiligaynon | |
---|---|
Ilonggo | |
Hiniligaynon, Inilonggo | |
Pronunciation | /hɪlɪˈɡaɪnən/ |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Western Visayas, Soccsksargen, western Negros Oriental, southwestern portion of Masbate, coastal Palawan, some parts of southern Mindoro, some parts of Romblon and a few parts of Northern Mindanao |
Ethnicity | Hiligaynon |
Native speakers | 7.8 million (2010) [1] [ needs update ] 9.1 million total speakers [2] 4th most spoken native language in the Philippines [3] |
Austronesian
| |
Dialects |
|
Latin (Hiligaynon alphabet) Hiligaynon Braille Historically Baybayin (c. 13th–19th centuries) | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | hil |
ISO 639-3 | hil |
Glottolog | hili1240 |
Areas where Hiligaynon is spoken in the Philippines | |
Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisaya/Bisaya nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people. [4] It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.
It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines, despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. [5] Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato (including General Santos), Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in Soccsksargen. It is spoken in other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Central Visayas, Masbate in Bicol Region, and southern parts of Mindoro, Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa.
It is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz, Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental, [6] and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon, Cebuano, Ilocano, Blaan, Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao. [7] There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency. [8]
Aside from Hiligaynon, the language is also referred to as Ilonggo, also spelled Ilongo, as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo. In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople. [9]
Historically, the term Visayan had originally been applied to the people of Panay. In terms of language, Visayan is more used today to refer to what is known as Cebuano. As pointed out by H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people of Panay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, especially its western portion, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. [10]
At the early part of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay. [11]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la playa") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes [12] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná).
The term Hiligaynon came from the root word ilig ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya/highlands). [13]
Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, simply called Ilonggo, is the dialect that is used in the province of Iloilo, primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary.
For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is lágaw, which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, dayán is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, amó iní, ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become 'mó'ní.
Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area). [14]
Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as a Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon. [15] [16]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ʔ | |||
Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
Flap | ɾ | |||||||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron ('to forgive') [from patawad, 'forgiveness'] but not patawadon, and tagadiín ('from where') [from diín, 'where'] but not tagariín.
There are four main vowels: /a/, /i~ɛ/, /o~ʊ/, and /u/. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable.
Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script. Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino.
A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and the absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances).
The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety.
Symbol | A a | B b | K k | D d | E e | G g | H h | I i | L l | M m | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | a | ba | ka | da | e | ga | ha | i | la | ma | |||
Pronunciation | [a/ə] | [aw] | [aj] | [b] | [k] | [d] | [ɛ/e] | [ɡ] | [h] | [ɪ/i] | [ɪo] | [l] | [m] |
in context | a | aw/ao | ay | b | k | d | e | g | h | i | iw/io | l | m |
Symbol | N n | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Y y | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | na | nga | o | pa | ra | sa | ta | u | wa | ya | |||
Pronunciation | [n] | [ŋ] | [ɔ/o] | [oj] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [ʃʲ] | [t] | [ʊ/u] | [w] | [w] | [j] |
in context | n | ng | o | oy | p | r | s | sy | t | u | ua | w | y |
The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.
The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o 'when' gab-e 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw 'daily, every day', from adlaw 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis 'bird'.
Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/, to separate the letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan/gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan/.
In addition, some English letters[ which? ] may be used in borrowed words.
Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon. [17]
Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
---|---|---|---|
singular impersonal | ang | sang, sing* | sa |
plural impersonal | ang mga | sang mga, sing mga* | sa mga |
singular personal | si | ni | kay |
plural personal** | sanday | nanday | kanday |
(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech.
(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words.[ clarification needed ]
The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.
Ang lalaki nagkaon sang tinapay. | ≈ | Ang tinapay ginkaon sang lalaki. |
'The man ate the bread' | 'The bread was eaten by the man' (literal) |
Absolutive | Ergative₁ (Postposed) | Ergative₂ (Preposed) | Oblique | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ako, ko | nakon, ko | akon | sa akon |
2nd person singular | ikaw, ka | nimo, mo | imo | sa imo |
3rd person singular | siya | niya | iya | sa iya |
1st person plural inclusive | kita | naton, ta | aton | sa aton |
1st person plural exclusive | kami | namon | amon | sa amon |
2nd person plural | kamo | ninyo | inyo | sa inyo |
3rd person plural | sila | nila | ila | sa ila |
Absolutive | Ergative/Oblique | Locative | Existential | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nearest to speaker ('this, here') | iní | siní | dirí | (y)ári |
Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee ('that, there') | inâ | sinâ | dirâ | (y)arà |
Remote ('yon, yonder') | ató | sadtó | didtó | (y)á(d)to |
In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning 'to come to the speaker', and kadto, meaning 'to go yonder'.
Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula.
Examples:
Si Sara ay maganda (Tagalog)
Si Sara matahum/Gwapa si Sara (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara is beautiful.'
'Sara is beautiful' (English)
There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.
Example: Manamì mangín manggaránon.
'It is nice to become rich.'
The Spanish copula estar ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as istar and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word puyô).
Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba.
'I live in tabuk suba'. Tabuk suba translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.
To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used.
Example:
May
EXIST
idô
dog
(a)ko
1SG
I have a dog.
When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two.
Example:
Ido nga itom
'black dog'
Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga, '(the) good morning', and maayong aga, the greeting for 'good morning'.
The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.
Example:
Anum ka ido
'six dogs'
The interrogative pronouns of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila
Diin means 'where'.
Example: Diin ka na subong?
'Where are you now?'
A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example: Tagadiin ka?
'Where are you from?'
San-o means 'when'
Example: San-o inâ?
'When is that?'
Sin-o means 'who'
Example: Sin-o imo abyan?
'Who is your friend?'
Nga-a means 'why'
Example: Nga-a indi ka magkadto?
'Why won't you go?'
Kamusta means 'how', as in "How are you?"
Example: Kamusta ang tindahan?
'How is the store?'
Ano means 'what'
Example: Ano ang imo ginabasa?
'What are you reading?'
A derivative of ano, paano, means 'how', as in "How do I do that?"
Example: Paano ko makapulî?
'How can I get home?'
A derivative of paano is paanoano, an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamusta.
Example: Paanoano ikaw?
'How art thou?'
Pila means 'how much/how many'
Example: Pila ang gaupod sa imo?
'How many are with you?'
A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.
Example: Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?
'What place were you born into your family?'
A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"
Example: Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?
'How much is this beef?'
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) |
As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:
Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:
In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:
TRIGGER | ASPECT | MODE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neutral | Purposive | Durative | Causative | Distributive | Cooperative | Dubitative | |||
Agent | Goal | Unreal | -on | pag—on | paga—on | pa—on | pang—on | pakig—on | iga—on |
Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø | ||
Referent | Unreal | -an | pag—an | paga—an | pa—an | pang—an | pakig—an | iga—an | |
Real | gin—an | gin—an | gina—an | ginpa—an | ginpang—an | ginpakig—an | ø | ||
Accessory | Unreal | i- | ipag- | ipaga- | ipa- | ipang- | ipakig- | iga- | |
Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø | ||
Actor | Unreal | -um- | mag- | maga- | ø | mang- | makig- | ø | |
Real | -um- | nag- | naga- | ø | nang- | nakig- | ø | ||
Patient | Actor | Unreal | maka- | makapag- | makapaga- | makapa- | makapang- | mapapakig- | ø |
Real | naka- | nakapag- | nakapaga- | nakapa- | nakapang- | napapakig- | ø | ||
Goal | Unreal | ma- | mapag- | mapaga- | mapa- | mapang- | mapakig- | ø | |
Real | na- | napag- | napaga- | napa- | napang- | napakig- | ø |
Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used with nouns, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class. [20] Note the following examples.
balay-bálay
house-house
toy-house, playhouse
maestra-maestra
teacher-teacher
make-believe teacher
Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5). [21]
Nag-a-
NAG-IMP-
hìbî-híbî
cry-cry
ang
FOC
bátâ.
child
The child has been crying and crying.
Nag-a-
NAG-IMP-
tinlò-tinlò
clean-clean
akó
1SG.FOC
sang
UNFOC
lamésa
table
I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).
Nag-a-
NAG-IMP-
kàon-káon
eat-eat
gid
just
silá
3PL.FOC
sang
UNFOC
nag-abót
NAG-arrive
ang
FOC
íla
3PL.UNFOC
bisíta.
visitor
They were just eating when their visitor arrived.
When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dakô. [22]
While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), maàyoáyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), maàyoayó suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated áyo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved. [23]
Iní
this.FOC
nga
LINK
kwárto
room
ma-dulùm-dulúm
MA-dark-dark
sang
UNFOC
sa
OBL
sinâ
that.UNFOC
This room is darker than that one.
(7) dakô-dakô big-big bigger | dakô-dákô big-big (gid) (really) biggest |
(8) Ma-áyo MA-good ang FOC reló. watch The watch is good/functional. | Ma-àyo-áyo MA-good-good na now ang FOC reló. watch The watch is semi-fixed. |
(9) Ma-áyo MA-good akó. 1SG.FOC I'm well. | Ma-àyo-ayó MA-good-good na now akó. 1SG.FOC I'm so so. |
Hiligaynon has a large number of words derived from Spanish including nouns (e.g., santo from santo, 'saint'), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, 'green'), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, 'before'), and conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, 'but').
Nouns denoting material items and abstract concepts invented or introduced during the early modern era include barko (barco, 'ship'), sapatos (zapatos, 'shoes'), kutsilyo (cuchillo, 'knife'), kutsara (cuchara, 'spoon'), tenedor ('fork'), plato ('plate'), kamiseta (camiseta, 'shirt'), and kambiyo (cambio, 'change', as in money). Spanish verbs are incorporated into Hiligaynon in their infinitive forms: edukar, kantar, mandar, pasar. The same holds true for other languages such as Cebuano. In contrast, incorporations of Spanish verbs into Tagalog for the most part resemble, though are not necessarily derived from, the vos forms in the imperative: eduká, kantá, mandá, pasá. Notable exceptions include andar, pasyal (from pasear) and sugal (from jugar).
Just like other Philippine languages that are influenced by Spanish, Hiligaynon uses 2 systems of numbers, one from its Austronesian roots and one derived from Spanish.
Number | Hiligaynon-Native | Hiligaynon-Spanish |
---|---|---|
1 | isá | uno |
2 | duhá | dos |
3 | tátlo | tres |
4 | ápat | kuwatro |
5 | limá | singku |
6 | ánum | sais |
7 | pitó | syete |
8 | waló | otso |
9 | siyám | nwebe/nuybi |
10 | pulò/napulò | dyis |
100 | gatós | siyen/syento |
1,000 | líbo | mil |
10,000 | laksâ/isáng libo | dyis mil |
1,000,000 | hámbad/ramák | milyon |
First | tig-una/panguná | primera |
Second | ikaduhá | segunda |
Third | ikatlo/ikatátlo | tersera |
Fourth | ikap-at/ikaápat | |
Fifth | ikalimá | |
Sixth | ikán-um/ikaánum | |
Seventh | ikapitó | |
Eighth | ikawaló | |
Ninth | ikasiyám | |
Tenth | ikapulò |
The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.
Day | Native Names | Meaning | Castilian Derived |
---|---|---|---|
Sunday | Tigburukad | root word: bukad, 'open'; 'Starting Day' | Domingo |
Monday | Dumasaon | root word: dason 'next'; 'Next Day' | Lunes |
Tuesday | Dukot-dukot | literal meaning 'Busy Day'; 'Busiest Day' | Martes |
Wednesday | Baylo-baylo | root word: baylo, 'exchange'; 'Barter' or 'Market Day' | Miyerkoles |
Thursday | Danghos | literal meaning: 'rush'; 'Rushing of the Work Day' | Huwebes |
Friday | Hingot-hingot | literal meaning: 'Completing of the Work Day' | Biyernes |
Saturday | Ligid-ligid | root word: ligid, 'lay-down to rest'; 'Rest Day' | Sábado |
Month | Native Name | Castilian Derived |
---|---|---|
January | Ulalong | Enero |
February | Dagang Kahoy | Pebrero |
March | Dagang Bulan | Marso |
April | Kiling | Abril |
May | Himabuyan | Mayo |
June | Kabay | Hunyo |
July | Hidapdapan | Hulyo |
August | Lubad-lubad | Agosto |
September | Kangurulsol | Setiyembre |
October | Bagyo-bagyo | Oktubre |
November | Panglot Diyutay | Nobiyembre |
December | Panglot Dako | Disiyembre |
English | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Yes. | Húo. |
No. | Indî. |
Thank you. | Salamat. |
Thank you very much! | Salamat gid. / Madamò gid nga salamat! |
I'm sorry. | Patawaron mo ako. / Pasayloha 'ko. / Pasensyahon mo ako. / Pasensya na. |
Help me! | Buligi (a)ko! / Tabangi (a)ko! |
Delicious! | Namit! |
Take care (Also used to signify goodbye) | Halong. |
Are you angry/scared? | Akig/hadlok ka? |
Do you feel happy/sad? | Nalipay/Nasubo-an ka? |
I don't know/I didn't know | Ambot / Wala ko kabalo / Wala ko nabal-an |
I don't care | Wa-ay ko labot! |
That's wonderful/marvelous! | Námì-námì ba!/Nami ah! |
I like this/that! | Nanámìan ko sini/sina! |
I love you. | Palangga ta ka. / Ginahigugma ko ikaw. |
English | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Hello! | Kumusta/Maayong adlaw (lit. 'good day') |
Good morning. | Maayong aga. |
Good noon. | Maayong ugto/Maayong udto |
Good afternoon. | Maayong hapon. |
Good evening. | Maayong gab-i. |
How are you? | Kamusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?/Musta na? (informal) |
I'm fine. | Maayo man. |
I am fine, how about you? | Maayo man, ikaw ya? |
How old are you? | Pila na ang edad (ni)mo? / Ano ang edad mo? / Pila ka tuig ka na? |
I am 24 years old. | Beinte kwatro anyos na (a)ko./ Duha ka pulo kag apat ka tuig na (a)ko. |
My name is... | Ang ngalan ko... |
I am Erman. | Ako si Erman. / Si Erman ako. |
What is your name? | Ano imo ngalan? / Ano ngalan (ni)mo? |
Until next time. | Asta sa liwat. |
English | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
What is this/that? | Ano (i)ni/(i)nâ? |
This is a sheet of paper. | Isa ni ka panid sang papel. / Isa ka panid ka papel ini. |
That is a book. | Libro (i)nâ. |
What will you do?/What are you going to do? | Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni)mo? / Maano ka? |
What are you doing? | Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo? / Gaano ka? |
My female friend | Ang akon babaye nga abyan/miga |
My male friend | Ang akon lalake nga abyan/migo |
My girlfriend/boyfriend | Ang akon nubya/nubyo |
English | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Where are you now? | Diin ka (na) subong? |
Where shall we go? | Diin (ki)ta makadto? |
Where are we going? | Diin (ki)ta pakadto? |
Where are you going? | (Sa) diin ka makadto? |
We shall go to Iloilo. | Makadto (ki)ta sa Iloilo. |
We're going to Bacolod. | Makadto kami sa Bacolod. |
I am going home. | Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). / (Ma)puli na ko. |
Where do you live? | Diin ka naga-istar? / Diin ka naga-puyô? |
Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?) | Diin ka (nag)-halin? |
Have you been here long? | Dugay ka na di(ri)? |
(To the) left. | (Sa) wala. |
(To the) right. | (Sa) tuo. |
What time is it? | Ano('ng) takna na? / Ano('ng) oras na? |
It's ten o'clock. | Alas diyes na. |
What time is it now? | Ano ang oras subong? / Ano oras na? |
Time | Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
06:00 AM | Butlak Adlaw | Daybreak |
10:00 AM | Tig-ilitlog or Tig-iritlog | Time for chickens to lay eggs |
12:00 noon | Udto Adlaw or Ugto Adlaw | Noon time or midday |
02:00 PM | Huyog Adlaw | Early afternoon |
04:00 PM | Tigbarahog | Time for feeding the swine |
06:00 PM | Sirom | Twilight |
08:00 PM | Tingpanyapon or Tig-inyapon | Supper time |
10:00 PM | Tigbaranig | Time to lay the banig or sleeping mat |
11:00 PM | Unang Pamalò | First cockerel's crow |
12:00 midnight | Tungang Gab-i | Midnight |
02:00 AM | Ikaduhang Pamalò | Second cockerel's crow |
04:00 AM | Ikatatlong Pamalò | Third cockerel's crow |
05:00 AM | Tigbulugtaw or Tigburugtaw | Waking up time |
English | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
May/Can I buy? | Pwede ko ma(g)-bakal? |
How much is this/that? | Tag-pilá iní/inâ? |
I'll buy the... | Baklon ko ang... |
Is this expensive? | Mahal bala (i)ni? |
Is that cheap? | Barato bala (i)na? |
Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit
Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan
Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian
Matuman ang imo boot
Diri sa duta siling sang sa langit
Hatagan mo kami niyan sing kan-on namon
Sa matag-adlaw
Kag patawaron mo kami sa mga sala namon
Siling nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon
Kag dili mo kami ipagpadaog sa mga panulay
Hinunuo luwason mo kami sa kalaot
Amen.
Literal translation as per photo:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutánon nga Pahayag sang mga Kinamaatárung sang Katáwhan)
Ang tanán nga táwo ginbún-ag nga hílway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungóg kag kinamatárong. | Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. |
The Visayas, or the Visayan Islands, are one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. Located in the central part of the archipelago, it consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea, although the Visayas are also considered the northeast extremity of the entire Sulu Sea. Its inhabitants are predominantly the Visayan peoples.
Iloilo, officially the Province of Iloilo, is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Iloilo City, the regional center of Western Visayas. Iloilo occupies the southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest.
Western Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines, numerically designated as Region VI. It consists of six provinces and two highly urbanized cities. The regional center is Iloilo City. The region is dominated by the native speakers of four Visayan languages: Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, Aklanon and Capiznon. The land area of the region is 20,794.18 km2 (8,028.68 sq mi), and with a population of 7,954,723 inhabitants, it is the second most populous region in the Visayas after Central Visayas.
Cebuano is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is natively, though informally, called by its generic term Bisayâ or Binisayâ and sometimes referred to in English sources as Cebuan. It is spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte, and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and the Zamboanga del Norte due to Spanish settlements during 18th century. In modern times, it has also spread to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the lowland regions of Caraga, often displacing native languages in those areas.
Visayans or Visayan people are a Philippine ethnolinguistic family group or metaethnicity native to the Visayas, the southernmost islands of Luzon and a significant portion of Mindanao. They are composed of numerous distinct ethnic groups, many unrelated to each other. When taken as a single group, they number around 33.5 million. The Visayans, like the Luzon Lowlanders were originally predominantly animist-polytheists and broadly share a maritime culture until they were colonized in the 16th century and a Christian belief system was imposed on them under centuries of colonial rule by Western imperialists. In more inland or otherwise secluded areas, ancient animistic-polytheistic beliefs and traditions either were reinterpreted within a Roman Catholic framework or syncretized with the new religion. Visayans are generally speakers of one or more of the distinct Bisayan languages, the most widely spoken being Cebuano, followed by Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) and Waray-Waray.
The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region, islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.
The Central Philippine languages are the most geographically widespread demonstrated group of languages in the Philippines, being spoken in southern Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Sulu. They are also the most populous, including Tagalog, Bikol, and the major Visayan languages Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kinaray-a, and Tausug, with some forty languages all together.
Masbateño or Minasbate is a member of Central Philippine languages and of the Bisayan subgroup of the Austronesian language family spoken by more than 724,000 people in the province of Masbate and some parts of Sorsogon in the Philippines. Masbatenyo is the name used by the speakers of the language and for themselves, although the term Minásbate is sometimes also used to distinguish the language from the people. It has 350,000 speakers as of 2002, with 50,000 who speak it as their first language. About 250,000 speakers use it as their second language.
The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups, many of which are classified as "Indigenous Peoples" under the country's Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997. Traditionally-Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as Moro peoples, whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not. About 142 are classified as non-Muslim Indigenous people groups, and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither Indigenous nor Moro. Various migrant groups have also had a significant presence throughout the country's history.
The Hiligaynon people, often referred to as Ilonggo people or Panayan people, are the second largest subgroup of the larger Visayan ethnic group, whose primary language is Hiligaynon, an Austronesian language of the Visayan branch native to Panay, Guimaras, and Negros. They originated in the province of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, in the region of Western Visayas. Over the years, inter-migrations and intra-migrations have contributed to the diaspora of the Hiligaynon to different parts of the Philippines. Today, the Hiligaynon, apart from the province of Iloilo, also form the majority in the provinces of Guimaras, Negros Occidental, Capiz, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato.
The Cebuano people are the largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Visayans, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country. They originated in the province of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas, but then later spread out to other places in the Philippines, such as Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, southwestern Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and large parts of Mindanao. It may also refer to the ethnic group who speak the same language as their native tongue in different parts of the archipelago. The term Cebuano also refers to the demonym of permanent residents in Cebu island regardless of ethnicity.
Cebuano grammar encompasses the rules that define the Cebuano language, the most widely spoken of all the languages in the Visayan Group of languages, spoken in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, part of Leyte island, part of Samar island, Negros Oriental, especially in Dumaguete, and the majority of cities and provinces of Mindanao.
Binignit is a Visayan dessert soup from the central Philippines. The dish is traditionally made with glutinous rice cooked in coconut milk with various slices of sabá bananas, taro, ube, and sweet potato, among other ingredients. It is comparable to various dessert guinataán dishes found in other regions such as bilo-bilo. Among the Visayan people, the dish is traditionally served during Good Friday of Holy Week.
The Suludnon, also known as the Panay-Bukidnon, Pan-ayanon, or Tumandok, are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz-Lambunao mountainous area and the Antique-Iloilo mountain area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous group of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas, along with the, Halawodnon of Lambunao and Calinog, Iloilo and Iraynon-Bukidnon of Antique. Also, they are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.
The Bible has been translated into multiple Philippine languages, including Filipino language, based on the Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines.
The Karay-a language is an Austronesian regional language in the Philippines spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique.
Waray is an Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken native regional language of the Philippines, native to Eastern Visayas. It is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the Abaknon people of Capul, Northern Samar, and some Cebuano-speaking peoples of western and southern parts of Leyte island. It is the third most spoken language among the Bisayan languages, only behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon.
Asín tibuok is a rare Filipino artisanal sea salt from the Boholano people made from filtering seawater through ashes. A related artisanal salt is known as túltul or dúkdok among the Ilonggo people. It is made similarly to asín tibuok but is boiled with gatâ.
Hiligaynon literature consists of both the oral and written works in Hiligaynon, the language of the Hiligaynon people in the Philippine regions of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen.
Ramon Muzones was a writer and lawyer and the posthumous recipient of the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature award in the Philippines in 2018. He wrote in Hiligaynon and popularized Hiligaynon literature.
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