765,000[1] Ukrainians where deported, starved, killed, or "changed" their ethnicity The "self-identified" Ukrainian population of the Kuban declined from 915,000 in 1926 to 150,000 in 1939[1]
Holodomor in the Kuban of 1932-1933 was an artificially created famine in rural areas of the Kuban and the North Caucasus in order to reduce the population, most of whom were at that time ethnic Ukrainians in the region. It was part of the larger Holodomor organized by the Soviet Union on the Ukrainian ethnic lands of the USSR. The All-Union Census of 1926-1937 records a decline of 24% in the rural population in the North Caucasus. In the Kuban, for the period from November 1932 to spring 1933, the number of documented victims of famine was 62 thousand. Some historians suggest the real number of dead is many times more.
Kuban is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and the Caucasus, and separated from the Crimean Peninsula to the west by the Kerch Strait. Krasnodar Krai is often referred to as "Kuban", both officially and unofficially, although the term is not exclusive to the krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai.
The North Caucasus or Ciscaucasia is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea on the east, in Russia. Geographically, the Northern Caucasus includes the Russian republics and krais of the North Caucasus. As part of the Russian Federation, the Northern Caucasus region is included in the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts and consists of Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and the constituent republics, approximately from west to east: the Republic of Adygea, Karachay–Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia–Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and the Republic of Dagestan.
The Holodomor was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. It is also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and sometimes referred to as the Great Famine or The Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33. It was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country. During the Holodomor, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine. Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine and 15 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government.
The famine was accompanied by terror, the extermination of Cossacks and peasants, exiles to Siberia, and resettlement, aimed at destroying the nationalistic aspirations of Ukrainians and Cossacks. The scale of the victims of the Kuban Holodomor is not inferior to the famines in the territory of the then Ukrainian SSR, with similar catastrophic consequences for the Cossacks and the Ukrainian national-cultural tradition in the regions of the North Caucasus.
Siberia is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia. Siberia has historically been a part of modern Russia since the 17th century.
Prerequisites
The 20th years have passed in the Kuban in the conditions of the violent rebellion of the Kuban Cossacks who recently had their independence in the Kuban People's Republic and lost it in the fight against the Bolsheviks. It was difficult for the Soviet authorities to control the freedom-loving Cossacks, that their insurgent units sometimes numbered several thousand people. Already in February 1920, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission issued a decree on the Kuban, according to which the authorities used inhumane measures to fight the rebels - shootings, the destruction of relatives of the rebels, the resettlement of their children to central Russia. One of the points was noted - "for every killed Soviet figure to pay a hundred inhabitants of villages and stanitsa."An attack on the national intellectuals and strong rural landlords began almost simultaneously in Ukraine and in the Kuban. In 1926, there were 3,107,000 Ukrainians living in the North Caucasus, of which 1,412,276 - only in the Kuban. There were many Ukrainian schools that were under the jurisdiction of Skrypnyk as the then People's Commissar of Education. In Krasnodar, worked as a Ukrainian pedagogical institute, in Poltava, a pedagogical technical school.
In December 1929, during a general cultural cleansing in Ukraine, some Cuban-Ukrainian scholars were arrested. At the end of the 20s the fabricated case of the Union of the Kuban and Ukraine was fabricated, in connection with which a wave of arrests of Ukrainian teachers and students who groundlessly accused of "bourgeois nationalism" swept across Ukraine and the Kuban .
But the main blow to the intelligentsia was the so-called case of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine (IUU). In April 1929, prominent Ukrainian scholars and writers were accused of preparing an armed uprising, in the formation of an underground counter-revolutionary organization of IEDs. In July, mass arrests began in Ukraine in connection with the case of the IED, and in December they swept along the Kuban. From March 9 to April 20, 1930, a process took place in Kharkiv over the accused, and arrests and imprisonment continued for a long time in the Kuban and in Ukraine.
In 1930, the first stage of forced collectivization ended. The unwillingness of the peasants to work in collective farms, constant uprisings in villages and villages, and sharp decline in yields showed that among the majority of the rural population of the Kuban and Ukraine, strong resistance continues to be attempted to build a collective farm system.
The peasants seemed to be allowed to leave kolkhozes, and in the short term most of the peasants of the Kuban and Ukraine did it. But those who came out of the farm, confiscated land, implements and cattle did not return. And hard-working masters, from their last forces, tried to rebuild their ruined farm. But the retreat of the party leadership from continuous collectivization was only temporary - the second stage of an offensive against an independent peasant, an offensive that led to terrible consequences, began to take place. In September 1930, extremely high grain taxes were imposed on peasant farmers. If we consider that all year long they did not have the freedom to farm on their land, then one can understand: such taxes completely broke single-breeders and practically turned independent owners into beggars.
Again, a crazy wave of distillation ran over - hundreds of thousands of families went on hunger and cold death in Siberia. The rest of the peasants were again in the collective farms. In a short time the kolkhozes were turned into an ideal tool for knocking out grain peasants. The peasants and the Cossacks had almost nothing in their own right - all the food and grain were carefully monitored by the collective farm managers. The Stalinist government finally got an opportunity to increase the export of bread abroad tens of times, which was to receive huge amounts of money. But as long as the Canadian farmers drank corn, so that the price of food in the Americas and Europe, where the grain was picked from peasants, fell to the end, the hunger began among Ukrainians.
As an act of genocide
As on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in the Kuban, a policy led to a famine. The fact that he was artificial in the Kuban and is a genocide of the Ukrainian people is evidenced by the official census of the population. According to a research by V. Rakachev, a candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the sociology department of the Kuban State University, collectivization processes, the famine of 1932-1933, repressions have caused serious changes in the demographic structure. As a result of these events, the number of people, especially males, declined significantly. After analyzing the data, the author of the study draws attention to the fact that although hunger and crop were observed in many areas of the USSR, the agricultural regions of Ukraine (except Donbass), Saratov, Kuybyshevsk regions, the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans, as well as the Kuban . Researcher I. Kraval believes that the reason for such a situation is that it was precisely in these areas that there was the greatest resistance to the policy of dispossession and collectivization. If the famine was not artificial, then, of course, all areas suffered more or less equally. However, population data is a vivid testimony to the fact that hunger, dispossession and repression caused more consequences in those areas where the population was actively opposed to the policy of the supreme leadership of the USSR headed by J. Stalin .
According to the population census of 1926, about 1.5 million Ukrainians lived in the Kuban, in particular:
in the Kuban district they lived 916 thousand, which was 62% of the total population; The Stavropol district has 246 thousand Ukrainians (34%), The Black Sea - 104 thousand (38%), Tersky - 194 thousand (30%). According to the census of Krasnodar region in 1958 Ukrainian population in the region has only 137 604 people. (3.96%). That is, for 32 years from 1926 to 1959, due to the Holodomor, deportations, the number of Ukrainians in the Kuban decreased by 1 million 362 396 people. A census conducted in 2010 showed a catastrophic decline in the number of Ukrainians in these lands, the main reason for which was the famine of 1932-1933. According to this census, only 84,000 Ukrainians (1.6%) live in the Krasnodar Territory, and 30,000 in Stavropol (1.1%). Altogether, this makes up only 114 thousand Ukrainians. It is almost 15 times (!) Less than it was in the 1920s. At the same time, it wrote an online edition of the Ukrainian Kuban [5] [6] [7][8] .
Thus, according to the studies of D. White [9] , since all the repressive circumstances - Holodomor, repression, deportation - have touched primarily Ukrainian regions in which Ukrainians ranged from 30% (Tikhoretsk district) to 87% (Temryutsky district), and In general, in the countryside most affected by the Holodomor, Ukrainians accounted for 66.6%, and the percentage of Ukrainians among the victims reached about 70%. According to R. Medvedev, from the Kuban, 16 settlements with a total population of 200 thousand people were deported, in which MV Palibin [9], who were evicted and collective farmers were middle peasants and poor people. In view of this, it becomes clear that the influx of immigrants from the central regions of Russia to these territories was much larger than in Ukraine. If in Ukraine in 1933, 329 echelons brought 21,856 farms of Russian collective farmers with a total of 117,149 people, then over the 500,000 displaced persons from central Russia came to the Kuban during 1931-1932, a significant part of which were demobilized Red Army soldiers. According to S. Black, from Holodomor in the Kuban, about half of the local Ukrainians were killed [10] .
The history of the top management of the USSR, as history has shown, has always been calculated, there was almost no place for chance. So, the question arises: how could the accidental hunger simultaneously (!) Be in those territories where the majority of the population are Ukrainians, and in those territories that have always been famous for their fertile lands and high yields? Answer: no. It was an artificial famine, it was a genocide of the Ukrainian people in all the territories of his residence.
The Soviet government has achieved its goals
The consequences of J. Stalin's targeted policy are felt today: in Ukraine there is less, more in the Kuban. While in 1925 there were almost 150 Ukrainian-language schools in the Kuban, now there is none; if in the 1920s there were publishing houses, editions that produced Ukrainian-language publications in the province, now in the Kuban no newspapers or magazine is published in Ukrainian; There is no Ukrainian radio and television in the region [11] .
Soviet laws
On August 7, 1932, the Law "On the Protection of State Property" [12] came into force, according to which the entire collective-ownership property became state-owned. Later, this law was called among the people the "Law on Spikes", since hundreds of thousands of peasants were deprived of liberty, sent to Siberian camps or shot only for trying to gather at least a little ears for their hungry children on the collective farm. In addition, the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Prosecutor's Office of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the People's Commissars of Justice of the Union republics, heads of regional (regional) courts, regional (regional) prosecutors, chairmen and prosecutors of linear courts, district prosecutors, Head of the GPU of Ukraine, authorized representatives of the OGPU, DTOOHPU, was sent on September 16 secret"Instruction on the application of the Resolution of the CEC and the SNK of the USSR of August 7, 1932, on the protection of property of state enterprises, collective farms and cooperatives, and strengthening of social (socialist) property" [13] .
The overwhelming majority of the Kuban population has already been mobilized. The most courageous Cossack hosts were shot or sent to Siberia. But millions more peasants of Ukraine and the Kuban continued to resist the collective farm system, they could not reconcile themselves with the totalitarian system that was being established. The Kuban Cossacks, whose ancestors defended their will in a bloody struggle with Polish lords, royal noblemen, dictatorial generals, could not become scapegoats in the mechanism of the Stalinist state. But now in this unequal cruel struggle the Kuban was doomed. On July 23, 1932, a resolution was passed by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the VKP6 on the grain procurement for July. The grain that Ukraine and the Kuban were supposed to bring was a fantastic figure. Given that in the spring of 1932 the Kuban reached a hunger that the harvest was significantly reduced, this decree, in case of its execution, condemned the population of the Kuban and Ukraine to starvation.
So Stalin and his assistants deliberately once and for all solved the problem with the "rebellious" Kuban Cossacks. For the execution of grain procurement to the Kuban troops, especially punitive detachments. In the huts, local activists carried out general searches, during which all the food was taken away, and absolutely all was pumped up to the last grain. For trying to save at least a few products, arrested or shot.
Lazar Kaganovich was the direct leader of the terror and massacre in the Kuban .
"In order to strengthen the grain supplies to send ... t. Kaganovich to the North Caucasus with a group of tt. Yurkin, Chernova " , - noted in the decree of October 22, 1931 A. Mikoyan, Y. Gamarnik, G. Yagoda, M. Skiryatov and O. Kosarev also entered this commission .
Eyewitnesses
The researcher of the Kuban, a Ukrainian writer and historian, author of the "Raspberry wedge" Dmytro Bilyi, whose parents came from the Kuban, gives the following memories of eyewitnesses:
" "You crawl into a neighboring house, swollen from hunger, you ask for something to eat, and there are all dead. Old on the stove, a child in a cradle, who's where." There was nobody to hide. "They drowned in the cemetery at 20 inches deep. In the winter, the dead were buried on the cemetery directly in the snow As you go past the cemetery, the black legs of those who died of starvation stick out of the snow ... The hungry dogs were grizzled ... People fell and died of hunger on the run ... One Cossack fell from starvation - to he ran and screamed: "Waters, the water is faster!" - and her husband died and barely said, "Bread ba, bread. "The authorities, the stationary activists at that time had solid (closed redistribution) rations with white bread, butter and even champagne." This story is typical of all stanitsa. » " "Mortality is one that is hiding not only without shelves (there are no boards), but just a huge pit dug where activists and soldiers take swollen from starvation and buried - it's in the city, and in the stanitsa just horror - there's dead in the huts until smelly air will not attract anyone's attention. There is no bread: in those yards where fish is, people fish the fish bones, grind them, then mix them with water - do cakes - it replaces bread. No cats nor dogs have long been there - they all ate it ... Children disappeared ... they cut, they make cold chops from them and sell, and fuel The fat is bought from them by hunger ... The bones with human nails are found in the wells ... In the former crypts the salty human meat was found ... We have typhoid feathers, we live without drugs... "
Holodomor as a terror famine
In the stanitsa riots broke out, which brutally suppressed. Poltava, the Cossacks who always distinguished themselves by mutual help, a high level of culture and national consciousness, became the most disobedient. With her, the authorities were dealt the most cruelly. As early as 1922-1930, out of 5,600 families who settled the village, 300 were deported, and 250 people were shot. In the years 1930-1932, many Cossacks of the village were arrested in connection with the case of the IED . In December 1932, in a village in Poltava, destitute people raised an uprising. Only large military units suppressed it after long battles.
A special decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the SNK of the USSR on grain procurements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus and the Western regions of December 14, 1932 stipulated:
" "Given that in a large part of the Kuban districts, counter-revolutionary elements-fists, former officers, Petliurists, supporters of the Kuban Council and others came to the collective farm as chairmen or influential members of the board, counters, storekeepers, brigadiers in the torch, etc., were able to penetrate in the village council zimorhany, cooperation .. CC VKP (6) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR oblige the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the North Caucasus region, the SNK of Ukraine and the regional executive of the North Caucasus region to resolutely eliminate these counter-revolutionary elements by arrest, long page ok, without stopping before using the highest degree of punishment for the most malicious of them ... Send in the shortest possible time to other areas of the USSR from stanitsa ... From Poltava, as the most counter-revolutionary, all the inhabitants, except for the truly devoted Soviet authorities ... and settling this village by honest collective farmers-soldiers operating under conditions of landlessness and on uncomfortable lands in other lands, passing them all the land and winter crops, structures, equipment and cattle evicted ". » A small group of Cossacks, who managed to escape eviction, for some time continued armed struggle, but was destroyed. Stanitsa was inhabited by immigrants from Russia, Belarus, and renamed Krasnoarmeysk. This fate has hit many villages. The Uman region was renamed Leningrad. Bryukhovets st. To collectivization had 20 thousand people, after the famine, the uprising and eviction completely deserted. " Only somewhere else on the huts were people who died of starvation ". Robert Conquest, an English researcher of the Holodomor, author of The Harvest of Sorrow, cites the memoirs of an eyewitness who saw Bryukhovets after a suppressed uprising and starvation:
" Just like in other places, several months ago they were suppressed by the attempt of the uprising and all the survivors - men and women, children and the disabled - were deported, with the exception of some old couples. On the street weeds grew up from the tree, and the destroyed and abandoned houses were barely visible. He entered the house: "In the half-minute I spent there, I saw two human corpses. The old woman sat on the floor, and her head with gray, uncut hair fell to her chest, she leaned on the bed, her legs wide apart, her dead arms crossed on her chest, she died just like that, giving God the soul, and being baptized, and softened forever. "A yellow hand stretching out of bed and lying on the head of a woman, the old man's body was visible in the bed in a housewarming shirt and pants." The old soles of the legs stuck out over the edge of the bed, and it was clear that these legs are many x Olive on the ground. I could not see a man's face, it was wrapped up to the wall. With shame I have to admit, I was really scared. For some reason, the hand lying on the head of the old one struck me especially. Perhaps in the last effort the old man put his hand on the head of his dead woman, and so both of them died. When did it happen - a week ago or two? " But still there was one living soul. A naked man with long hair and a beard fought with a gang of cats under the acacia for possession of a dead pigeon. He was crazy, but the narrator was able to combine into one whole his story. He was a communist and chairman of the local village council, but since the beginning of collectivization, he broke his party card and joined the rebels. Most of them were shot, but he managed to hide in malarial swamps near the Kuban River. His wife and children were among the deportees. The husband somehow managed to survive the winter, and then he returned to his old house - the last inhabitant of what once was a big and prosperous village.
Losses
The 20th years have passed in the Kuban in the conditions of the violent rebellion of the Kuban Cossacks who recently had their independence in the Kuban People's Republic and lost it in the fight against the Bolsheviks. It was difficult for the Soviet authorities to control the freedom-loving Cossacks, that their insurgent units sometimes numbered several thousand people. Already in February 1920, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission issued a decree on the Kuban, according to which the authorities used inhumane measures to fight the rebels - shootings, the destruction of relatives of the rebels, the resettlement of their children to central Russia. One of the points was noted - "for every killed Soviet figure to pay a hundred inhabitants of villages and stanitsa."An attack on the national intellectuals and strong rural landlords began almost simultaneously in Ukraine and in the Kuban. In 1926, there were 3,107,000 Ukrainians living in the North Caucasus, of which 1,412,276 - only in the Kuban. There were many Ukrainian schools that were under the jurisdiction of Skrypnyk as the then People's Commissar of Education. In Krasnodar, worked as a Ukrainian pedagogical institute, in Poltava, a pedagogical technical school.
Effect on Ukrainian culture
In December 1929, during a general cultural cleansing in Ukraine, some Cuban-Ukrainian scholars were arrested. At the end of the 20s the fabricated case of the Union of the Kuban and Ukraine was fabricated, in connection with which a wave of arrests of Ukrainian teachers and students who groundlessly accused of "bourgeois nationalism" swept across Ukraine and the Kuban .
But the main blow to the intelligentsia was the so-called case of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine (IUU). In April 1929, prominent Ukrainian scholars and writers were accused of preparing an armed uprising, in the formation of an underground counter-revolutionary organization of IEDs. In July, mass arrests began in Ukraine in connection with the case of the IED, and in December they swept along the Kuban. From March 9 to April 20, 1930, a process took place in Kharkiv over the accused, and arrests and imprisonment continued for a long time in the Kuban and in Ukraine.
In 1930, the first stage of forced collectivization ended. The unwillingness of the peasants to work in collective farms, constant uprisings in villages and villages, and sharp decline in yields showed that among the majority of the rural population of the Kuban and Ukraine, strong resistance continues to be attempted to build a collective farm system.
The peasants seemed to be allowed to leave kolkhozes, and in the short term most of the peasants of the Kuban and Ukraine did it. But those who came out of the farm, confiscated land, implements and cattle did not return. And hard-working masters, from their last forces, tried to rebuild their ruined farm. But the retreat of the party leadership from continuous collectivization was only temporary - the second stage of an offensive against an independent peasant, an offensive that led to terrible consequences, began to take place. In September 1930, extremely high grain taxes were imposed on peasant farmers. If we consider that all year long they did not have the freedom to farm on their land, then one can understand: such taxes completely broke single-breeders and practically turned independent owners into beggars.
Again, a crazy wave of distillation ran over - hundreds of thousands of families went on hunger and cold death in Siberia. The rest of the peasants were again in the collective farms. In a short time the kolkhozes were turned into an ideal tool for knocking out grain peasants. The peasants and the Cossacks had almost nothing in their own right - all the food and grain were carefully monitored by the collective farm managers. The Stalinist government finally got an opportunity to increase the export of bread abroad tens of times, which was to receive huge amounts of money. But as long as the Canadian farmers drank corn, so that the price of food in the Americas and Europe, where the grain was picked from peasants, fell to the end, the hunger began among Ukrainians.
Kuban Holodomor in fiction
Yellow Prince
Not everyone knows that the textbook of the Ukrainian writer Vasyl Barka "The Yellow Prince" about the tragic fate of the Katrannik family from Slobozhanshchyna, is based precisely on the Kuban memoirs of the writer on the Holodomor.
The native of Poltava region Vasyl Ocheret (the true surname of the writer) moves from Ukraine to the Kuban in 1928, fleeing the persecution of Ukrainian party workers. In Krasnodar, he studies at the Ukrainian philology of the pedagogical university, enrolls in postgraduate studies and begins to write poetry. Terrible 33-th, he also meets on the Kuban land and becomes an eyewitness and victim of the Holodomor.
"The half-starved existence, exhaustion, wounds, from which the dirty fluid has swelled, swollen and watery legs ..." - recalling all this the writer will say that he was no longer able to survive, because "he knew the torment of hunger until the deathbed." Then Barca will play in memory of the events in the Kuban, and the world will see his work "The Yellow Prince".
" "I knew other pain, like a wound, but it was something that burned the whole creature, and maybe because I knew it, so I was lucky in the" Yellow Duke "to restore that psychological depth of this hungry death" - writes the writer later about the most important book of his life.
"Basavryuk XX"
The casing quickly went further, where, in several courtyards, was a hut of Baglaev, a large and sincere family, good owners and tireless singers. Last time, even in the winter, ten-year-old Omelyko Baglay drew a bag of bursaks, tobacco and a quarter moonshine to the insurgents. Now Kozhuh wanted to complain about the old Peter Baglaya about the events in the village. The gates of Baglaev were somehow open, Kozhuk quietly drove the cartridge to the chamber and, holding the carabiner empty, slipped to the big yard. The courtyard was quiet, the big smoker of Baglaev's whites in the dark. The casing carefully walked away, hiding behind the wall of an empty stables, to him. Suddenly, he saw a dark figure standing on his knees, leaning against a tall apple in the middle of the courtyard. "An ambush," missed the head of Kozhuha. But, looking closely, he doubted this. The man was dressed in a white shirt, obviously unsuitable for masking and stood face to face. The casing dared to approach a man, just in case of grabbing a dagger. His hand grabbed a man behind his shoulder and turned to him. The casing dropped the dagger and recoiled. Before him lay a skeleton, covered with skin. Sparkled eyes were looked at Kozhuha, with a thin strand of white hair sticking out on his head. The crumbling mouth was stuffed with green apple leaves. He recognized the dead on long, dark mustaches. It was his peer, once stupendous and friendly, funny battery Taras Baglay. The casing got up on the waisted legs, and, knowing for nothing, went into the house. There immediately, instead of the fresh coolness of a hermetically sealed hut in his nose, he struck an ugly sweet smell of the decomposed human flesh. When his eyes were accustomed to the darkness, he saw on the bench under the icons of the dead old Baglaya, The beard which stood on the face thrown back, the old Bahlaichi was sitting beside him, her hands peasant were kneeling, her head connected with the old handkerchief, lowered to her chest. The woman Taras, once motor Tatyana, the best singer on this edge of the village, lay on the clay floor. With one hand, she embraced an annual child, a small Peter, and the second shrunk dry chest. In the hut there was a cloud of flies buzzing. The casing shuddered back, ran back to the stove. With a crash fell, the owners of the kitchen no longer needed it for a long time. Little Peter, and the other was squeezed dry chest. In the hut there was a cloud of flies buzzing. The casing shuddered back, ran back to the stove. With a crash fell, the owners of the kitchen no longer needed it for a long time. Little Peter, and the other was squeezed dry chest. In the hut there was a cloud of flies buzzing. The casing shuddered back, ran back to the stove. With a crash fell, the owners of the kitchen no longer needed it for a long time. [15]
Reference
1- Reaping sorrow. Part 3 . zhnyva33.narod.ru . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
2- Holodomor of 1932-1933 in the Kuban - Stanislav Kulchytsky - The authors' folder - Ready . Fiction . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
3- How much did we die from the Holodomor of 1933? . Mirror of the week | Weekly Mirror . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
4- Famine in the Kuban 1932-1933 . www.natural-sciences.ru (ru) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
5- Minister Kozhary on the genocide of Ukrainians in the Kuban Highway . h.ua . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
6- Genocide of Ukrainians in the Kuban . memorial.kiev.ua (uk-ua) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
7- Holodomor as genocide: what should be the evidence base? - History - Ukrainian Week, Tyzhden.ua . tyzhden.ua . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
8- What are we Kuban? - History - Ukrainian Week, Tyzhden.ua . tyzhden.ua . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
9- Genocide of Ukrainians in the Kuban . www.memorial.kiev.ua (uk-ua) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 . 10- Holodomor in the Kuban (ru) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
11- Ukrainian Kuban number 3 . issuu . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
12- Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 7, 1932 on the protection of property of state enterprises, collective farms and co-operation - Vikiteka . ru.wikisource.org (ru) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
13- Instruction on the application of the decision of the Central Electoral Commission and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 7, 1932, on the protection of state property - ru.wikisource.org (ru) . Quoted from January 3, 2017 .
15- White D. "Basavryuk XX" (almanac "Kalmius" , number 2 (6), 1999).
Sources
Dmytro Bilyy Raspberry Wedge Essays on the history of Ukrainians in the Kuban. Kyiv: Society "Ukraine", 1994, 120 p
Robert Conquest "Harvest of Sorrow": Don, Kuban, Volga
Mykola Zhulynsky. The high point of the Faith. Holodomor in Ukraine and the novel by Vasyl Barka "The Yellow Prince. - K .: OJSC" Kyivska Pravda Publishing House ", 2003. p.320.
Vasyl Barka. Yellow Prince. From the author
Cossack literary Golgotha. Kuban writers, historians, journalists - victims of political repressions (in Russian)
Mirror of the week. The tragedy of the Kuban Poltava village as evidence of the genocide of Ukrainians
Data of the population census of 1926 in the Kuban district at the site demoscope.ru
Osadchenko E.V., Rudnev S.E. GOLD ON KUBANI 1932-1933 gg. / / Succeedings of modern natural science. - 2012. - No. 1 - P. 96-98
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic–speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Eastern and Southern Ukraine and in Southern Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia.
The Soviet Union implemented the collectivization of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascendancy of Joseph Stalin. It began during and was part of the first five-year plan. The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into collectively controlled and state controlled farms: Kolkhozy and Sovkhozy accordingly. The Soviet leadership confidently expected that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective ones would immediately increase the food supply for the urban population, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports. Planners regarded collectivization as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution that had developed from 1927. This problem became more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program, meaning that more food needed to be produced to keep up with urban demand.
Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots. It is often viewed as one of the more inefficient sectors of the economy of the Soviet Union. A number of food taxes were introduced in the early Soviet period despite the Decree on Land that immediately followed the October Revolution. The forced collectivization and class war against "kulaks" under Stalinism greatly disrupted farm output in the 1920s and 1930s, contributing to the Soviet famine of 1932–33. A system of state and collective farms, known as sovkhozes and kolkhozes respectively, placed the rural population in a system intended to be unprecedentedly productive and fair but which turned out to be chronically inefficient and lacking in fairness. Under the administrations of Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Mikhail Gorbachev, a large number of reforms were enacted as attempts to defray the inefficiencies of the Stalinist agricultural system. However, Marxist–Leninist ideology did not allow for any substantial amount of market mechanism to coexist alongside central planning, so the private plot fraction of Soviet agriculture, which was its most productive, remained confined to a limited role. Throughout its later decades the Soviet Union never stopped using substantial portions of the precious metals mined each year in Siberia to pay for grain imports, which has been taken by various authors as an economic indicator showing that the country's agriculture was never as successful as it ought to have been. The real numbers, however, were treated as state secrets at the time, so accurate analysis of the sector's performance was limited outside the USSR and nearly impossible to assemble within its borders. However, Soviet citizens as consumers were familiar with the fact that foods, especially meats, were often noticeably scarce, to the point that not lack of money so much as lack of things to buy with it was the limiting factor in their standard of living.
Kuban Cossacks, or Kubanians, are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. Most of the Kuban Cossacks are descendants of different major groups of Cossacks who were re-settled to the western Northern Caucasus in the late 18th century. The western part of the host was settled by the Black Sea Cossack Host who were originally the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine, from 1792. The eastern and southeastern part of the host was previously administered by the Khopyour and Kuban regiments of the Caucasus Line Cossack Host and Don Cossacks, who were re-settled from the Don from 1777.
Throughout Russian history famines and droughts have been a common feature, often resulting in humanitarian crises traceable to political or economic instability, poor policy, environmental issues and war. Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union tended to occur fairly regularly, with famine occurring every 10–13 years and droughts every five to seven years. Golubev and Dronin distinguish three types of drought according to productive areas vulnerable to droughts: Central, Southern, and Eastern.
A khutor or khutir is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement. The term can be translated as "hamlet".
Stanitsa is a village inside a Cossack host (viysko). Stanitsas were the primary unit of Cossack hosts.
Azov Cossack Host was a Cossack host that existed on the northern shore of the Sea of Azov, between 1832 and 1862.
The Soviet famine of 1932–33 was a major famine that killed millions of people in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia. The Holodomor in Ukraine and Kazakh famine of 1932–33 have been seen as genocide committed by Joseph Stalin's government; it is estimated between 3.3 and 7.5 million died in Ukraine and ~2,000,000 died in Kazakhstan.
The Ukrainians in Kuban in southern Russia constitute a national minority. The region as a whole shares many linguistic, cultural and historic ties with Ukraine.
Denial of the Holodomor is the assertion that the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine, did not occur or diminishing the scale and significance of the famine. This denial and suppression of information about the famine was made in official Soviet propaganda from the very beginning until the 1980s. It was supported by some Western journalists and intellectuals. It was echoed at the time of the famine by some prominent Western journalists, including Walter Duranty and Louis Fischer. The denial of the man-made famine was a highly successful and well orchestrated disinformation campaign by the Soviet government. According to Robert Conquest, it was the first major instance of Soviet authorities adopting the Big Lie propaganda technique to sway world opinion, to be followed by similar campaigns over the Moscow Trials and denial of the Gulag labor camp system.
The Holodomor genocide question consists of the attempts to determine whether the Holodomor, a 1933 man-made famine that killed about 4 million people in Ukraine, was an ethnic genocide or an unintended result of the "Soviet regime's re-direction of already drought-reduced grain supplies to attain economic and political goals." The event is recognized as a crime against humanity by the European Parliament, and a genocide in Ukraine while the Russian Federation considers it part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33 and corresponding famine relief effort. The debate among historians is ongoing and there is no international consensus among scholars or governments on whether the Soviet policies that caused the famine fall under the legal definition of genocide.
Collectivization in Ukraine, officially the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, was part of the policy of Collectivization in the USSR and dekulakization that was pursued between 1928 and 1933 with the purpose to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms called kolkhoz and to eliminate enemies of the working class. The idea of collective farms was seen by peasants as a revival of serfdom.
The causes of the Holodomor, the name of the famine that ravaged Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933 whose estimates for the total number of casualties within Soviet Ukraine range between 2.2 million and 10 million, are a subject of scholarly and political debate. Some historians theorize that the famine was an unintended consequence of the economic problems associated with radical economic changes implemented during the period of Soviet industrialization. Others claim that the Soviet policies that caused the famine were an engineered attack on Ukrainian nationalism, or more broadly on all peasants in order to prevent uprisings. Some suggest that the famine may fall under the legal definition of genocide.
The Holodomor was a man-made famine in the Ukrainian SSR and adjacent Cossack territories between 1932 and 1933 that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians due to starvation. The famine is formally considered by the modern Ukrainian government to be an act of genocide on the part of the Soviet government; others in the international community, as well as the United Nations, also recognize it as such. Some countries recognize the Holodomor famine as an attack on the Ukrainian people, but do not recognize it as a genocide. The Russian Federation denies officially that it was an act of genocide, but rather states that the famine caused suffering among many in the Soviet Union, regardless of nationality.
The last major famine to hit the USSR began in July 1946, reached its peak in February–August 1947 and then quickly diminished in intensity, although there were still some famine deaths in 1948. The situation spanned most of the grain-producing regions of the country: Ukraine, Moldova and parts of central Russia. The conditions were caused by drought, the effects of which were exacerbated by the devastation caused by World War II. The grain harvest in 1946 totaled 39.6 million tons - barely 40% of 1940s yield. With the war, there was a significant decrease in the number of able-bodied men in the rural population, retreating to 1931 levels. There was a shortage of agricultural machinery and horses. The Soviet government with its grain reserves provided relief to rural areas and appealed to the United Nations for relief. Assistance also came from the Ukrainian and Russians from eastern Ukraine and from North America, which minimized mortality.
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". That type of collective is often an agricultural cooperative in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries, there have been state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy and sovkhozy, often denoted in English as collective farms and state farms, respectively.
The kulaks were a category of affluent peasants in the later Russian Empire and early Soviet Union, particularly Soviet Russia.
The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, known in Kazakhstan as the Goloshchekin genocide, also known as the Kazakh catastrophe, was a man-made famine where 1.5 million people died in Soviet Kazakhstan, of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs; 38% of all Kazakhs died, the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed in the Soviet famines of the early 1930s.
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