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House of Normandy Maison de Normaund (Norman French) | |
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![]() Arms of the Duchy of Normandy [nb 1] | |
Country | France, England |
Founded | 911 |
Founder | Rollo |
Final ruler | Henry I of England |
Titles | |
Estate(s) | Normandy, England, Flanders |
Dissolution | 1167 |
Deposition | 1135 |
Cadet branches | Illegitimate lines:
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The House of Normandy (Norman : Maison de Nouormandie [mɛ.zɔ̃ d̪e nɔʁ.mɛnde] ) designates the noble family which originates from the Duchy of Normandy and whose members were counts of Rouen, dukes of Normandy, as well as kings of England following the Norman conquest of England. It lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. The house emerged from the union between the Viking Rollo [1] (first ruler of Normandy) and Poppa of Bayeux, [2] a West Frankish noblewoman. William the Conqueror [3] and his heirs down through 1135 were members of this dynasty.
After that it was disputed between William's grandchildren, Matilda, whose husband Geoffrey [4] was the founder of the House of Plantagenet, and Stephen of the House of Blois (or Blesevin dynasty). [5]
The Norman counts of Rouen were:
The Norman dukes of Normandy were:
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
Norman Count of Flanders:
Counts of Rouen and Dukes of Normandy shown in bold.
Rollo First Norman count of Rouen 911–927 House of Normandy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William ‘Longsword’ Second Norman count of Rouen 927–942 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richard I ‘the Fearless’ First duke of Normandy 942–996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richard II ‘the Good’ Second duke of Normandy 996–1027 | Robert count of Évreux | Mauger ∞ Germain countess of Corbeil | Geoffrey count of Eu CLARE | William I count of Eu EU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richard III Third duke of Normandy 1026-1027 | Robert I ‘the Magnificent’ Fourth Duke of Normandy 1027–35 | Richard count of Évreux | Ralph lord of Gacé | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nicolas of Normandy Abbot of Saint Ouen 1027–1092 | William II (King William I) ‘the Conqueror’ Fith duke of Normandy 1035–87 King of England 1066–87 | William count of Évreux | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Robert II ‘Curthose’ Sixth duke of Normandy 1087–1106 | Adela ∞ Stephen II, Count of Blois | Richard | William II ‘Rufus’ King of England 1087–1100 Ducal Regent 1096–1100 | Henry I ‘Beauclerc’ King of England 1100–35 Seventh duke of Normandy 1106–35 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William Clito Count of Flanders Ducal claimant | Stephen King of England 1135–54 Duke of Normandy 1135–44 | Henry V king of Germany HOUSE OF SALIANS | Matilda I Lady of the English | Geoffrey, Count of Anjou Ninth duke of Normandy 1144–50 HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET | William III Adelin Duke of Normandy 1120 in his father's lifetime | (illeg.) Robert I 1st earl of Gloucester | (illeg.) Richard of Lincoln | (illeg.) Reginald 1st earl of Cornwall | (illeg.) Robert FitzEdith ∞ Matilda d'Avranches baroness of Okehampton | (illeg.) Gilbert FitzRoy | (illeg.) Henry FitzRoy | (illeg.) Fulk FitzRoy monk at Abingdon? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry II Tenth duke of Normandy 1150–89 King of England 1154–89 | William FitzRobert 2nd earl of Gloucester | Roger bishop | (illeg.) Richard bishop of Bayeux | Meiler Fitzhenry Lord Chief Justice of Ireland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry ‘the Young King’ Duke of Normandy 1170–83 in his father's lifetime | Richard IV (King Richard I) ‘Lionheart’ Eleventh duke of Normandy & King of England 1189–99 | John ‘Lackland’ Twelfth duke of Normandy & King of England 1199–1216 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry III Thirteenth duke of Normandy 1216–59 (renounced at Treaty of Paris ) King of England 1216–72 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry I, also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but Henry was left landless. He purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William Rufus against Robert.
Stephen, often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England.
William I, usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward. By 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, his hold on Normandy was secure. In 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor, William invaded England, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands, and by difficulties with his eldest son, Robert Curthose.
Empress Matilda, also known as the Empress Maude, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband to Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry V had no children, and when he died in 1125, the imperial crown was claimed by his rival Lothair of Supplinburg.
Robert Curthose, or Robert II of Normandy, was the eldest son of William the Conqueror and succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 1087, reigning until 1106. Robert was also an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England. The epithet "Curthose" had its origins in the Norman French word courtheuse 'short stockings' and was apparently derived from a nickname given to Robert by his father; the chroniclers William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis reported that William the Conqueror had derisively called Robert brevis-ocrea.
Matilda of Flanders was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy by marriage to William the Conqueror, and regent of Normandy during his absences from the duchy. She was the mother of ten children who survived to adulthood, including two kings, William II and Henry I.
Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. He was the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, and her chief military supporter during the civil war known as The Anarchy, in which she vied with Stephen of Blois for the throne of England.
William Ætheling (Middle English: [ˈwiliəm ˈaðəliŋɡ], Old English: [ˈæðeliŋɡ]; 5 August 1103 – 25 November 1120), commonly called Adelin was the son of Henry I of England by his wife Matilda of Scotland, and was thus heir apparent to the English throne. His early death without issue caused a succession crisis, known in history as the Anarchy.
The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the Normans.
In the Middle Ages, the duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in north-western France. The duchy arose out of a grant of land to the Viking leader Rollo by the French king Charles III in 911. In 924 and again in 933, Normandy was expanded by royal grant. Rollo's male-line descendants continued to rule it until 1135. In 1202 the French king Philip II declared Normandy a forfeited fief and by 1204 his army had conquered it. It remained a French royal province thereafter, still called the Duchy of Normandy, but only occasionally granted to a duke of the royal house as an apanage.
Richard II, called the Good, was the duke of Normandy from 996 until 1026.
The County of Aumale, later elevated to a duchy, was a medieval fief in Normandy, disputed between England and France during parts of the Hundred Years' War.
Richard I, also known as Richard the Fearless, was the count of Rouen from 942 to 996. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the "De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum", called him a dux. However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility. Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.
The Angevin Empire describes the possessions of the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly half of France, all of England, and parts of Ireland and Wales, and had further influence over much of the remaining British Isles. It may be described as an early example of a composite monarchy. The empire was established by Henry II of England, who succeeded his father Geoffrey Plantagenet as Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou. Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, becoming her royal consort, and inherited his mother Empress Matilda's claim to the English throne, succeeding his rival Stephen, in 1154. Although their title of highest rank came from the Kingdom of England, the Plantagenets held court primarily on the continent at Angers in Anjou, and at Chinon in Touraine.
Waleran de Beaumont, Count of Meulan, Earl of Worcester, was the son of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester and Elizabeth de Vermandois, and the twin brother of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester. He is not referred to by any surname in a contemporary document other than 'Waleran son of Count Robert'.
William Longsword was the second ruler of Normandy, from 927 until his assassination in 942.
William of Ypres was a Flemish nobleman and one of the first mercenary captains of the Middle Ages. Following two unsuccessful bids for the County of Flanders, William became King Stephen of England's chief lieutenant during the civil war of 1139–54 known as the Anarchy. He held Kent, though not the title of earl, until the early years of King Henry II's reign, when he returned to Flanders.
Nigel was an Anglo-Norman clergyman and administrator who served as Bishop of Ely from 1133 to 1169. He came from an ecclesiastical family; his uncle Roger of Salisbury was a bishop and government minister for King Henry I, and other relatives also held offices in the English Church and government. Nigel owed his advancement to his uncle, as did Nigel's probable brother Alexander, who like Nigel was advanced to episcopal status. Nigel was educated on the continent before becoming a royal administrator. He served as Treasurer of England under King Henry, before being appointed to the see, or bishopric, of Ely in 1133. His tenure was marked by conflicts with the monks of his cathedral chapter, who believed that Nigel kept income for himself that should properly have gone to them.
Events from the 1130s in England.
The House of Tosny was an important noble family in 10th and 11th century Normandy, though it did not include any comtes or vicomtes. Its founder was Raoul I of Tosny.