Related Research Articles
Capital punishment,also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide,is the state-sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime,usually following an authorised,rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant said punishment. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence,and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically,the term capital refers to execution by beheading,but executions are carried out by many methods,including hanging,shooting,lethal injection,stoning,electrocution,and gassing.
Justice,in its broadest sense,is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable and fair.
Civil disobedience is the active,professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws,demands,orders or commands of a government. By some definitions,civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hence,civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful protests or nonviolent resistance.
John Bordley Rawls was an American moral,legal and political philosopher in the modern liberal tradition. Rawls has been described as one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.
Punishment,commonly,is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual,meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. It is,however,possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is.
In the United States,capital punishment is a legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level,in 27 states,and in American Samoa. It is also a legal penalty for some military offenses. Capital punishment has been abolished in 23 states and in the federal capital,Washington,D.C. It is usually applied for only the most serious crimes,such as aggravated murder. Although it is a legal penalty in 27 states,20 states currently have the ability to execute death sentences,with the other seven,as well as the federal government,being subject to different types of moratoriums.
The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP) is a large organization dedicated to the abolition of the death penalty in the United States. Founded in 1976 by Henry Schwarzschild,the NCADP is the only fully staffed nationwide organization in the United States dedicated to the total abolition of the death penalty. It also provides extensive information regarding imminent and past executions,death penalty defendants,numbers of people executed in the U.S.,as well as a detailed breakdown of the current death row population,and a list of which U.S. state and federal jurisdictions use the death penalty.
Capital punishment in France is banned by Article 66-1 of the Constitution of the French Republic,voted as a constitutional amendment by the Congress of the French Parliament on 19 February 2007 and simply stating "No one can be sentenced to the death penalty". The death penalty was already declared illegal on 9 October 1981 when President François Mitterrand signed a law prohibiting the judicial system from using it and commuting the sentences of the seven people on death row to life imprisonment. The last execution took place by guillotine,being the main legal method since the French Revolution;Hamida Djandoubi,a Tunisian citizen convicted of torture and murder on French soil,was put to death in September 1977 in Marseille.
Max Lerner was a Russian Empire-born American journalist and educator known for his controversial syndicated column.
1926 in philosophy
Henry Schwarzschild was an activist for civil rights and human rights. He joined the Civil Rights Movement and became involved in the fight against capital punishment. He founded the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP) and the Lawyer's Constitutional Defense Committee and headed the American Civil Liberties Union's Capital Punishment Project.
The Philosophical Forum is a philosophy journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. It is currently edited by Alexus McLeod.
Norman Daniels is an American political philosopher and philosopher of science,political theorist,ethicist,and bioethicist at Harvard University and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Before his career at Harvard,Daniels had built his career as a medical ethicist at Tufts University in Medford,Massachusetts,and at Tufts University School of Medicine,also in Boston. He also developed the concept of accountability for reasonableness with James Sabin,an ethics framework used to challenge the healthcare resource allocation in the 1990s.
The debate over capital punishment in the United States existed as early as the colonial period. As of April 2022,it remains a legal penalty within 28 states,the federal government,and military criminal justice systems. The states of Colorado,Delaware,Illinois,Maryland,New Hampshire,Virginia,and Washington abolished the death penalty within the last decade alone.
James Alan Fox is the Lipman Family Professor of Criminology,Law,and Public Policy and former dean at Northeastern University in Boston,Massachusetts,in the United States. Fox holds a bachelor's degree in sociology (1972),a master's degree in criminology (1974),a master's degree in statistics (1975),and a Ph.D. in sociology (1976),all from the University of Pennsylvania.
John M. Ely,Jr. was an American Democratic politician,purchasing agent,and civil rights activist who served two terms in the Iowa House of Representatives and Iowa State Senate from 1961 to 1969. Ely was instrumental in abolishing capital punishment in Iowa.
Mark A. Bedau is an American philosopher who works in the field of artificial life. He is the son of the philosopher Hugo Bedau (1926–2012). Mark Bedau earned his B.A. in philosophy at Reed College in 1977,and his Ph.D. in Philosophy from U.C. Berkeley in 1985.
2012 in philosophy
Michael Meltsner is an American lawyer,the George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews distinguished University Professor of law at Northeastern University School of Law and author. Meltsner was educated at Oberlin College and the Yale Law School.
Kimberley Brownlee is a Canadian philosopher. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Ethics at the University of British Columbia. Previously,she was a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. She is known for her works on conscience,conviction,civil disobedience,the ethics of sociability,ideals,virtue,practical reason,and human rights. Brownlee is a winner of the Philip Leverhulme Prize.
References
- 1 2 Yardley, William (August 16, 2012). "Hugo Bedau, Philosopher Who Opposed Death Penalty, Dies at 85". The New York Times . Retrieved August 18, 2012.
- ↑ Taylor Jr., Stuart (May 31, 2001). "Does the death penalty save innocent lives?". National Journal . Archived from the original on 2008-08-30. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
- ↑ From the description of Hugo Bedau, papers, 1949-2001 1955-1999 1949-2001, bulk 1955-1990. (Tufts University - Tisch Library). WorldCat record id: 759511540
- ↑ "Hugo A. Bedau". Tufts University. Archived from the original on February 23, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ "IN MEMORIAM: Hugo Adam Bedau". Death Penalty Information Center. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- 1 2 Norman Daniels (May 17, 1999). "Resolution on the retirement of Hugo Adam Bedau adopted by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Tufts University". Tufts University. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Hugo Adam Bedau (July 1992). "The Case Against The Death Penalty". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ Civil Disobedience in Focus. Routledge. 1991. ISBN 0-415-05055-3.
