Humboldt River

Last updated
Humboldt River
CarlinCanyonNV.jpg
The Humboldt River, flowing through Carlin Canyon
Humboldtrivermap-01.png
Map of the Humboldt River watershed
Etymology Alexander von Humboldt
Location
Country United States
State Nevada
Physical characteristics
SourceHumboldt Wells
 • location East Humboldt Range, Elko County, Nevada
 • coordinates 41°7′13″N114°58′5″W / 41.12028°N 114.96806°W / 41.12028; -114.96806 [1]
 • elevation5,620 ft (1,710 m) [1]
Mouth Humboldt Sink
 • location
 Churchill County, Nevada
 • coordinates
 39°59′17″N118°36′4″W / 39.98806°N 118.60111°W / 39.98806; -118.60111 Coordinates: 39°59′17″N118°36′4″W / 39.98806°N 118.60111°W / 39.98806; -118.60111 [1]
 • elevation
3,894 ft (1,187 m) [1]
Length290 mi (470 km)
Basin size16,680 sq mi (43,200 km2)
Discharge 
 • average390 cu ft/s (11 m3/s) [2]
 • minimum0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)
 • maximum17,000 cu ft/s (480 m3/s)
Reference no.22 [3]

The Humboldt River is an extensive river drainage system located in north-central Nevada. It extends in a general east-to-west direction from its headwaters in the Jarbidge, Independence, and Ruby Mountains in Elko County, to its terminus in the Humboldt Sink, approximately 225 direct miles away in northwest Churchill County. [4] Most estimates put the Humboldt River at 300 to 330 miles (480 to 530 km) long [5] [6] however, due to the extensive meandering nature of the river, its length may be more closely estimated at 380 miles (610 km). [7] It is located within the Great Basin Watershed and is the third longest river in the watershed behind the Bear River at 355 miles (571 km) and the Sevier River at 325 miles (523 km). The Humboldt River Basin is the largest sub-basin of the Great Basin encompassing an area of 16,840 square miles (43,600 km2). [4] It is the only major river system wholly contained within the state of Nevada.

Contents

It is the only natural transportation artery across the Great Basin and has historically provided a route for westward migration. Additionally, two major railroad routes loosely follow its path. Interstate 80 follows the river's course from its source to its mouth. The river is named for the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. [8] [9]

History

View southwest from the footbridge in Elko, the largest city along the Humboldt 2013-05-31 18 22 04 View southwest along the Humboldt River from the 9th Street Footbridge in downtown Elko Nevada.jpg
View southwest from the footbridge in Elko, the largest city along the Humboldt

The region of the river in northern Nevada was sparsely inhabited by Numic-speaking people at the time of the arrival of European American settlers. [10] The region was little known by non-indigenous peoples until the arrival of fur trappers in the early 19th century.

The first recorded sighting of the river was on November 9, 1828, by Peter Skene Ogden of the Hudson's Bay Company, during his fifth expedition to the Snake Country. Odgen came southward along the Little Humboldt, encountering the main river at the confluence near Winnemucca. Ogden explored the river for several hundred miles, blazing a trail along it and making the first known map of the region. He initially named the river "Unknown River", due to the source and course of the river still unknown to him, and later "Paul's River", after one of his trappers who died on the expedition and was buried on the river bank. [11] [12] He later changed it again to "Mary's River," named after the Native American wife of one of his trappers, which later somehow became "St. Mary's River". However, in 1829 he suggested that "Swampy River" best described the course he had traversed. [13] In 1833 the Bonneville–Walker fur party explored the river, naming it "Barren River". Washington Irving's 1837 book describing the Bonneville expedition called it "Ogden's River", the name used by many early travelers. By the early 1840s, the trail along the river was being used by settlers going west to California. The river provided drinkable water to earlier travelers on foot, but later emigrants using wagons required the significant riparian vegetation along its length as forage for their draft animals.

EnteringPalisadesNV.jpg
Palisades Canyon and the Humboldt River in 1868, during construction of the Transcontinental Railroad (LOC)
PalisadeCanyonNV.jpg
The same site, located just northeast of Palisade, 140 years later

In 1841 the river (then known as Mary's River) first became the route of the California Trail with the Bartleson–Bidwell Party, later becoming the primary land route for migrants to the California gold fields. In 1845 the river was explored by John C. Frémont, who made a thorough map of the region and gave the river its current name. In 1869 the river was used as part of the route of the Central Pacific segment of the Transcontinental Railroad. [3]

In the 20th century, the valley of the river became the route for U.S. Route 40, later replaced by Interstate 80. [14] In the latter part of the 20th century, about 45,000 people lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the river, roughly a third of the population at that time of the State of Nevada outside of Western Nevada and Southern Nevada, before the rapid 21st-century growth of Southern Nevada changed these population figures.

Watershed and course

Aerial view of the Humboldt River's intermittent wetlands at Red House, Nevada, between Battle Mountain and Winnemucca in Humboldt County, in June 2019, a wet year Humboldt River wetlands at Red House Nevada.jpg
Aerial view of the Humboldt River's intermittent wetlands at Red House, Nevada, between Battle Mountain and Winnemucca in Humboldt County, in June 2019, a wet year

The Humboldt River can be divided geographically into the upper, middle, and lower divisions based on Palisade Canyon and Emigrant Canyon being the major constriction points along the Humboldt River Valley. The upper basin begins in northeastern Nevada and drains about 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2) upstream from Palisade. The middle basin has a drainage area of about 7,800 square miles (20,000 km2) and lies between Palisade and Emigrant Canyon, a narrow gap located just downstream from Comus. The lower basin is an area encompassing some 4,100 square miles (11,000 km2) from below Emigrant Canyon and extending through the Humboldt Sink in northwestern Nevada. [14]

A hydrologic definition instead divides the Humboldt River drainage into two basins—one above and one below Palisade—based on flows that increase above and decrease below this part of the river. The river in the upper basin is 92 miles (148 km) long and in the lower basin it is 218 miles (351 km) long. The major tributaries of the upper Humboldt River basin are (heading downstream) Bishop Creek, Marys River, [15] Lamoille Creek, North Fork Humboldt River, South Fork Humboldt River, Susie Creek, [16] Maggie Creek, [17] and Marys Creek; and of the lower basin they are Pine Creek, Reese River, and the Little Humboldt River. [14]

The source of the main stem of the river is a spring called Humboldt Wells at the northern tip of the East Humboldt Range, just outside the city of Wells. The river flows west-southwest through Elko County past the communities of Elko and Carlin. Approximately 15 miles (24 km) upstream from Elko, the river receives the North Fork of the Humboldt River and receives the South Fork approximately 7 miles (11 km) downstream of Elko.

In northern Eureka County it passes through Palisade Canyon between the south end of the Tuscarora Mountains and the north end of the Shoshone Range. At Battle Mountain the river turns northwest for approximately 50 miles (80 km), then west at Red House and past Golconda and a spur of the Sonoma Range. It merges with the Reese River near Battle Mountain and receives the Little Humboldt River approximately 5 miles (8 km) upstream from Winnemucca.

Past the junction with the Little Humboldt, the river turns southwest, flowing past Winnemucca and through Pershing County, along the western side of the Humboldt Range and the West Humboldt Range. [14] In central Pershing County, the Rye Patch Dam impounds the river, forming the Rye Patch Reservoir, which stores water to irrigate farms near Lovelock, 22 miles (35 km) downstream. [18] The Humboldt empties into an intermittent lake in the Humboldt Sink on the border between Pershing and Churchill counties, approximately 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Lovelock. [19]

The river gains most of its water from snowmelt in the mountains in the eastern part of the watershed, most importantly the Ruby Mountains, Jarbidge Mountains, and Independence Mountains. River flow generally decreases downstream to the west, partly due to water removal from the river for irrigation, especially near Lovelock. Stream-gauge measurements undertaken by the United States Geological Survey suggest that Palisade Canyon, between Carlin and Beowawe, is the point where the river's flow ceases to increase and begins to decrease. Also, since the Humboldt's water comes almost exclusively from snowmelt, its flow is highly variable from season to season (peak flow occurs during the spring melt) and from year to year (depending on the amount of snow every winter) [2] [14]

Ecology

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Lahontan cutthroat trout image USFWS.jpg
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout

The Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) is an inland subspecies of cutthroat trout endemic to northern Nevada, eastern California, and southern Oregon. In 1970 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed the Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) as “endangered”. In 1975 it reclassified LCT as “threatened” to facilitate management and to allow regulated fishing. Genetic and meristic studies of LCT indicate that the Humboldt River Basin LCT is a unique subspecies of cutthroat trout. [20]

North American Beaver North American Beaver (Castor canadensis) - Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario 01.jpg
North American Beaver

North American beaver (Castor canadensis) seem to have been making a comeback in Elko County possibly due to less fur trapping combined with reduced consumption of riparian willow and other vegetation by cattle. Maggie and Susie Creeks, which enter the Humboldt River near Carlin, have benefited from 20 years of work by ranchers, agencies, mines, and non-profit groups via improvements in grazing techniques and specific projects. A remote sensing project found 107 beaver dams along 20 miles (32 km) of Maggie Creek in 2006, which rose to 271 dams in 2010. Beaver dams are accelerating the recovery of riparian vegetation and widening the riparian zone as they slow the water and collect sediment that used to be lost downstream. In five years, beaver ponds have increased the amount of impounded water on Maggie Creek from 9 miles (14 km) of the stream to 16 miles (26 km). The impounded water is seeping into the ground and raising the water table. Newmont's shallow groundwater monitoring wells along Maggie Creek have shown about a 2-foot (0.6 m) rise over the past 17 years along Maggie Creek. Stream flows are more perennial, making more water available for wildlife and livestock and protecting populations of native trout. [21] Maggie Creek has a Beaver Creek tributary which flows from Beaver Peak in the Tuscarora Mountains. [22] [23] [24]

Environmental Aspects

Humboldt River Course Map NVMap-doton-HumboldtRiver.png
Humboldt River Course Map

The Humboldt River and its surrounding areas have raised some concern about the increasing levels of toxic elements such as arsenic and mercury. These elements are showing up in fish and other wildlife that consume the water. The quantity being absorbed by fish specifically is not of concerning levels though. Brumbaugh and May took samples of fish from the south fork of the Humboldt River. They determined mercury levels within the fish were between 0.061 and 0.082 micrograms per gram of flesh. [25] This is well below the EPA's guideline of 0.30 micrograms per gram. [25] However, though low levels are found in animals, many people are concerned that drinking water and surrounding land is still contaminated. They believe the contamination came from prior mining excursions. Mercury was commonly mined in the area and so was gold. [26] Whether it was leeching from the gold mining process or leftover mercury ore, these toxic elements entered the environment and waterway. Since then, these levels have gone down considerably. The U.S. Geological Survey and other committees conducted a couple of surveys to determine the safety of the drinking water. In 1962 the Water Resources Bulletin, out of Carson City, conducted one of the first main tests. This preliminary test was to determine every mineral, element and ion present. [27] The next big test was done in 1985 by the U.S. Geological Survey. They took samples from a much more local area and determined concentrations were high, but not abnormally high. [28] Another more recent test, which was done in 2002, was specifically on mercury being leeched from abandoned mines. However, this test determined that mercury levels dropped off very quickly the further away the tests were done. [29] Finally, the most recent study, done in 2019, was an extremely comprehensive test which included samples from numerous places throughout the river's path. This test was based out of the University of Nevada Reno and determined what elements and minerals were present. It also determined that toxic element concentrations were fairly consistent. [30] This means that while these elements are present, they do not pose a severe threat.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyramid Lake (Nevada)</span> Lake in Nevada, United States

Pyramid Lake is the geographic sink of the basin of the Truckee River, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Reno, Nevada, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truckee River</span> River in Nevada and California, United States

The Truckee River is a river in the U.S. states of California and Nevada. The river flows northeasterly and is 121 miles (195 km) long. The Truckee is the sole outlet of Lake Tahoe and drains part of the high Sierra Nevada, emptying into Pyramid Lake in the Great Basin. Its waters are an important source of irrigation along its valley and adjacent valleys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carson River</span> River in Nevada, United States

The Carson River is a northwestern Nevada river that empties into the Carson Sink, an endorheic basin. The main stem of the river is 131 miles (211 km) long although the addition of the East Fork makes the total length 205 miles (330 km), traversing five counties: Alpine County in California and Douglas, Storey, Lyon, and Churchill Counties in Nevada, as well as the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City, Nevada. The river is named for Kit Carson, who guided John C. Frémont's expedition westward up the Carson Valley and across Carson Pass in winter, 1844. The river made the National Priorities List (NPL) on October 30, 1990 as the Carson River Mercury Superfund site (CRMS) due to investigations that showed trace amounts of mercury in the wildlife and watershed sediments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teton River (Idaho)</span> River in Idaho, United States

The Teton River is a 64-mile-long (103 km) tributary of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States. It drains through the Teton Valley along the west side of the Teton Range along the Idaho-Wyoming border at the eastern end of the Snake River Plain. Its location along the western flank of the Tetons provides the river with more rainfall than many other rivers of the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walker River</span> River in Nevada, United States

The Walker River is a river in west-central Nevada in the United States, approximately 62 miles (100 km) long. Fed principally by snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada of California, it drains an arid portion of the Great Basin southeast of Reno and flows into the endorheic basin of Walker Lake. The river is an important source of water for irrigation in its course through Nevada; water diversions have reduced its flow such that the level of Walker Lake has fallen 160 feet (49 m) between 1882 and 2010. The river was named for explorer Joseph Reddeford Walker, a mountain man and experienced scout who is known for establishing a segment of the California Trail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Walker River</span> River in California and Nevada, United States

The East Walker River is an approximately 90 miles (140 km) long, tributary of the Walker River, in eastern California and western Nevada in the United States. It drains part of the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in the watershed of Walker Lake in the Great Basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Humboldt River</span> River in Nevada, United States

The Little Humboldt River is a tributary of the Humboldt River, approximately 60 miles (97 km) long, in northern Nevada in the western United States. It is an intermittent stream draining a rugged area on the edge of the Owyhee Desert in the Great Basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kern River</span> Wild And Scenic River in California, United States

The Kern River, previously Rio de San Felipe, later La Porciuncula, is an Endangered, Wild and Scenic river in the U.S. state of California, approximately 165 miles (270 km) long. It drains an area of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains northeast of Bakersfield. Fed by snowmelt near Mount Whitney, the river passes through scenic canyons in the mountains and is a popular destination for whitewater rafting and kayaking. It is the southernmost major river system in the Sierra Nevada, and is the only major river in the Sierra that drains in a southerly direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feather River</span> River in California, United States

The Feather River is the principal tributary of the Sacramento River, in the Sacramento Valley of Northern California. The river's main stem is about 73 miles (117 km) long. Its length to its most distant headwater tributary is just over 210 miles (340 km). The main stem Feather River begins in Lake Oroville, where its four long tributary forks join—the South Fork, Middle Fork, North Fork, and West Branch Feather Rivers. These and other tributaries drain part of the northern Sierra Nevada, and the extreme southern Cascades, as well as a small portion of the Sacramento Valley. The total drainage basin is about 6,200 square miles (16,000 km2), with approximately 3,604 square miles (9,330 km2) above Lake Oroville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruby Mountains</span> Mountain range in Nevada, United States

The Ruby Mountains are a mountain range, primarily located within Elko County with a small extension into White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11,387 feet (3,471 m) on the summit of Ruby Dome. To the north is Secret Pass and the East Humboldt Range, and from there the Rubies run south-southwest for about 80 miles (130 km). To the east lies Ruby Valley, and to the west lie Huntington and Lamoille Valleys. The Ruby Mountains are the only range of an introduced bird, the Himalayan snowcock, in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jarbidge River</span> River in Nevada and Idaho, United States

The Jarbidge River is a 51.8-mile-long (83.4 km), high elevation river in Elko County, Nevada and Owyhee County, Idaho in the United States. The Jarbidge originates as two main forks in the Jarbidge Mountains of northeastern Nevada and then flows through basalt and rhyolite canyons on the high plateau of the Owyhee Desert before joining the Bruneau River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Fork Humboldt River</span> River in Nevada, United States

The North Fork of the Humboldt River is an approximately 70 miles (110 km) long tributary of the Humboldt River in northern Elko County, Nevada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 80 in Nevada</span> Section of Interstate Highway in Nevada, United States

Interstate 80 (I-80) traverses the northern portion of the US state of Nevada. The freeway serves the Reno metropolitan area and passes through the towns of Fernley, Lovelock, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Carlin, Elko, Wells, and West Wendover on its way through the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crooked River (Oregon)</span> River in Oregon, United States

The Crooked River is a tributary, 125 miles (201 km) long, of the Deschutes River in the U.S. state of Oregon. The river begins at the confluence of the South Fork Crooked River and Beaver Creek. Of the two tributaries, the South Fork Crooked River is the larger and is sometimes considered part of the Crooked River proper. A variant name of the South Fork Crooked River is simply "Crooked River". The Deschutes River flows north into the Columbia River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trout Creek Mountains</span> Mountain in United States of America

The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote, semi-arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States. The range's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark, 8,506 feet (2,593 m) above sea level, in Nevada. Disaster Peak, elevation 7,781 feet (2,372 m), is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Fork Clearwater River</span> River in Idaho, United States

The North Fork Clearwater River is a major tributary of the Clearwater River in the U.S. state of Idaho. From its headwaters in the Bitterroot Mountains of eastern Idaho, it flows 135 miles (217 km) westward and is dammed by the Dworshak Dam just above its mouth in north-central Idaho. Draining a rugged watershed of 2,462 square miles (6,380 km2), the river has an average flow of over 5,600 cubic feet per second (160 m3/s), accounting for a third of the discharge from the Clearwater basin. The river drains parts of Clearwater, Shoshone, Latah, and Idaho counties. Most of the watershed is managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Some of the fish of the river include westslope cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, mountain whitefish, and the threatened bull trout. It also has smallmouth bass and a kokanee salmon run, both from Dworshak Reservoir. The North Fork drainage is home to grizzly bears, cougars, deer, moose, black bear, elk, grey wolves, and osprey. The river used to have a large steelhead run before the implementation of Dworshak Dam. The North Fork of the Clearwater is located within the Clearwater National Forest

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martis Creek</span> River in California, United States

Martis Creek is a northward-flowing stream originating on Sawtooth Ridge, west of the peak of Mount Pluto in Placer County, California, United States. After crossing into Nevada County, California, it is tributary to the Truckee River on the eastern side of Truckee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taylor Creek (Lake Tahoe)</span> River in California, United States

Taylor Creek is a 2.2-mile-long (3.5 km) northward-flowing stream originating in the Fallen Leaf Lake and culminating at Baldwin Beach at Lake Tahoe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Camp Richardson in El Dorado County, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maggie Creek (Humboldt River tributary)</span> River in Nevada, United States

Maggie Creek is a southward flowing 85.4-mile-long (137.4 km) stream that begins in the Independence Mountains and is tributary to the Humboldt River in Carlin in Elko County in northeastern Nevada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susie Creek</span> River in Nevada, United States

Susie Creek is a southward flowing 35-mile-long (56 km) stream that begins on the south flank of Lone Mountain in the Independence Mountains and is tributary to the Humboldt River at Carlin in Elko County in northeastern Nevada.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Humboldt River". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey. 1980-11-28. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  2. 1 2 "USGS Gage#10336000 on the Humboldt River near Lovelock". National Water Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1913–2000. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  3. 1 2 Nevada Historical Marker 22 Nevada State Historic Preservation Office. 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-25
  4. 1 2 "Humboldt River Chronology" (PDF). Nevada Division of Water.
  5. ↑ "Science in the Humboldt River Basin | U.S. Geological Survey".
  6. ↑ http://water.nv.gov/mapping/chronologies/humboldt/hrc-pt1.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  7. ↑ ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT SACRAMENTO CA (1988-01-01). "American River Watershed Investigation, California. Reconnaisance [sic] Report". Fort Belvoir, VA. doi: 10.21236/ada436430 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p.  163. OCLC   249566017 . Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  9. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1941). Origin of Place Names: Nevada (PDF). W.P.A. p. 11.
  10. ↑ Shiozawa, Dennis K.; Rader, Russell B. (2005). Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (eds.). Rivers of North America: Chapter 14: Great Basin Rivers. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier. p.  673. ISBN   0-12-088253-1.
  11. ↑ Scrugham, James C. (1935). "The Hudson's Bay Company in Nevada, from Nevada: The Narrative of the Conquest of a Frontier Land, vol. I, pp. 39-44]". The Nevada Observer. Archived from the original (reprint, 2006-12-09) on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  12. ↑ Ogden, Peter Skene (copied by Laut, Agnes C., in 1905) (1829). "Journal of Peter Skene Ogden; Snake Expedition, 1828-1829". American Mountain Men. Retrieved 2014-08-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ McMullen, Wallace (2001). Names New and Old. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 87. ISBN   0-7734-7534-6.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Horton, Gary A. (2000). Humboldt River Chronology: An Overview (PDF). Carson City, Nevada: Nevada Division of Water Planning. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  15. ↑ "Marys River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980-12-12. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  16. ↑ "Susie Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980-12-12. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  17. ↑ "Maggie Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980-12-12. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  18. ↑ Autobee, Robert. "Humboldt Project". Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  19. ↑ Nevada Road & Recreation Atlas (Map) (2nd ed.). Medford, Oregon: Benchmark Maps. 2007. pp. 47, 48. ISBN   0-929591-95-X.
  20. ↑ Trotter, Patrick C.; Behnke, Robert J. (March 2008). "The Case for Humboldtensis: A Subspecies Name for The Indigenous Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) of the Humboldt River, Upper Quinn River, and Coyote Basin Drainages, Nevada and Oregon". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (1): 58–65. doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[58:TCFHAS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   84316986.
  21. ↑ Hyslop, Larry (2013-01-04). "Nature Notes: Beavers Working for Us". Elko Daily Press. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
  22. ↑ "Beaver Creek". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  23. ↑ "Beaver Peak". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  24. ↑ Maggie and Susie Creek Fish Barriers (PDF) (Report). Bureau of Land Management, Elko District. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  25. 1 2 May, Thomas W.; Brumbaugh, William G. (2007). Determination of Total Mercury in Whole-Body Fish and Fish Muscle Plugs Collected from the South Fork of the Humboldt River, Nevada, September 2005. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey.
  26. ↑ Folger, H., Yager, D. B., Ludington, S. D., & Stillings, L. L. (2003). "Landscape geochemistry for the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada". Geological Society of America.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Cohen, P (1962). "Preliminary results of hydrogeochemical studies in the Humboldt River valley near Winnemucca, Nevada". Water Resources Bulletin.
  28. ↑ Peterson, J. A., Wong G. (1985). Geochemical analyses of rock and stream-sediment samples from the north fork of the Little Humboldt River wilderness study area, Humboldt County, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey.
  29. ↑ Gray, J. E., Crock, J. G., & Lasorsa, B. K. (2002). Mercury methylation at mercury mines in the Humboldt River Basin, Nevada, USA.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ Mohammad, S., & Tempel, R. N. (2019). Arsenic in the waters and sediments of the Humboldt River, north-central Nevada, USA; hydrological and mineralogical investigation. Environmental Earth Sciences.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.