Hurricane Manuel (/ˌmæn(j)uˈɛl,ˌmɑːn-/)[1] was a catastrophic tropical cyclone that brought widespread flooding across much of Mexico in September2013,in conjunction with Hurricane Ingrid. The fifteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the annual hurricane season,Manuel originated from a strong area of low pressure south of Acapulco on September13. Within favorable conditions aloft,the storm intensified into a tropical storm as it tracked northward. The following day,Manuel curved westward and strengthened to a point just shy of hurricane intensity before making its first landfall at that intensity on September15. Due to interaction with land,the tropical storm quickly weakened,and its center dissipated over western Mexico on September16. However,the storm's remnants continued to track northwestward into the Gulf of California,where they reorganized into a tropical cyclone the next day. Manuel regained tropical storm status on September18 as it began to curve northeastward. Shortly thereafter,Manuel attained Category 1 hurricane intensity,before making its final landfall just west of Culiacán at peak intensity. Over land,Manuel quickly weakened due to interaction with Mexico's high terrain,and the storm dissipated early on September20.
Due to the impending threat of Manuel,several Mexican municipalities were put under disaster alerts. Upon making its first landfall,Manuel caused extreme flooding in southern Mexico. Property and agricultural damage as a result of the system was widespread,and roughly one million people were estimated to have been directly affected. In Guerrero,97people perished,including 18in Acapulco. Seventy-one others died due to a mudslide in La Pintada. In Guerrero alone,around 30,000homes were damaged and 46rivers overflowed their banks. There,20,000persons were evacuated to shelters. Statewide,repairs to damage from the storm totaled MXN$3billion ($230 million USD).[nb 1] Other impacts from Manuel spread as far east as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,where 300families were displaced. In the region,at least 11,591homes were destroyed by the floods. Meanwhile,the nation sustained additional impacts from Atlantic Hurricane Ingrid.
After its second landfall,additional floods occurred in several towns,and in Sinaloa over 100,000people were rendered homeless and four people died. As a result of Manuel's impacts,107municipalities were declared disaster regions. Damage in Sinaloa totaled MXN$500million (US$37.9million). The Mexican Army was dispatched in several locations to aid in post-tropical cyclone relief operations. Following the storm,looting in heavily impacted areas became commonplace,and as such government forces were also dispatched to prevent further looting. Overall,169people lost their lives in Mexico,while damage exceeded MXN$55billion (US$4.2billion). Manuel was the costliest Pacific hurricane on record at the time,until it was surpassed by Hurricane Otis in 2023.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity,according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
The origins of Manuel can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the African continent in late August. The wave entered the Caribbean Sea on September 5, although the northern portion of the wave axis later developed into Hurricane Ingrid.[2] On September10, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked the potential for a low-pressure area to develop off the southwest coast of Mexico during the subsequent few days, provided the system remained offshore.[3] The next day, a low formed while it was nearly stationary, accompanied by scattered convection.[4] Strong wind shear and proximity to land were expected to limit development,[5] although conditions became more favorable on September12. On that day, the convection became better organized.[6] At 1200UTC on September13, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Thirteen-E,[2] noting that the system had enough of a well-defined circulation and convection. By that time, wind shear had diminished and warm waters were expected to allow intensification, and the main inhibiting factors for development were proximity to land and association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[7]
Tropical Storm Manuel over Western Mexico on September15
Within a few hours of developing, the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Manuel.[2] By early on September14, an eye feature developed as rainbands increased. However, Manuel was embedded within a broad weather system that extended from the eastern Pacific across Mexico, which included Hurricane Ingrid in the Bay of Campeche on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The broad system, including Manuel, moved generally northward.[8] By early on September15, Manuel had developed a central dense overcast, with a 17mi (27km) wide eye in the center. Based on the structure and satellite-intensity estimates, the NHC estimated Manuel attained secondary peak winds of 70mph (115km/h), just shy of hurricane status. The agency noted the potential for further strengthening into a hurricane, citing the warm waters, moist environment, and low shear.[9] A break in the subtropical ridge to the north allowed the storm to initially continue generally to the north-northeast, soon peaking as a low-end Category 1 hurricane;[2][10] however, after reaching its peak intensity, Manuel turned back to the northwest while accelerating.[2] On September15, Manuel made landfall near Aquila in Michoacán as a high-end tropical storm,[2] though operationally, it was believed to have moved ashore near Manzanillo in Colima.[11] Early on September16, the storm weakened into a tropical depression after the circulation became disrupted, although it continued dropping heavy rainfall.[12] Later that day, the surface center dissipated over western Mexico.[13]
The remnants of Manuel tracked northwest around a ridge situated over the southeastern United States,[2] and late on September16, emerged over open waters.[14] Despite only marginally favorable conditions,[15] convection soon increased over the center.[2] At 1800 UTC on September17 Manuel regenerated into a tropical depression after redeveloping a well-defined circulation.[2] Furthermore, conditions favored additional strengthening as the system tracked slowly northwestward around a ridge, although the cyclone was expected to move onshore the Baja California Peninsula in a few days.[16] Although the convection was initially ragged,[17] Manuel re-intensified into a tropical storm on September18.[18] Later that day, an eye developed in the center of the increasingly organizing convection,[19] and at 0000UTC on September19, Manuel became a hurricane.[20] It thus became the first eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone since records began in 1949 to make landfall in mainland Mexico, and later redevelop into a hurricane.[2] The storm shifted more to the north, resulting in land interaction earlier than anticipated.[21] Around 1200UTC on September19, Manuel made landfall just west of Culiacán as a minimal hurricane.[22] Moving over the high terrain of western Mexico, Manuel quickly weakened into a tropical storm.[23] The storm's circulation dissipated at 0000 UTC on September20, over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range.[2][24]
Preparations
On the afternoon of September 13, a tropical storm warning was issued from Acapulco to Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. Thirty-six hours later, a hurricane warning was issued from Lázaro Cárdenas to Manzanillo as the system was expected to become a hurricane prior to landfall. Later on September 15, a tropical storm watch was declared north of the hurricane warning. By early the next day, all watches and warnings were no longer in effect.[2] In addition to the aforementioned watches and warnings, an "orange" alert was issued in southern Michoacán, and "yellow" (moderate) alert was in place for the rest of Michoacán and Guerrero. Lower levels of alerts were issued in Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Oaxaca, and in the southern portion of Sinaloa.[25] Twenty-five families were evacuated in Lázaro Cárdenas, and Arteaga, Michoacán.[26] On September 17, all classes were suspended in Colima.[27]
After regenerating into a tropical cyclone in the Gulf of California, a tropical storm watch was issued just north of Mazatlán as well as the southwestern portion of the Baja California Peninsula The next day, a hurricane watch was issued for the area south of Topolobampo. At 2100 UTC on September 18, the hurricane watch was upgraded into a hurricane warning. Meanwhile, a tropical storm warning was designated south of the hurricane warning area to Mazatlán. On the evening of September 19, all watches and warnings were discontinued, as Manuel had moved inland.[2]
On September 18, when the cyclone first threatened the state, 13 municipalities were placed on alert in Sonora.[28] Along the Baja California Peninsula, seven ports were closed.[29] The ports of Mazatlán, Cabo San Lucas, and San José del Cabo were closed for small craft and night interests.[30] A "yellow" alert was issued for southern Baja California Sur while a "green" alert was issued for the northern portion of the state.[31] In Sinaloa, classes were suspended.[32] Prior to landfall, 700 people were evacuated statewide,[33] including 365residents from two municipalities.[34] Over 60families were evacuated in Navolato.[35] An "orange" alert was also activated for the state.[36]
Around the same time as Manuel's first landfall, Hurricane Ingrid made landfall along the eastern coast of the nation; this marked the first time two tropical cyclones struck the nation within 24hours since 1958.[47] Overall, economic impact exceeded MXN$55billion (US$4.2billion).[48] Damage to roads alone totaled to $2billion pesos ($153million 2013 USD).[49] A total of 123 people were killed due to Hurricane Manuel, at least of 104of which were direct.[2] Roughly 59,000people were evacuated, including 39,000 that sought shelter.[50] Approximately 1million people were directly affected by Manuel.[51]
Hurricane Manuel brought extremely heavy rains for eight days over much of Mexico, especially over mountainous terrain, although this precipitation was aided by Ingrid as well as large-scale southwesterly monsoonal flow. Numerous locations recorded more than 10in (250mm) of rain. A peak storm total of 43.6in (1,110mm) was measured in San Isidro, Guerrero. In nearby Acapulco, a secondary maximum of 17.8in (450mm) was recorded. Further north, in Michoacán, a statewide peak rainfall total of 22.11in (562mm) occurred. After making its second landfall, 18.52in (470mm) of precipitation fell in Culiacán and 15.32in (389mm) was observed in nearby Sanalona.[2]
Oaxaca
In Jicayan, Manuel damaged 10homes and flooded a school. Offshore, one boat was reportedly missing.[52] Along the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 300families were displaced from their homes.[53] Roughly 5,000animals were killed by the storm.[54] A total of 200ha (490 acres) of crop was destroyed in Oaxaca; however, damage in the state was considerably less than in Guerrero.[55] Within Oaxaca, 19communities were isolated.[56] Four people were killed in the state.[57] Overall, 77municipalities[58] or 10,000people were directly affected by the floods.[59]
At least 97people were killed throughout Guerrero.[2] Approximately 30,000dwellings were damaged,[60] including 11,591houses sustained severe damage.[58] Moreover, at least 11,000homes were destroyed[61] 20,000people were evacuated to shelters.[62] 12,000of which were evacuated to 47 shelters.[61] Overall, 24rivers flooded,[58] at least 32roads sustained damage, and four bridges collapsed.[62]
In La Pintada, a remote fishing village of around 400residents situated to the west of Acapulco,[63] a mudslide occurred on September14, which within a few minutes, swept through the center of town. As such, many residents initially wandered throughout town in a state of panic and confusion;[60] it took two days for word of the mudslide to spread to the public.[64] Throughout the village, 71people were killed.[65] Over half the town, including 20homes, were demolished due to the mudslide. A total of 334people were evacuated by police,[63] though 30elected to stay in the area until all the victims had been identified.[66] Many surviving citizens of La Pintada were also hurt, including one seriously.[67]
In the municipality of Atlamajalcingo, a woman died after a collapse of a dwelling.[68] In Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero, four people perished.[69] Numerous trees were downed and power outages were reported. Additionally, the nearby Cerrito Rico dam nearly overflowed its banks.[70] In the Tecpan municipality, four rivers overflowed their banks and six people died because of landslides.[47] Many mountainous communities were isolated, thus making in difficult to receive aid.[60]
The city of Acapulco sustained the worst damage from the storm;[71] the damage in Acapulco was described by the National Broadcasting Company as the "worst storm damage to hit Mexico in years".[51] There, 18fatalities occurred,[72] including one person that died when a wall collapsed.[68] Nearby, six tourists perished in a car crash, including two minors.[71] The crash also damaged two fences, a boat, and injured two people.[73] Several homes were flooded in nearby neighborhoods of Acapulco when a nearby river overflowed its banks.[73] Isolated incidents of vandalism were reported.[58] Two mudslides were reported, resulting in the destruction of a home and the closure of a few roads.[74] A family of six perished in Acapulco when a landslide demolished their home.[47] At least 40,000tourists who spent the Mexican Independence Day in Acapulco were stranded since the terminal of the airport was underwater.[51][75] Furthermore, the main roads out of the city were blocked by landslides. Even though by September19, the military had evacuated 10,000people via 100 flights to Mexico City,[67] this process was difficult because the radar was not functioning.[76] Citywide, 13,516dwellings were damaged.[54]
Colima
Although flooding was minor in Colima,[77] a peak rainfall total of 144mm (5.7in) was measured in Chanal.[78] Many families were evacuated.[79] Several dams statewide reached their maximum capacity[80] while numerous roads that led to the Manzanillo airport were closed.[81] In Ixtlahuacán, 50families were evacuated when a river threatened to overflow its banks;[82] thirty others were taken to shelter in the rest of the state.[83] A bridge collapsed in Villa de Alvarez.[84] One man was killed in the state when he unsuccessfully attempted to cross a river.[85] Four trees were brought down.[86] Around 15,000ha (58sqmi) of banana crop was wiped out.[87] In all, the municipalities of Ixtlahuacán, Tecomán, Manzanillo, and Comala Coquimatlán sustained the worst effects from Manuel in the state.[88] Manuel was considered the worst storm to hit the Mexican state since the 1959 Mexico hurricane.[89] Damage in the state exceeded $479million pesos ($36.8million 2013 USD).[90]
Jalisco
Further north, minor flooding was reported in Jalisco.[91] Statewide, four people were killed. A 26-year-old man died after being swept away by in the village of Juanacatlan while a 12-year-old boy drowned after falling in a dam in the municipality of Teocuitatlan de Corona. Another man perished when he drove his car into a ravine in Cuautitlan de Garcia Barragan. Fifteen hundred people were evacuated from their homes. Classes were briefly cancelled in 588schools, leaving over 40,000pupils home. Bridges collapsed in the Jalisco towns of Zacoalco de Torres and Tamazula de Gordiano. The worst-hit areas in the state were the southern and coastal areas of the state, as well as the Guadalajara area, where flooding and landslides occurred in some neighborhoods.[92] Through Jalisco, 56municipalities sustained damage.[93]
Sinaloa
Just before its second landfall, one fisherman was killed in Tepechitlán.[94] Another casualty occurred when a person fell off a shrimp boat.[95] A truck driver and a 5 year old also died, while the toddler's mother was considered missing.[96] The towns of Escuinapa, El Rosario, and Mazatlán,[35] as well as the municipalities of Angostura, Mocorito, Navolato, and Culiacán sustained flooded, resulting in modest damage. In Angostura, numerous people were trapped on the roofs of their houses. Coastal areas of Navolato were flooded while authorities reported 500homeless;[97] hundreds of threes were toppled and power lines were disconnected.[98] Parts of Mocorito were isolated due to overflow of the Humaya channel.[97] About 2m (6.6ft) of water and debris was reported in Mocorito.[99] In Culiacán, minor flooding happened.[97] Meanwhile, in Chinito, almost all roads were destroyed.[93] Offshore, 24boats were damaged.[100] Throughout the state, 100,000people were rendered as homeless.[96] A total of 3,000persons were evacuated to 62shelters. In all, 70 communities were damaged by the tropical cyclone.[100] Hurricane Manuel directly affected 146,000persons in 10municipalities in the state.[101] Damage in Sinaloa totaled $500 million pesos ($37.9million 2013 USD).[102]
Elsewhere
Elsewhere, in Michoacán, flooding was reported; many people had to be rescued via air[103] and two casualties were reported.[57] In Durango, 42homes were damaged,[104] stranding 50residents.[55] While brushing the Baja California Peninsula, 2ft (0.61m) waves were measured in La Paz in addition to winds of 26mph (42km/h).[29] In Sinaloa, a peak rainfall total of 415mm (15in) was recorded at Culiacán.[96] After dissipating, the remnants of Manuel brought copious amounts of rainfall to a wide swath of Texas.[105] The precipitation was further enhanced by deepening moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and an approaching cold front.[106] In the Austin area, the rains resulted in localized flooding, forcing the closure of several low water crossings. A weather station in Camp Mabry recorded 2.92in (74mm) of rain on September20, making it a daily record for the station.[107] Elsewhere, radar estimates indicated that as much as 8in (200mm) may have fallen in localized areas in West Texas.[105] In Kimble County, one road was closed due to flooding. Across central Arkansas, 2–4.5in (51–114mm) of rainfall was recorded.[108]
Aftermath
Known Pacific hurricanes that have killed at least 100 people
During the aftermath of the storm, a state of emergency was declared for Acapulco;[128] about 12,000 items were airlifted to the region. overall.[129] In all, 662 donation centers were opened across Guerrero.[62] Damages repairs to Guerrero totaled to $3billion MXN ($123 million 2013 USD).[130] The Minister of Economy granted an additional $100 million pesos to the devastated state.[131] Furthermore, the Finance Ministry declared it had $12billionpesos (US$925.60million) available in funds.[51] In addition, the Mexican Red Cross collected and subsequently delivered cargo to the devastated area, especially Guerrero[58] while also providing 400,079 tons of aid. Local authorities also provided 29,000 tons of personal and household items.[132] The Médicos Sin Fronteras distributed 2,800L (620impgal) of water, food, and medicines in five shelters.[58] A total of 87million Euros (US$118million), from the National Fund for Natural Disasters, were allocated to provide essential items such as food, mattresses, drinking water, and medicine.[133] The Water Missions International provided water to about 20,000 persons.[134] World Vision Mexico disturbed plastic tends to help cover roofs for 80families. Furthermore, the organization donated mosquito nets for 76families. Grocery items such as rice, oil, sardines, sugar, salt, cookies, and beans were also provided.[135]ADRA Mexico was one of the first organizations to help victims, and by early October, had helped 8,000 people.[136]
In Oaxaca, 42municipalities were declared disaster areas.[137] Throughout the state of Guerrero, 56 municipalities were declared a disaster area[138] while 9 municipalities in Michoacán were declared a disaster zone.[139] In all, 428municipalities were designated as disaster areas[140] and 155emergencies declarations were issued due to both Ingrid and Manuel.[54] State of emergencies were declared in Michoacán and 21 municipalities in Jalisco, though by mid-October, they were lifted.[141][142]
Thirty-two damage assessment committees were installed to help estimate and analyze the cost of damage to public infrastructure. Subcommittees were established to help assess damage to schools, houses, and water supplies.[140] Ten shelters were opened in both Chilpancingo and Acapulco.[70][143] All survivors form the La Pintada mudslide were transported to a basketball gym in Acapulco, who were all provided with a US$150 pension.[60] Due to the closure of the commercial terminal of the Acapulco airport, special flights provided by Aeroméxico and Interjet were used to deliver aid.[64]
By September18, power services had been restored to the state of Guerrero.[144] That day, gas and water services were revived in Acapulco.[145] Emergency declarations were requested in Angostura and Navolato.[146] Within 12hours after its second landfall, power was retrieved to 26,000 dwellings in Sinaloa.[147] In La Pintada, the search process for victims was halted briefly due to the threat of another mudslide,[64] but on September20, 100rescuers resumed searching, who frequently had to dig through mud to recover bodies.[66]
The Mexican government received criticism by the press for being under-prepared for both Manuel and Ingrid. One newspaper said that the authorities underestimated both storms, due to a combination of a "lack of coordination" and "the distraction of the weekend's independence-related festivities."[61] Guerrero governor Angel Aguirre was criticized by many for attending a night-long party and drinking when the storm first threatened the state. However, Aguirre later acknowledged political corruption, as well as the construction of homes and hotels in unsafe areas in a televised speech. Consequently, the Mexican Senate requested an investigation in the amount of preparation that occurred.[148]
To cope with relief efforts, Mexican Army troops and marines forces helped families whose homes were flooded.[73] Additionally, the military provided 60 tonnes (132,275lb) of food supplies and 8,000 litres (1,760impgal) of water to the city.[149] A military airbase was installed to transport aid via air.[143] Authorities rushed to clean rocks and other debris from two highways in order to liberate Acapulco from isolation.[63] The disaster also resulted in panic buying at supermarkets.[63] Looters were spotted in Acapulco many angry victims robbed shops, homes, luxury hotels, and apartments. Marines were posted outside stores to prevent further theft.[51] Mexico President Enrique Peña Nieto toured through most of the devastated areas, promising to rebuild La Pintada and Acapulco.[150] On May26,2014, La Pintada was re-opened, with 125 new homes.[65]
Because of the severe damage caused by the storm in Mexico, the name Manuel was retired by the World Meteorological Organization following the 2013 season, and will never be used again for an eastern Pacific tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Mario for the 2019 season.[151]
Hurricane Ismael (1995) A similar storm that made landfall near the same area as a Category 1 hurricane, also got retired
Hurricane Willa (2018) Made landfall in the same area as Manuel, but much stronger
Hurricane Otis (2023) A much more powerful and costly storm that made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane
References
↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN3-12-539683-2
↑ Robbie J. Berg; Richard J. Pasch (September 15, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Eight (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
↑ Todd B. Kimberlain; David R. Zelinsky (September 15, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Ten (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
↑ Jakubowski, Steve; Krovvidi, Adityam; Podlaha, Adam; Bowen, Steve. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap"(PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
↑ Beven, Jack (January 10, 2011). Tropical Storm Agatha(PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
↑ Brad J. Reinhart (February 12, 2024). Hurricane Hilary (EP092023) 16–20 August 2023(PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
↑ Steve Jakubowski; Adityam Krovvidi; Adam Podlaha; Steve Bowen. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap"(PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
↑ Steve Jakubowski; Adityam Krovvidi; Adam Podlaha; Steve Bowen. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap"(PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
↑ Sumber, Howard C (January 4, 1944). "1943 Monthly Weather Review"(PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
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![Debris on beach in the Acapulco Diamante [es] area. Resultados del Huracan Ingrid y tormenta Manuel (Acapulco, Guerrero) 23.JPG](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Resultados_del_Hurac%C3%A1n_Ingrid_y_tormenta_Manuel_%28Acapulco%2C_Guerrero%29_23.JPG/250px-Resultados_del_Hurac%C3%A1n_Ingrid_y_tormenta_Manuel_%28Acapulco%2C_Guerrero%29_23.JPG)
