Hyperlocomotion

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Hyperlocomotion, also known as locomotor hyperactivity, hyperactivity, or increased locomotor activity, is an effect of certain drugs in animals in which locomotor activity is increased. [1] More specifically, it is an effect induced by dopamine releasing agents and psychostimulants like amphetamine and methamphetamine and by NMDA receptor antagonists and dissociative hallucinogens like dizocilpine (MK-801) and phencyclidine (PCP). [1] [2] [3] [4] Stimulation of locomotor activity is thought to be mediated by increased signaling in the nucleus accumbens. [5] [6]

Drug-induced hyperlocomotion can be reversed by various drugs, such as antipsychotics acting as dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. [1] [3] Reversal of drug-induced hyperlocomotion has been used as an animal test of drug antipsychotic-like activity. [1] [3] Amphetamines and NMDA receptor antagonists likewise induce stereotypies, and reversal of these stereotypies is also employed as a test of drug antipsychotic-like activity. [1] [3]

Certain antidepressants, including the dopamine reuptake inhibitors amineptine, bupropion, and nomifensine, also increase spontaneous locomotor activity in animals. [7] [8] Conversely, most other antidepressants do not do so, and instead often actually show behavioral sedation in this test. [7] [5] [9] The dopamine reuptake inhibitor cocaine increases locomotor activity similarly to amphetamines. [4] Atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors like modafinil do not produce hyperlocomotion in animals. [4] Direct dopamine receptor agonists like apomorphine show biphasic effects, decreasing locomotor activity at low doses and increasing locomotor activity at high doses. [5]

Other similar effects include stereotypy, exploratory behavior, climbing behavior, and jumping behavior. [10] [2] [3] Amphetamines induce stereotypies in addition to hyperlocomotion. [2] [3] Apomorphine induces stereotypy and climbing behavior. [2] The dopamine precursor levodopa (L-DOPA) induces jumping behavior. [2] These effects can all be reversed by antipsychotics. [2]

See also

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