IC 3078

Last updated
IC 3078
IC3078 - SDSS DR14.jpg
IC 3078 captured by Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Virgo
Right ascension 12h 16m 00.044s
Declination +12d 41m 14.31s
Redshift 0.066148
Heliocentric radial velocity 19,829 km/s
Distance 905 Mly (277.4 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude  (V)14.5
Apparent magnitude  (B)15.3
Surface brightness 12.8
Characteristics
Type Sb(r) I, Sy1.9
Apparent size  (V)0.50' x 0.5'
Notable features Starburst galaxy, seyfert galaxy
Other designations
IRAS F12134+1257, VCC 0174, KUG 1213+129, CGCG 069-114, MCG +02-31-073, PGC 39263, NVSS J121600+124116, MRK 764

IC 3078 is a spiral galaxy with a ring structure [1] located in Virgo. Its redshift is 0.066148, [2] meaning IC 3078 is located 905 million light-years from Earth. [3] With an apparent dimension of 0.50 x 0.5 arcmin, IC 3038 is about 133,000 light-years across. [4] It was discovered by Royal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904 [5] [6] and is listed in the Virgo Cluster catalogue as VCC 174. However, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster, but instead a background galaxy. [7]

Features

The nucleus of IC 3078 is found to be active. It is a Seyfert galaxy of type 1.9 [3] and classified a Markarian galaxy (designated Mrk 764), because compared to other galaxies its nucleus emits excessive amounts of ultraviolet rays. [8] More IC 3078 is a starburst galaxy since a study published in 1983, mentions it displays a bright star-like nucleus. However, it does not display broad-line emission spectra which is the characteristic of Seyfert galaxies. [9] Instead its features can be explained through the presence of the population of hot, young stars. IC 3078 is known to be a star-burst nuclei, in which the phenomenon might supply enough material for gravitational accretion, hence the development of active galaxies. [9]

According to a further study done by Hideaki and Yoshiaki, it is proven IC 3078 is classified an old starburst galaxy, which is deficient in O-type stars and does not exhibit strong line emission. But however, IC 3078 still has many B stars which is expected to heat up dust grains and generate strong continuum emission in far-infrared areas. [10] Furthermore, IC 3078 lies in the ~9033 square degrees of the sky which is observed by the VLA FIRST survey radio catalogue. From the results, a positive detection of radio emission is found, IC 3078 included, in 775 AGN of which 214 of them show new detections at radio wavelengths. [11]

Moreover, IC 3078 has been observed by IRAS for its optically selected starburst nuclei to derived its far-infrared luminosity and through tabulating its distance and blue and Hα luminosity, written by Deutsch and Willner. [12] It was also one of the galaxies to be studied by Kiso Survey for ultraviolet-excess, which was detected on multi-color plates by the Kiso Schmidt telescope for 10 survey fields and catalogued down to a magnitude of 18. [13]

In a study conducted in 1995, which radio data is presented for IC 3078 and 898 other Markarian galaxies which was observed at v=4.755 GHz through the NRAO-Green Bank 300 foot (91m) telescope, scientists found that detection rates increased to (49%, 33%) amongst seyferts and to (73%, 42%) for those with starburst nuclei. [14] From the study, it is found that IC 3078 has a radio luminosity of h^2^P_1.415_ < 10^23^ W Hz^-1^, a characteristic of normal galaxies. [14]

Related Research Articles

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars. Such excess, non-stellar emissions have been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The non-stellar radiation from an AGN is theorized to result from the accretion of matter by a supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seyfert galaxy</span> Class of active galaxies with very bright nuclei

Seyfert galaxies are one of the two largest groups of active galaxies, along with quasar host galaxies. They have quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, their host galaxies are clearly detectable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionization cone</span> Astronomical phenomenon

Ionization cones are cones of ionized material extending from active galactic nuclei, predominantly observed in type II Seyfert galaxies. They are detected through their emission of electromagnetic radiation in the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. The main method of observation is through spectroscopy, using spectral line analysis to measure the shape of the ionized region and the condition of the material such as temperature, density, composition, and degree of ionization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 708</span> Galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

NGC 708 is an elliptical galaxy located 240 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda and was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 21, 1786. It is classified as a cD galaxy and is the brightest member of Abell 262. NGC 708 is a weak FR I radio galaxy and is also classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7469</span> Galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus

NGC 7469 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus. NGC 7469 is located about 200 million light-years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 7469 is approximately 90,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 12, 1784.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7130</span> Galaxy in the constellation Piscis Austrinus

NGC 7130 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. It is located at a distance of about 220 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7130 is about 100,000 light years across. It was discovered by John Herschel on September 25, 1834, and discovered independently by Lewis Swift on September 17, 1897. The location of the galaxy given in the New General Catalogue was off by 30 arcminutes in declination from the location of the galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4298</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4298 is a flocculent spiral galaxy located about 53 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 8, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4324</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Virgo

NGC 4324 is a lenticular galaxy located about 85 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on March 4, 1862. NGC 4324 has a stellar mass of 5.62 × 1010M☉, and a baryonic mass of 5.88 × 1010M☉. The galaxy's total mass is around 5.25 × 1011M☉. NGC 4324 is notable for having a ring of star formation surrounding its nucleus. It was considered a member of the Virgo II Groups until 1999, when its distance was recalculated and it was placed in the Virgo W Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 3505</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

IC 3505 is a barred spiral galaxy located 640 million light-years away from the Solar System in the Coma Berenices constellation. With an apparent size of 0.95 by 0.35 arcmin, IC 3505 has an estimated diameter of 170,000 light-years, making it slightly larger compared to the Milky Way. It is categorized as a LINER galaxy with an active galactic nucleus emitting weak emission-lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 3402</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

IC 3402 is a type Sbc spiral galaxy located 370 million light-years away from the Solar System in the Coma Berenices constellation. IC 3402 has an estimated diameter of 135,000 light-years and was first discovered by a German astronomer Max Wolf on March 23, 1903. It is a member of the Coma Supercluster with recent star formation activity and covering ∼500 deg2 on the sky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 4516</span> Galaxy located in Boötes

IC 4516 is a type E elliptical galaxy located in Boötes. Its redshift is 0.045618 which corresponds IC 4516 to be located 667 million light-years from Earth. The galaxy was discovered by Lewis Swift on June 2, 1898, which was his last discovery after spending half a century observing astronomical objects, starting with the observation of the Great Comet in 1843.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I Zwicky 1</span> Galaxy in the constellation Pisces

I Zwicky 1, also known as UGC 545, is a galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It is located 847 million light-years from Earth and is said to be the nearest quasar (QSO) due to its high optical nuclear luminosity of MV = -23.8 mag.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS F11119+3257</span>

IRAS F11119+3257 or simply as F11119+3257, is a galaxy located in constellation Ursa Major. With a redshift of 0.187580, it has a light travel time distance of 2.5 billion light-years and is considered an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 13218+0552</span> Galaxy merger located in the constellation Virgo

IRAS 13218+0552 known as SFRS 263, is a galaxy merger located in the Virgo constellation. Its redshift is 0.202806, putting the object at 2.6 billion light-years away from Earth. It is a Seyfert galaxy and a luminous infrared galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MRC 0406-244</span>

MRC 0406-244 also known as TN J0408-2418, is a radio galaxy producing an astrophysical jet, located in the constellation of Eridanus. At its redshift of 2.44, it is roughly ten billion light years from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4C +41.17</span>

4C +41.17 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Auriga. With the redshift of 3.79, it is located nearly 11.7 billion light-years from Earth. At the time of its discovery in 1988, it was one of the most distant galaxies ever seen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abell 1942 BCG</span> Brightest cluster galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Abell 1942 BCG, also known as PGC 1256558, is a massive elliptical galaxy of type-cD residing as the brightest cluster galaxy of the Abell 1942 galaxy cluster, located in the constellation Virgo. With a redshift of 0.224, the galaxy is located nearly 2.7 billion light-years away from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7C 1415+2556</span>

7C 1415+2556 also known as 2E 1415+2557 and PGC 1747267, is a BL Lac object with an X-ray flux of >=4×10-13 ergs s-1 cm-2, located in the constellation of Boötes. With a redshift of 0.24, the galaxy is located 3.2 billion light-years from Earth. It was discovered in 1988 as part of a program of optical polarimetry of a complete sample of radio sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RIQ J1336+1725</span>

RIQ J1336+1725 also known as PB 4007 and PG 1333+177, is a quasar located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. At a low redshift of 0.55, the object is located 6.5 billion light-years from Earth. This quasar is known to have a Lyman edge region that is formed by its thermally emitting accretion disk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PG 1543+489</span>

PG 1543+489, also known as QSO B1544+4855 and PGC 2325245, is a quasar located in the constellation of Boötes. At the redshift of 0.399, the object is located 4.5 billion light-years away from Earth. It was first discovered in 1983, by researchers who presented 114 objects in the Palomar-Green bright quasar survey, as one of the best studied samples of active galactic nuclei (AGN).

References

  1. ↑ "HyperLeda -object description". atlas.obs-hp.fr. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  2. ↑ "IC 3078 - galaxy. Description IC 3078". kosmoved.ru. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  3. 1 2 "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  4. ↑ "Revised IC Data for IC 3078". spider.seds.org. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  5. ↑ "Index Catalog Objects: IC 3050 - 3099". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  6. ↑ "List of NGC/IC observers". www.klima-luft.de. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  7. ↑ Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985-09-01). "Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area". The Astronomical Journal. 90: 1681–1758. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874. ISSN   0004-6256.
  8. ↑ Mazzarella, Joseph M.; Balzano, Vicki A. (1986-12-01). "A Catalog of Markarian Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 62: 751. Bibcode:1986ApJS...62..751M. doi:10.1086/191155. ISSN   0067-0049.
  9. 1 2 Balzano, V. A. (1983-05-01). "Star-burst galactic nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 268: 602–627. Bibcode:1983ApJ...268..602B. doi:10.1086/160983. ISSN   0004-637X.
  10. ↑ Mouri, Hideaki; Taniguchi, Yoshiaki (2000-12-01). "Numerous Old Starburst Galaxies in the Local Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 545 (2): L103–L106. arXiv: astro-ph/0009454 . Bibcode:2000ApJ...545L.103M. doi:10.1086/317883. ISSN   0004-637X.
  11. ↑ Wadadekar, Y. (2004-03-01). "Radio emission from AGN detected by the VLA FIRST survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 416: 35–40. arXiv: astro-ph/0405359 . Bibcode:2004A&A...416...35W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034244. ISSN   0004-6361.
  12. ↑ Deutsch, L. K.; Willner, S. P. (1987-04-01). "Far-Infrared Luminosities of Markarian Starburst Galaxies. II. Individual Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 63: 803. Bibcode:1987ApJS...63..803D. doi:10.1086/191183. ISSN   0067-0049.
  13. ↑ Takase, Bunshiro; Miyauchi-Isobe, Nagako (1989-01-01). "Kiso survey for ultraviolet-excess galaxies. IX". Publications of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. 1: 11–42. Bibcode:1989PNAOJ...1...11T. ISSN   0915-3640.
  14. 1 2 Bicay, M. D.; Kojoian, G.; Seal, J.; Dickinson, D. F.; Malkan, M. A. (1995-06-01). "A Multifrequency Radio Continuum and IRAS Faint Source Survey of Markarian Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 98: 369. Bibcode:1995ApJS...98..369B. doi:10.1086/192168. ISSN   0067-0049.
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