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Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804 and the simultaneous governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1785–1786,1790–1795,1798–1799,and 1803–1804. Having left his native Bosnia as a youth,he began a military career in Egypt in the service of mamluk officials,eventually becoming a chief enforcer and assassin for Ali Bey al-Kabir,Egypt's practical ruler. He gained the epithet of al-Jazzar for his deadly ambush on a group of Bedouin tribesmen in retaliation for the death of his first master in a Bedouin raid. Al-Jazzar fell out with Ali Bey in 1768 after refusing to take part in the assassination of another of his former masters. He ultimately fled to Syria,where he was tasked by the Ottomans with defending Beirut from a joint assault by the Russian Navy and Zahir al-Umar,the Acre-based ruler of northern Palestine. He eventually surrendered and entered Zahir's service before defecting from him and fleeing with stolen tax money.
As'ad Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Damascus under Ottoman rule from 1743 to his deposition in 1757. He was responsible for the construction of several architectural works in the city and other places in Syria.
Sulayman Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Sidon Eyalet (1727–33),Damascus Eyalet,and Egypt Eyalet (1739–40) under the Ottoman Empire. He belonged to the prominent Al-Azm family and was the uncle of As'ad Pasha al-Azm,who succeeded him as governor of Damascus,and Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm,who also served as governor of Egypt.
Al-Azm family is a prominent Damascene family. Their political influence in Ottoman Syria began in the 18th century when members of the family administered Maarrat al-Nu'man and Hama. A scion of the family,Ismail Pasha al-Azm,was appointed wāli of Damascus Eyalet in 1725. Between 1725 and 1783,members of the family,including As'ad Pasha al-Azm,held power in Damascus for 47 years,in addition to periodical appointments in Sidon Eyalet,Tripoli Eyalet,Hama,Aleppo Eyalet,and Egypt Eyalet. The family's influence declined in the 19th century,failing to establish a true dynasty.
Hisyah is a town in central Syria,administratively part of the Homs Governorate,located about 35 kilometers south of Homs. Situated on the M5 Highway between Homs and Damascus,nearby localities include al-Qusayr and Rableh to the northwest,Shamsin and Jandar to the north,Dardaghan to the northeast,Sadad to the southeast and Bureij to the south. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS),Hisyah had a population of 5,425 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslims and Catholics.
Abdullah Pasha al-Azm was an Ottoman statesman who served as the governor of the Damascus Eyalet,Aleppo Eyalet (1794),Egypt Eyalet (1798),Adana Eyalet,and Rakka Eyalet (1809),before retiring to Hama in the 1810s. He was a member of the prominent political family,Al-Azm.
Keki Abdi Pasha was an Ottoman statesman. He served as the governor of the Sanjak of İçel,Adana Eyalet (1780–81),Diyarbekir Eyalet,Aleppo Eyalet (1784),Rakka Eyalet (1784–85),Sivas Eyalet (1785–86),and Egypt Eyalet.
Amir al-hajj was the position and title given to the commander of the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan by successive Muslim empires,from the 7th century until the 20th century. Since the Abbasid period,there were two main caravans,one departing from Damascus and the other from Cairo. Each of the two annual caravans was assigned an amir al-hajj whose main duties were securing funds and provisions for the caravan,and protecting it along the desert route to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz.
Çeteci Abdullah Pasha ibn Ibrahim al-Husayni al-Jarmaki was an Ottoman statesman of Kurdish origin. He served terms as the governor of Sivas,Diyarbekir,Rakka,Adana,Van,Erzurum,Kütahya,Aleppo and Damascus. Çeteci was born in 1703 in the village of Çermik,hence his surname "al-Jarmaki".
Kunj Yusuf Pasha was an Ottoman Kurd who served as the governor of Damascus Eyalet between 1807 and 1810. As governor,Kunj Yusuf enacted discriminatory policies against religious minority groups in Damascus and was unable to secure the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan to Mecca. After his inability to defeat Wahhabi invaders in 1809,he was ousted by Sulayman Pasha al-Adil with the blessing of the Ottoman imperial authorities.
Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali was the Ottoman governor (wali) of Sidon Eyalet between May 1820 and May 1832,with a nine-month interruption in 1822–23. Like his predecessors Jazzar Pasha and Sulayman Pasha,Abdullah Pasha ruled from the port city of Acre. During his reign,all of Palestine and the Syrian coastline came under his jurisdiction. Among his major military victories was his survival of an imperial-backed siege of Acre in 1822 instigated by the Farhi family in retaliation for Abdullah's execution of his mentor Haim Farhi,the suppression of revolts in Mount Lebanon and Jerusalem in 1824 and 1826,respectively,and the 1831 capture of the Sanur fortress.
Ismail Pasha al-Azm was an Ottoman statesman who served as the governor of Damascus and amir al-hajj in 1725–1730. Prior to this post he served as the agha of Ma'arrat al-Nu'man and steadily moved up the ranks to become the governor of the districts of Ma'arrat al-Nu'man,Hama and Homs in 1719 and then governor of Tripoli in 1721 before being assigned to the Damascus governorship.
Ibrahim Pasha Qatarağasi was an Ottoman statesman who served as wali (governor) of the Aleppo,Damascus,Diyarbekir and Tripoli eyalets (provinces) in the early 19th century.
The Naqib al-Ashraf revolt was a popular uprising in Jerusalem against the Ottoman authorities between May 1703 and October 1705. It was led by the city's naqib al-ashraf,Muhammad ibn Mustafa al-Husayni al-Wafa'i,and the rebels consisted of townspeople,peasants from nearby villages,local Bedouins,and religious notables (ulama). For over two years the rebels engaged in virtual self-rule in the city. However,divisions emerged within rebel ranks,and following an Ottoman siege,the rebel camp led by al-Husayni fled the city and were later captured and executed.
Silahdar Süleyman Pasha was the Ottoman governor of Damascus Eyalet from February 1812 to May 1816.
Yusuf Sayfa Pasha was a chieftain and multazim in the Tripoli region who frequently served as the Ottoman beylerbey of Tripoli Eyalet between 1579 and his death.
Ali Janbulad Pasha was a Kurdish tribal chief from Kilis and a rebel Ottoman governor of Aleppo who wielded practical supremacy over Syria in c. 1606–1607. His rebellion,launched to avenge the execution of his uncle Huseyn ibn Janbulad by the commander Jigalazade Sinan Pasha in 1605,gained currency among northern Syria's Kurdish,Turkmen and Arab tribes and expanded to include local Syrian governors and chiefs,most prominently Fakhr al-Din Ma'n of Mount Lebanon and his erstwhile enemy Yusuf Sayfa Pasha of Tripoli. Ali formed a secret military alliance with the Grand Duke of Tuscany,Ferdinand I,with the explicit aim of jointly destroying the Ottoman Empire and establishing the Janbulad family as the sovereigns of Syria.
The 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze,also called the 1585 Ottoman invasion of the Chouf,was an Ottoman military campaign led by Ibrahim Pasha against the Druze and other chieftains of Mount Lebanon and its environs,then a part of the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak of the province of Damascus Eyalet. It had been traditionally considered the direct consequence of a raid by bandits in Akkar against the tribute caravan of Ibrahim Pasha,then Egypt's outgoing governor,who was on his way to Constantinople. Modern research indicates that the tribute caravan arrived intact and that the expedition was instead the culmination of Ottoman attempts to subjugate the Druze and other tribal groups in Mount Lebanon dating from 1518.
İskenderpaşazade Hürrem Pasha,known in Arabic as Khurram ibn Iskandar Pasha,was an Ottoman statesman who served as beylerbey (governor-general) of Damascus Eyalet in 1523–1524 and afterward as beylerbey of Karaman Eyalet. He was killed in office during a battle to route rebel tribesmen in the province. His brother-in-law,Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha,erected a tomb for him the mausoleum complex of Rumi in Konya.
Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm was the Ottoman governor of Tripoli in 1728–1730 and Sidon in 1737–1741 and 1742–1744.
References
- 1 2 Douwes 2000, p. 89.
- ↑ Douwes 2000, pp. 89–90.