The name Indianapolis is derived from the state's name, Indiana (meaning "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land"[29]), and polis, the Greek word for "city." Jeremiah Sullivan, justice of the Indiana Supreme Court, is credited with coining the name.[30] Other names considered were Concord, Suwarrow, and Tecumseh.[31]
An 1820 depiction of IndianapolisAlexander Ralston's "Plat of the Town of Indianapolis"
In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U.S. Congress donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.[32] Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), the Delaware relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.[16] This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.[33] The indigenous people of the land prior to systematic removal are the Miami Nation of Indiana (Miami Nation of Oklahoma) and Indianapolis makes up part of Cession 99; the primary treaty between the indigenous population and the United States was the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818).[34]
The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American settlers were Protestants, a large proportion of the early Irish and German immigrants were Catholics. Few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.[35] The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe George Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called Pogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that John Wesley McCormick and his family and employees became the area's first European American settlers, settling near the White River in February 1820.[36]
On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.[37] The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821.[2] In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement.[38] Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis was incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.[39] Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government moved to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.[40]
Growth occurred with the opening of the National Road through the town in 1827, the first major federally funded highway in the United States.[41] A small segment of the ultimately failed Indiana Central Canal was opened in 1839.[42] The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, began operation in 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth.[43]Indianapolis Union Station was the first of its kind in the world when it opened in 1853.[44]
During the American Civil War, Indianapolis was mostly loyal to the Union cause. GovernorOliver P. Morton, a major supporter of PresidentAbraham Lincoln, quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place for Union army troops. On February 11, 1861, President-elect Lincoln arrived in the city, en route to Washington, D.C. for his presidential inauguration, marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history.[45] On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters for the state's volunteer soldiers.[46][47] Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.[48]
Indianapolis became a major logistics hub during the war, establishing the city as a crucial military base.[49][50] Between 1860 and 1870, the city's population more than doubled.[43] An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war.[51] On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing an adjournment of the proceedings, sarcastically referred to as the Battle of Pogue's Run.[52] Fear turned to panic in July 1863, during Morgan's Raid into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east toward Ohio, never reaching Indianapolis.[53] On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president's bier at the Indiana Statehouse.[50][54]
Some of the city's most prominent architectural features and best-known historical events date from the turn of the 20th century. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become the city's unofficial symbol.[59]Ray Harroun won the inaugural running of the Indianapolis 500, held May 30, 1911, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Indianapolis was one of the hardest hit cities in the Great Flood of 1913, resulting in five known deaths[60][61][62] and the displacement of 7,000 families.[63]
As a stop on the Underground Railroad, Indianapolis had one of the largest black populations in the Northern States, until the Great Migration.[64] Led by D. C. Stephenson, the Indiana Klan became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling the City Council and the Board of School Commissioners, among others. At its height, more than 40% of native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan.
During the administration of mayor Richard Lugar (1968–1976), the city and county governments were consolidated. Known as Unigov (a portmanteau of "unified" and "government"), the city-county consolidation removed bureaucratic redundancies, captured increasingly suburbanizing tax revenue, and created a Republicanpolitical machine that dominated local politics until the early 2000s.[69][70] Unigov went into effect on January 1, 1970, increasing the city's land area by 308.2 square miles (798km2) and its population by 268,366 people.[71][72] It was the first major city-county consolidation to occur in the U.S. without a referendum since the creation of the City of Greater New York in 1898.[73]
Amid the changes in government and growth, the city pursued an aggressive economic development strategy to brand Indianapolis as a sports tourism destination, known as the Indianapolis Project.[74] During the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor, William Hudnut, (1976–1992), millions of dollars were invested into sports facilities and public relations campaigns.[22] The strategy was successful in landing the U.S. Olympic Festival in 1982, securing the relocation of the Baltimore Colts in 1984, and hosting the 1987 Pan American Games.[22]
1990s to present
Economic development initiatives focused on revitalizing the city's downtown continued in the 1990s under the mayoral administration of Stephen Goldsmith. During this period, a number of cultural amenities were completed at White River State Park, the Canal Walk continued development,[42]Circle Centre Mall was completed,[75] and new sports venues (Victory Field and Gainbridge Fieldhouse) were opened. In 1999, several cultural districts were designated to capitalize on cultural assets within historically significant neighborhoods unique to the city's heritage as a means to promote continued economic development.[76]
During the 2000s, the city invested heavily in public infrastructure projects, including two of the largest building projects in the city's history: the $1.1billion Indianapolis International Airport Colonel H. Weir Cook Terminal and $720million Lucas Oil Stadium, both opened in 2008.[77][78] A $275million expansion of the Indiana Convention Center was completed in 2011.[79] Construction began that year on DigIndy, a $1.9billion project to correct the city's combined sewer overflows by 2025.[80] Rapid transit was reintroduced to Indianapolis with the opening of IndyGo's $96million Red Linebus rapid transit project in 2019.[81]
Geography
Sentinel-2 true-color image of the Indianapolis metropolitan area
As a consolidated city-county, the city's municipal boundaries are coterminous with Marion County, except the autonomous and semi-autonomous municipalities outlined in Unigov.[43][83] Nine civil townships form the broadest geographic divisions within the city and county.[84] The consolidated city-county borders the adjacent counties of Boone to the northwest; Hamilton to the north; Hancock to the east; Shelby to the southeast; Johnson to the south; Morgan to the southwest; and Hendricks to the west.[85]
Indianapolis is located within a physiographic province known as the Tipton Till Plain, a flat, gently rolling terrain underlain by glacial deposits known as till. The lowest point in the city is about 650 feet (198m)above mean sea level, with the highest natural elevation at about 900 feet (274m) above sea level.[86] Few hills or short ridges, known as kames, rise about 100 feet (30m) to 130 feet (40m) above the surrounding terrain. The city lies just north of the Indiana Uplands, a region characterized by rolling hills and high limestone content.
Typically, summers are hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The July daily average temperature is 75.4°F (24.1°C). High temperatures reach or exceed 90°F (32°C) an average of 18 days each year,[105] and occasionally exceed 95°F (35°C). Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable; midday temperature drops exceeding 30°F or 17°C are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days (80°F or 27°C) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of 28.1°F (−2.2°C). Temperatures dip to 0°F (−18°C) or below an average of 3.7 nights per year.[105]
The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of 5.05 inches (12.8cm) of precipitation.[105] Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity; there is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months; the city experiences an average of 20 thunderstorm days annually.[106]
The city's average annual precipitation is 42.4 inches (108cm), with snowfall averaging 25.9 inches (66cm) per season. Official temperature extremes range from 106°F (41°C), set on July 14, 1936,[107] to −27°F (−33°C), set on January 19, 1994.[107][108]
The plan, known as the Mile Square, is bounded by East, West, North, and South streets, centered on a traffic circle, called Monument Circle (originally Circle Street), from which Indianapolis's "Circle City" nickname originated.[113] Four diagonal streets radiated a block from Monument Circle: Massachusetts, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana avenues.[114] The city's address numbering system begins at the intersection of Washington and Meridian streets.[115] Before its submersion into a sanitary tunnel, Pogue's Run was included into the plan, disrupting the rectilinear street grid to the southeast.
Compared with similar-sized American cities, Indianapolis is unique in that it contains some 200 farms covering thousands of acres of agricultural land within its municipal boundaries.[116] Equestrian farms and corn and soybean fields interspersed with suburban development are commonplace on the city's periphery, especially in Franklin Township.[117]
After completion of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, an ordinance was passed in 1905 restricting building heights on the traffic circle to 86ft (26m) to protect views of the 284ft (87m) monument.[120] The ordinance was revised in 1922, permitting buildings to rise to 108ft (33m), with an additional 42ft (13m) allowable with a series of setbacks.[120] A citywide height restriction ordinance was instituted in 1912, barring structures over 200ft (61m).[121] Completed in 1962, the City-County Building was the first skyscraper in the city, surpassing the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in height by nearly 100ft (30m).[122] A building boom, lasting from 1982 to 1990, saw the construction of six of the city's ten tallest buildings.[123][124] The tallest is Salesforce Tower, completed in 1990 at 811ft (247m).[125]Indiana limestone is the signature building material in Indianapolis, widely included in the city's many monuments, churches, academic, government, and civic buildings.[123]
For statistical purposes, the consolidated city-county is organized into 99 "neighborhood areas" with most containing numerous individual historic and cultural districts, subdivisions, and some semi-autonomous towns. In total, some 500 self-identified neighborhood associations are listed in the city's Registered Community Organization system.[126] As a result of the city's expansive land area, Indianapolis has a unique urban-to-rural transect, ranging from dense urban neighborhoods to suburban tract housing subdivisions, to rural villages.[127]
Typical of American cities in the Midwest, Indianapolis urbanized in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, resulting in the development of relatively dense, well-defined neighborhoods clustered around streetcar corridors, especially in Center Township.[128] Notable streetcar suburbs include Broad Ripple, Irvington, and University Heights.[129] Starting in the mid-20th century, the post–World War II economic expansion and subsequent suburbanization greatly influenced the city's development patterns. From 1950 to 1970, nearly 100,000 housing units were built in Marion County, most outside Center Township in suburban neighborhoods such as Castleton, Eagledale, and Nora.[129]
Indianapolis maintains 212 public parks covering 11,258 acres (4,556ha) of green space, representing about 5.1% of the city's land area.[137][138] Amenities include 129 playgrounds, 155 sports fields, 153 miles (246km) of recreational trails, 23 recreation and nature centers, 21 spraygrounds, 19 aquatic centers, 13 golf courses, and four dog parks.[137] The department also provides 2,400 programs and classes annually.[139]Eagle Creek Park is the largest and most visited park in the city and ranks among the largest municipal parks in the U.S., covering 4,766 acres (1,929ha).[140]
The Indianapolis metropolitan area, officially the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson metropolitan statistical area (MSA), consists of Marion County and the surrounding counties of Boone, Brown, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Morgan, Putnam, and Shelby. In 2018, the metropolitan area's population was 2,048,703, the most populous in Indiana and home to 30% of the state's residents.[13][161] With a population of 2,431,361, the larger Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie combined statistical area (CSA) covers 18 counties, home to 36% of Indiana residents.[14][162] Indianapolis is also situated within the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the largest of 11 megaregions in the U.S.
Ethnic origins in IndianapolisMap of racial distribution in Indianapolis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤White⬤Black⬤Asian⬤Hispanic⬤Other
According to the U.S. Census of 2010, 97.2% of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8% White, 27.5% Black or African American, 2.1% Asian (0.4% Burmese, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% other Asian); 0.3% American Indian, and 5.5% as other. The remaining 2.8% of the population was reported as multiracial (two or more races).[163] The city's Hispanic or Latino community constituted 9.4% of the city's population in the 2010 U.S. Census: 6.9% Mexican, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and 2% as other.[163]
In 2010, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25% under the age of 18; 4.4% were between 18 and 21; 16.3% were age 21 to 65; and 13.1% were age 65 or older.[163] For every 100 females, there were 93 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 males.[164]
The 2010 census reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08.[163] Of the total households, 59.3% were family households, with 28.2% of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5% were husband-wife families; 17.2% had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6% had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7% were non-family households.[163]As of 2010[update], 32% of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3% of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.[163]
The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011 American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161.[165] Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430, 14.7% of families and 18.9% of the city's total population living below the poverty line (28.3% were under the age of 18 and 9.2% were age 65 or older).[165]
In 2015, Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minor-emerging immigrant gateway with a foreign-born population of 126,767, or 6.4% of the total population, a 131% increase from 2000.[166] Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of Burmese-Chin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis, particularly Perry Township, since the late-1990s.[167] Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar (formerly Burma), with an estimated population ranging from 17,000 to 24,000.[168][169][170]
Of the 42.42% of the city's residents who identify as religious, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, at 11.31%.[171] The second highest religious group in the city are Baptists at 10.31%, with Methodists following behind at 4.97%. Presbyterians make up 2.13% of the city's religiously affiliated population, followed by Pentecostals and Lutherans. Another 8.57% are affiliated with other Christian faiths.[171] 0.32% of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following Eastern religions, while 0.68% of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish, and 0.29% as Muslim.[171] According to the nonpartisan and nonprofit Public Religion Research Institute's American Values Atlas, 22% of residents identify as religiously "unaffiliated," consistent with the national average of 22.7%.[172]
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest industries by employment in the Indianapolis metropolitan area are trade, transportation, and utilities; professional and business services; education and health services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing, respectively. The region's unemployment rate was 1.2 percent in December 2021.[20] The city's major exports include pharmaceuticals, motor vehicle parts, medical equipment and supplies, engine and power equipment, and aircraft products and parts.[18]
Indianapolis's central location and extensive highway and rail infrastructure have positioned the city as an important logistics center. According to the Indy Chamber, the region was home to some 4,300 establishments employing nearly 110,000 in 2020.[181]
Indianapolis anchors one of the largest life sciences clusters in the U.S., notably in the subsectors of drugs and pharmaceuticals and agricultural feedstock and chemicals.[185][186] Life sciences employ between 21,200 and 28,700[187] among nearly 350 companies located in the region.[188] Pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly is the city's largest private employer, with a workforce of 11,000 in research and development, manufacturing, and executive administration.[189] Other major employers include Corteva (1,500),[178]Labcorp Drug Development (1,500),[190] and Roche's North American headquarters (4,500).[191][192][193]
According to a 2021 report commissioned by BioCrossroads, Central Indiana's life sciences and healthcare sector generates nearly $84 billion in total economic output and supports more than 331,000 jobs throughout the region.[187]
Manufacturing
Historically, manufacturing has been a critical component of Indianapolis's economic landscape; however, deindustrialization since the mid-20th century has significantly impacted the city's workforce. Indianapolis is typically considered part of the Rust Belt, a region of the Northeastern and Midwestern U.S. beleaguered by industrial and population decline.[195] Between 1990 and 2012, approximately 26,900 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city as it continued diversification efforts and transitioned to a service economy.[196]RCA and Western Electric formerly employed thousands at their Indianapolis manufacturing plants.[197][198]
Indianapolis is home to Allison Transmission's headquarters and manufacturing facilities, employing 2,500 in the design and production of automatic transmissions and hybrid propulsion systems.[189]Rolls-Royce North America dates its local presence to the establishment of the Allison Engine Company in 1915. Its Indianapolis Operations Center has a workforce of 4,000 in aircraft engine development and manufacturing.[201][189] Other major manufacturing employers include Allegion (1,300) and Raytheon Technologies (1,000).[189] In 2016, Carrier Corporationannounced the closure of its Indianapolis plant, moving 1,400 manufacturing jobs to Mexico.[202] Carrier later negotiated with the incoming Trump administration to save some jobs. The company's local workforce numbers 800 in gas furnace production.[203]
The hospitality industry is an increasingly vital sector of the Indianapolis economy. According to Visit Indy, 29.2million visitors generate $5.6billion annually, supporting 82,900 jobs.[204] Indianapolis has long been a sports tourism destination but has more recently relied on conventions.[205] From 2010 to 2019, average annual attendance for conventions was 494,000, an increase of 26% from the previous decade.[206]
The Mass Ave Cultural Arts District is home to Old National Centre at the Murat Shrine, the oldest stagehouse in Indianapolis, having opened in 1910.[231] The center features a 2,500-seat performing arts theatre, 2,000-seat concert hall, and 900-seat multi-functional room, hosting approximately 400 public and private events throughout the year.[232] Mass Ave is also home to the Athenæum, Basile, District, and Indy Eleven theaters, all of which host the annual Indianapolis Theatre Fringe Festival, or "IndyFringe".[233][234]
A mural memorializing Kurt Vonnegut on Mass Avenue, completed by local artist Pamela Bliss in 2011
Indianapolis was at the center of the Golden Age of Indiana Literature from 1870 to 1920.[252] Several notable poets and writers based in the city achieved national prominence and critical acclaim during this period, including James Whitcomb Riley, Booth Tarkington, and Meredith Nicholson.[19] In A History of Indiana Literature, Arthur W. Shumaker remarked on the era's influence: "It was the age of famous men and their famous books. In it Indiana, and particularly Indianapolis, became a literary center which in many ways rivaled the East."[253] A 1947 study found that Indiana authors ranked second to New York in the number of bestsellers produced in the previous 40 years.[252] Located in Lockerbie Square, the James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962.
Perhaps the city's most acclaimed twentieth-century writer was Kurt Vonnegut, known for his darkly satirical and controversial bestselling novel Slaughterhouse-Five.[254] The Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library opened in 2010 downtown.[255] Vonnegut became known for including at least one character in his novels from Indianapolis.[256] Upon returning to the city in 1986, Vonnegut acknowledged the influence the city had on his writings:
All my jokes are Indianapolis. All my attitudes are Indianapolis. My adenoids are Indianapolis. If I ever severed myself from Indianapolis, I would be out of business. What people like about me is Indianapolis.[256][255]
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis is the largest of its kind in the world, offering 433,000 square feet (40,227.02m2) of exhibit space.[259] The museum holds a collection of over 120,000 artifacts, including the Broad Ripple Park Carousel, a National Historic Landmark.[260] Because of its leadership and innovations, the museum is a world leader in its field.[261]Child and Parents magazine have both ranked the museum as the best children's museum in the U.S.[262] The museum is one of the city's most popular attractions, with nearly 1.3million visitors in 2019.[263]
The Indianapolis Zoo houses more than 1,400 animals of 235 species while the adjoining White River Gardens contains more than 50,000 plants of nearly 3,000 species, respectively.[264] The zoo is a leader in animal conservation and research, recognized for its biennial Indianapolis Prize award.[265] It is the only American zoo accredited as a zoo, aquarium, and zoological garden by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.[266] It is among the largest privately funded zoos in the U.S.[267] and one of the city's most visited attractions, with 1.1million guests in 2019.[263]
Beginning construction in 1836, the Indiana Central Canal is the oldest existing artificial facility in the city, recognized as an American Water Landmark since 1971.[272] Between 1985 and 2001, nearly 1.5 miles (2.4km) of the former canal in downtown Indianapolis were reconstructed to link several cultural institutions.[273] This section, known as the Canal Walk, is flanked by walking and bicycling paths and offers gondola rides, pedal boats, kayaks, and surrey rentals.
Indianapolis has an emerging food scene as well as established eateries.[275] Founded in 1821 as the city's public market, the Indianapolis City Market has served the community from its current building since 1886. Prior to World War II, the City Market and neighboring Tomlinson Hall were home to meat and vegetable vendors. As consumer habits evolved and residents moved from the central city, City Market transitioned from a traditional marketplace to a food hall.[276] In addition to City Market, The AMP and The Garage food halls opened in 2021.[277]
Situated in the Corn Belt, Indianapolis has maintained close ties to farming and food production. Urban agriculture in the city dates to the 1930s, when non-profit organization Flanner House began teaching Black arrivals how to farm on vacant lots during the Great Migration. Within a few years, more than 200 families were tending 600 garden plots on nearly 100 acres (40ha) of land on the city's near north side.[278] Urban agriculture has made a comeback in recent years in an effort to alleviate food deserts.[279] According to the city's Office of Sustainability, there were 129 community farms and gardens in 2020.[280]As of 2020[update], several farmers' markets have been established throughout Indianapolis.[281]
In 2016, Condé Nast Traveler named Indianapolis the "most underrated food city in the U.S.," while ranking Milktooth as one of the best restaurants in the world.[287][288]Food & Wine called Indianapolis the "rising star of the Midwest," recognizing Milktooth, Rook, Amelia's, and Bluebeard, all in Fletcher Place.[289][290] Several Indianapolis chefs and restaurateurs have been semifinalists in the James Beard Foundation Awards in recent years.[291][292]Microbreweries are quickly becoming a staple in the city, increasing fivefold since 2009.[293] There are now about 50 craft brewers in Indianapolis, with Sun King Brewing being the largest.[294]
For some time, Indianapolis was known as the "100 Percent American City" for its racial and ethnic homogeneity.[295] Historically, these factors, as well as low taxes and wages, provided chain restaurants a relatively stable market to test dining preferences before expanding nationwide. As a result, the Indianapolis metropolitan area had the highest concentration of chain restaurants per capita of any market in the U.S. in 2008, with one chain restaurant for every 1,459 people—44% higher than the national average.[296] In recent years, immigrants have opened some 800 ethnic restaurants.[295]
Film Indy was established in 2016 to support local visual artists, filmmakers, and aspiring filmmakers; recruit film and television-related marketing opportunities to the region, and provide resources for producers interested in filming in the city.[310] Since 2016, more than 350 film and media projects have been produced in the Indianapolis region with a collective economic impact of $24.1 million and the creation of 1,900 local jobs.[325]
The Indianapolis Indians of the International League are the second-oldest minor league franchise in American professional baseball, having been established in 1902.[331] The Indians have won 26 division titles, 14 league titles, and seven championships, most recently in 2000. The team has played at Victory Field since 1996.[332]
Indianapolis is a major center for motorsports. Two auto racing sanctioning bodies are headquartered in the city (INDYCAR and United States Auto Club) along with more than 500 motorsports companies and racing teams, employing some 10,000 people in the region.[346] Indianapolis or Indy is a metonym for auto racing, used for both the competition and type of car used in it.[347]
Indianapolis—officially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion County—has a consolidated city-county form of government, a status it has held since 1970 under Indiana Code's Unigov provision. Many functions of the city and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate.[3] The city has a strong mayor–council form of government overseeing six administrative departments. Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units, nine separate civil township governments, and seven special-purpose municipal corporations.[352][353]
The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor, who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county.[354]Joe Hogsett is the 49th and current mayor of Indianapolis. Indianapolis City-County Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members, all of whom represent geographic districts. The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited four-year terms.[354][355] The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges.[3] Each of the county's nine civil townships elects its own township trustee, three-member board, assessor, and a constable and small claims court judge, all of whom serve four-year terms.[84]
Until fairly recently, Indianapolis was considered one of the most conservative major cities in the U.S.[360][69] According to 2014 research published in the American Political Science Review, the city's policy preferences are less conservative than the national mean when compared with other large U.S. cities.[361] While Indianapolis as a whole leans Democratic, the southern third of the city, consisting of Decatur, Perry, and Franklin townships, trends Republican.[362]
Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County, a municipal corporation, was formed in 1951 to manage the city's public health facilities and programs, including the Marion County Public Health Department, Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services, and Eskenazi Health.[366] Eskenazi Health operates 12 primary care centers across the city, including its flagship Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital. Established in 1932, the Veterans Health Administration's Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center serves nearly 70,000 veterans annually.[367] The NeuroDiagnostic Institute, a 159-bed psychiatric hospital overseen by the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, opened in 2019.[368]
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Data pertaining to crime is outdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2023)
Unlike other major Midwest cities like Detroit and Chicago, the homicide rate for Indianapolis remained below the national average throughout the 1990s. [379] Homicides hit a spike in 1998 when the city reached 162 murders. Murders drastically decreased the following years but spiked again in 2006 with 153 murders.[380]
Until 2019, annual criminal homicide numbers had grown each year since 2011, reaching record highs from 2015 to 2018.[381] With 144 criminal homicides, 2015 surpassed 1998 as the year with the most murder investigations in the city. With 159 criminal homicides, 2018 stands as the most violent year on record in the city.[381]FBI data showed a 7 percent increase in violent crimes committed in Indianapolis, outpacing the rest of the state and country.[382] Law enforcement has blamed increased violence on a combination of root causes, including poverty, substance abuse, and mental illness.[383]
Indianapolis Fire Department (IFD) provides fire protection and rescue services as the primary emergency response agency for 278 square miles (720km2) of Marion County. IFD provides mutual aid to the excluded municipalities of Beech Grove, Lawrence, and Speedway, as well as Decatur, Pike, and Wayne townships which have retained their own fire departments.[384] The fire district comprises seven geographic battalions with 43 fire stations.[385] Some 1,200 firefighters respond to more than 161,000 incidents annually.[386] IFD directs operations for Indiana Task-Force One (IN-TF1), one of 28 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams in the U.S.[384]
Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services (IEMS) is the largest provider of pre-hospital medical care in Indiana and responds to 120,000 emergency dispatch calls annually.[387] Similar to IFD, the agency's coverage area excludes Decatur, Pike, and Wayne townships, and the town of Speedway.
IPS is the largest district in the city with an annual enrollment of 23,000 students attending 60 schools.[390] In 2015, IPS began contracting with charter organizations and nonprofit school managers to operate failing district schools as innovation schools.[391] About 37% of IPS students are enrolled in 20 innovation schools, which are run independently but accountable to the Board of School Commissioners, with the remaining 63% of students attending 39 neighborhood or magnet schools.[392][393] About 18,000 students are enrolled in tuition-free Mayor-Sponsored Charter Schools (MSCS), as authorized by the Indianapolis Mayor's Office of Education Innovation and Indianapolis Charter School Board.[394]
More than 40 collegiate fraternities and sororities are headquartered in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, the largest concentration in North America.[408][409]
The majority of commercial radio stations in the city are owned by Cumulus Media, iHeartMedia, and Urban One. Popular nationally syndicated radio program The Bob & Tom Show has been based at Indianapolis radio station WFBQ since 1983.[412] In 2019, the Indianapolis metropolitan area was the 39th largest radio market in the U.S.[413]
Indianapolis's transportation infrastructure consists of a complex network that includes a local public bus system, several private intercity bus providers, Amtrak passenger rail service, four freight rail lines, four primary and two auxiliaryInterstate Highways, two airports, a heliport, bikeshare system, 115 miles (185km) of bike lanes,[280] and 110 miles (177km) of trails and greenways.[414][280] Private ridesharing companiesLyft and Uber as well as taxicabs operate in the city.[415] Launched in 2018, electric scooter-sharing systems operating in Indianapolis include Bird, Lime, and Veo.[416]
Absent a comprehensive regional public transit system in combination with urban sprawl, Indianapolis residents drive more vehicle miles per capita than any other U.S. city.[417] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 83.7% of working residents in the city commuted by driving alone, 8.4% carpooled, 1.5% used public transportation, and 1.8% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 3.1% of working city residents worked at home.[418] In 2015, 10.5 percent of Indianapolis households lacked a car, which decreased to 8.7 percent in 2016, the same as the national average in that year. Indianapolis averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[419]
Indianapolis International Airport (IATA: IND) sits on 7,700 acres (3,116ha) approximately 7 miles (11km) southwest of downtown Indianapolis. IND is the busiest airport in the state, serving more than 9.5million passengers in 2019.[426] Completed in 2008, the Colonel H. Weir Cook Terminal contains two concourses and 40 gates, connecting to 51 nonstop domestic and international destinations and averaging 145 daily departures.[427] As home to the second largest FedEx Express hub in the world, IND ranks among the ten busiest U.S. airports in terms of air cargo throughput.[428]
The Indianapolis Public Transportation Corporation, doing business asIndyGo, operates the city's public bus system serving 9.2million annual passenger trips in 2019.[430] IndyGo's Julia M. Carson Transit Center opened in 2016 as the downtown hub for 27 of its 31 bus routes.[431][414] In 2017, City-County Council approved a voter referendum increasing Marion County's income tax to help fund IndyGo's first major system expansion since its 1975 founding.[432] Local taxes and federal grants will fund systemwide improvements, including the creation of three bus rapid transit lines, battery electric buses, sidewalks, bus shelters, extended hours and weekend schedules.[433][434] Of the three bus rapid transit projects, the Red Line began service on September 1, 2019[435] and construction began on the Purple Line on February 25, 2022.[436] Groundbreaking on the Blue Line is anticipated in 2024.[437]
The Central Indiana Regional Transportation Authority (CIRTA) is a quasi-governmental agency that organizes regional car and vanpools and operates three public workforce connectors from Indianapolis to employment centers in Plainfield and Whitestown.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides inter-city rail service to Indianapolis via Union Station, serving about 30,000 passengers in 2015.[439] The Cardinal makes three weekly trips between New York City and Chicago. Amtrak's Beech Grove Shops, in the enclave of Beech Grove, serve as its primary heavy maintenance and overhaul facility, while the Indianapolis Distribution Center is the company's largest material and supply terminal.[440][439]
AES Indiana generates 3,000 megawatts of electricity for more than 500,000 Indianapolis area customers.[442] Citizens Energy Group supplies about 400,000 Indianapolis area customers with natural gas, water, and wastewater treatment services.[443] The company's thermal division operates the Perry K. Generating Station, producing and distributing steam for heating and cooling to about 160 customers in downtown Indianapolis.[444]
The city's water is supplied through four surface water treatment plants, drawing from the White River, Fall Creek, and Eagle Creek Reservoir; and five pumping stations, providing water supply from groundwater aquifers. Additional water supply is ensured by four reservoirs in the region, including Citizens,[445] Eagle Creek, Geist, and Morse.[446]
Indianapolis has ten sister cities and one former sister city. The Indianapolis Sister Cities International program was founded to promote the international exchange of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and education in accordance with Sister Cities International.[451] Listed in the order each agreement was first established, they are:[452]
↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
↑ Official records for Indianapolis kept at downtown from February 1871 to December 1942, and at Indianapolis Int'l since January 1943. For more information, see Threadex
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References
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1 2 3 4 Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.1479–80.
↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN3-12-539683-2.
↑ James R. Jones III, PhD.; Amy L. Johnson (2016). "Early Peoples of Indiana"(PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
1 2 Davidson, Donald (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
↑ An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s when it referenced a tract of land under the control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See Hodgin, Cyrus (1903). "The Naming of Indiana"(pdf transcription). Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society. Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society. 1 (1): 3–11. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
↑ A plaque at the City-County Building commissioned by the Society of Indiana Pioneers in 1962 lists these as considered names: "In an act of January 6, 1821, the Indiana General Assembly, then meeting at Corydon, named the new capital of the state 'Indianapolis'. Jeremiah Sullivan, later an eminent Hoosier jurist, acting in cooperation with Samuel Merrill and the approval of Governor Jonathan Jennings, proposed Indianapolis as the name which was chosen in preference to Tecumseh, Suwarrow, and Concord."
↑ A. C. Howard (1857). A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence, and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day. Indianapolis: A. C. Howard. p.3. See also Hester Ann Hale (1987). Indianapolis, the First Century. Indianapolis: Marion County Historical Society. p.9.
↑ Brown, p. 1; Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 26; and Howard, p. 2.
↑ James H. Madison (2014). Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p.123. ISBN978-0-253-01308-8.
↑ Hyman, p. 10, and William A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 25 (3): 8–9. Accessed March 25, 2016.
↑ Brown, pp. 8, 46 and 49; Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 30; Esarey, v. 3, pp. 42–43 and 201–2; and Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.1479–80. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Holliday, p. 24; Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, v. I, p. 217; and Leary, pp. 94–98.
↑ John D. Barnhart (September 1961). "The Impact of the Civil War on Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 57 (3): 186. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
↑ Emma Lou Thornbrough (1995). Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880. History of Indiana. Vol.III. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p.124. ISBN0-87195-050-2.
↑ Leary, pp. 99, 113–14, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 441, 443.
↑ Thornbrough, p. 202; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1121; and Kenneth M. Stampp (1949). Indiana Politics During the Civil War. Indiana Historical Collections. Vol.31. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. pp.199–201. OCLC952264.
↑ Barnhart, pp. 212–13, and John Holliday (1911). Indianapolis and the Civil War. E. J. Hecker. pp.58–59.
↑ James Philip Fadely (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (1): 33–35. Accessed March 26, 2016.
↑ Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (2): 15.
↑ Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.581–582. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
1 2 Hale, Michelle (2021) [1994]. "Townships". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
1 2 Geib, W.J.; Schroeder, Frank C. (October 6, 1908). Soil Survey of Marion County, Indiana(PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. pp.5–6. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 8, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
↑ Mirsky, Arthur; Cox, Kristiana (2021) [1994]. "Geology". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
1 2 Strunk, Kevin; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]. "White River". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
↑ "Station: Indianapolis, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.132. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ William A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 25 (3): 8 and 9.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.243–244. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
1 2 Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.762–763. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
1 2 Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.648. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ City of New York Board of Estimate and Apportionment (1916). Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions: Final Report. New York: M. B. Brown Printing & Binding Co. p.62.
1 2 Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.28–37. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
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↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.243–244. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Donnelly, Cathleen; Verderame, Jyoti (2021) [1994]. "Center Township". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
1 2 Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.132–39. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
1 2 Hale, Michelle; Fischer, Jessica (2021) [1994]. "Parks and Greenspaces". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
↑ "2017 City park facts"(PDF). The Trust for Public Land. p.11. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.608. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.1008. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.867. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.868–869. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
↑ Divita, James; Costley, Tiffany (2021) [1994]. "SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
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