Isfahan

This article is about the city of Isfahan. For other uses, see Isfahan (disambiguation).

"Espahan" redirects here. For the village in Razavi Khorasan Province, see Espahan, Razavi Khorasan.

Isfahan اصفهان
City
Ancient names: Spahān, Aspadana
Persian  transcription(s)
Clockwise from top: Si-o-se-pol, The City of Isfahan, Khaju Bridge, Isfahan Aquarium, Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium, Flower Garden of Isfahan, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Chehel Sotoun, and The City of Isfahan.
Seal
Nickname(s):  Nesf-e Jahān (Half of the world)
Isfahan
Isfahan Isfahan in Iran
Coordinates: 32°38′41″N51°40′03″E / 32.64472°N 51.66750°E / 32.64472; 51.66750 Coordinates: 32°38′41″N51°40′03″E / 32.64472°N 51.66750°E / 32.64472; 51.66750
Country	Iran
Province	Isfahan
County	Isfahan
District	Central
Government
• Mayor	Ghodratollah Norouzi
•  City Council	Chairperson Fathollah Moein
Area [1]
• Urban	551 km2 (213 sq mi)
Elevation	1,574 m (5,217 ft)
Population (2016 Census)
•  Urban	1,961,260 [2]
•  Metro	3,989,070 [3]
• Population Rank in Iran	3rd
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT 21 March – 20 September)
Area code(s)	031
Climate	BWk
Website	www.isfahan.ir

Isfahan (historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan) (Persian : اصفهان‎, translit.  Esfahān [esfæˈhɒːn] ( listen )) is a city in Iran. It is located 406 kilometres (252 miles) south of Tehran, and is the capital of Isfahan Province.

Isfahan has a population of approximately 1.6 million, ^[4] making it the third largest city in Iran after Tehran and Mashhad, but was once one of the largest cities in the world.

Isfahan is an important city as it is located at the intersection of the two principal north–south and east–west routes that traverse Iran. Isfahan flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries under the Safavid dynasty when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history under Shah Abbas the Great. Even today the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Perso–Islamic architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings and artefacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian pun and proverb "Esfahān nesf-e- jahān ast": Isfahan is half (of) the world. ^[5]

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world. UNESCO has designated it a World Heritage Site.

History

See also: Timeline of Isfahan

Etymology

See also: Names of Isfahan  [ fa ]

"Isfahan" is derived from Middle Persian Spahān. Spahān is attested in various Middle Persian seals and inscriptions, including that of Zoroastrian Magi Kartir, ^[6] and is also the Armenian name of the city (Սպահան). The present-day name is the Arabicized form of Ispahan (unlike Middle Persian, and similar to Spanish, New Persian does not allow initial consonant clusters such as sp ^[7] ). The region appears with the abbreviation GD (Southern Media) on Sasanian numismatics. In Ptolemy's Geographia it appears as Aspadana, translating to "place of gathering for the army". It is believed that Spahān derives from spādānām "the armies", Old Persian plural of spāda (from which derives spāh 'army' and spahi (soldier – lit. of the army) in Middle Persian).

Prehistory

Human habitation of the Isfahan region can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. Recent discoveries archaeologists have found artifacts dating back to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron ages.

Zoroastrian era

What was to become the city of Isfahan in later historical periods probably emerged as a locality and settlement that gradually developed over the course of the Elamite civilisation (2700–1600 BCE).

Under Median rule, this commercial entrepôt began to show signs of a more sedentary urbanism, steadily growing into a noteworthy regional centre that benefited from the exceptionally fertile soil on the banks of the Zayandehrud River in a region called Aspandana or Ispandana.

An ancient artifact from Isfahan City Center museum

Once Cyrus the Great (reg. 559–529 BCE) had unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire (648–330 BCE), the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. It was Cyrus who, having just taken Babylon, made an edict in 538 BCE, declaring that the Jews in Babylon could return to Jerusalem (see Ezra ch. 1). Now it seems that some of these freed Jews settled in Isfahan instead of returning to their homeland. The 10th-century Persian historian Ibn al-Faqih wrote:

"When the Jews emigrated from Jerusalem, fleeing from Nebuchadnezzar, they carried with them a sample of the water and soil of Jerusalem. They did not settle down anywhere or in any city without examining the water and the soil of each place. They did all along until they reached the city of Isfahan. There they rested, examined the water and soil and found that both resembled Jerusalem. Thereupon they settled there, cultivated the soil, raised children and grandchildren, and today the name of this settlement is Yahudia." ^[8]

The Parthians in the period 250–226 BCE continued the tradition of tolerance after the fall of the Achaemenids, fostering the Hellenistic dimension within Iranian culture and the political organisation introduced by Alexander the Great's invading armies. Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered the provinces of the nation from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city.

Isfahan at the end of the 6th century (top), consisting of two separate areas of Sassanid Jay and Jewish Yahudia. At 11th century (bottom), these two areas are completely merged.

The next empire to rule Persia, the Sassanids (226–652 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reform and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. Both the city and region were then called by the name Aspahan or Spahan. The city was governed by a group called the Espoohrans, who came from seven noble and important Iranian royal families. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the Sasanian kings were fond of ambitious urban planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during the period, many Sassanid princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role developed rapidly. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. The words 'Aspahan' and 'Spahan' are derived from the Pahlavi or Middle Persian meaning 'the place of the army'. ^[9] Although many theories have been mentioned about the origin of Isfahan, in fact little is known of it before the rule of the Sasanian dynasty (c. 224 – c. 651 CE). The historical facts suggest that in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Queen Shushandukht, the Jewish consort of Yazdegerd I (reigned 399–420) settled a colony of Jews in Yahudiyyeh (also spelled Yahudiya), a settlement 3 km northwest of the Zoroastrian city of Gabae (its Achaemid and Parthian name; Gabai was its Sasanic name, which was shortened to Gay (Arabic 'Jay') that was located on the northern bank of the Zayanderud River. The gradual population decrease of Gay (Jay) and the simultaneous population increase of Yahudiyyeh and its suburbs after the Islamic conquest of Iran resulted in the formation of the nucleus of what was to become the city of Isfahan. The words "Aspadana", "Ispadana", "Spahan" and "Sepahan", all from which the word Isfahan is derived, referred to the region in which the city was located.

Isfahan and Gay were both circular in design, a characteristic of Parthian and Sasanian cities. ^[10]

Islamic era

Isfahan, capital of the Kingdom of Persia

Isfahan to the south side, drawing by Eugène Flandin

Russian army in Isfahan in the 1890s

Mobarakeh Steel Company, one of the largest steel companies in the region

When the Arabs captured Isfahan in 642, they made it the capital of al-Jibal ("the Mountains") province, an area that covered much of ancient Media. Isfahan grew prosperous under the Persian Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty, which rose to power and ruled much of Iran when the temporal authority of the Abbasid caliphs waned in the 10th century. The Turkish conqueror and founder of the Seljuq dynasty, Toghril Beg, made Isfahan the capital of his domains in the mid-11th century; but it was under his grandson Malik-Shah I (r. 1073–92) that the city grew in size and splendour. ^[11]

After the fall of the Seljuqs (c. 1200), Isfahan temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities such as Tabriz and Qazvin.

During his visit in 1327, Ibn Battuta noted that "The city of Isfahan is one of the largest and fairest of cities, but it is now in ruins for the greater part." ^[12] It regained its importance during the Safavid period (1501–1736). The city's golden age began in 1598 when the Safavid ruler Shah Abbas I (reigned 1588–1629) made it his capital and rebuilt it into one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the 17th century world. In 1598 Shah Abbas the Great moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central Isfahan; he name it Ispahān (New Persian) so that it wouldn't be threatened by the Ottomans. This new status ushered in a golden age for the city, with architecture and Persian culture flourishing. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of deportees and migrants from the Caucasus, that Abbas and other Safavid rulers had permitted to emigrate en masse, settled in the city. So now the city had enclaves of Georgian, Circassian, and Daghistani descent. ^[13] Engelbert Kaempfer, who dwelt in Safavid Persia in 1684–85, estimated their number at 20,000. ^{[13] [14]} During the Safavid era, the city contained a very large Armenian community as well. As part of Abbas's forced resettlement of peoples from within his empire, he resettled as many as 300,000 Armenians ^{[15] [16]} ) from near the unstable Safavid-Ottoman border, primarily from the very wealthy Armenian town of Jugha (also known as Old Julfa) in mainland Iran. ^[16] In Isfahan, he ordered the foundation of a new quarter for these resettled Armenians from Old Julfa, and thus the Armenian Quarter of Isfahan was named New Julfa. ^{[15] [16]} Today, the New Jolfa district of Isfahan remains a heavily Armenian-populated district, with Armenian churches and shops, the Vank Cathedral being especially notable for its combination of Armenian Christian and Iranian Islamic elements. It is still one of the oldest and largest Armenian quarters in the world. Following an agreement between Shah Abbas I and his Georgian subject Teimuraz I of Kakheti ("Tahmuras Khan"), whereby the latter submitted to Safavid rule in exchange for being allowed to rule as the region’s wāli (governor) and for having his son serve as dāruḡa ("prefect") of Isfahan in perpetuity, the Georgian prince converted to Islam and served as governor. ^[13] He was accompanied by a troop of soldiers, ^[13] some of whom were Georgian Orthodox Christians. ^[13] The royal court in Isfahan had a great number of Georgian ḡolāms (military slaves), as well as Georgian women. ^[13] Although they spoke both Persian and Turkic, their mother tongue was Georgian. ^[13] During Abbas's reign, Isfahan became very famous in Europe, and many European travellers made an account of their visit to the city, such as Jean Chardin. This prosperity lasted until it was sacked by Afghan invaders in 1722 during a marked decline in Safavid influence.

Thereafter, Isfahan experienced a decline in importance, culminating in a move of the capital to Mashhad and Shiraz during the Afsharid and Zand periods respectively, until it was finally moved to Tehran in 1775 by Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty. (See https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran)

In the early years of the 19th century, efforts were made to preserve some of Ifsahan's archeologically important buildings. The work was started by Mohammad Hossein Khan during the reign of Fath Ali Shah. ^[17]

Modern age

In the 20th century, Isfahan was resettled by a very large number of people from southern Iran, firstly during the population migrations at the start of the century, and again in the 1980s following the Iran–Iraq War.

Today, Isfahan produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, handicrafts, and traditional foods including sweets. There are nuclear experimental reactors as well as facilities for producing nuclear fuel (UCF) within the environs of the city. Isfahan has one of the largest steel-producing facilities in the region, as well as facilities for producing special alloys. Mobarakeh Steel Company is the biggest steel producer in the whole of the Middle East and Northern Africa, and it is the biggest DRI producer in the world. ^[18] The Isfahan Steel Company was the first manufacturer of constructional steel products in Iran, and it remains the largest such company today. ^[19]

The city has an international airport and a metro line.

There are a major oil refinery and a large airforce base outside the city. HESA, Iran's most advanced aircraft manufacturing plant, is located just outside the city. ^{[20] [21]} Isfahan is also attracting international investment, ^[22] especially in the Isfahan City Center ^[23] which is the largest shopping mall in Iran and the fifth largest in the world. ^[24]

Isfahan hosted the International Physics Olympiad in 2007.

Geography and climate

The city is located in the lush plain of the Zayanderud River at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The nearest mountain is Mount Soffeh (Kuh-e Soffeh), just south of the city. No geological obstacles exist within 90 kilometres (56 miles) north of Isfahan, allowing cool winds to blow from this direction. Situated at 1,590 metres (5,217 ft) above sea level on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has an arid climate (Köppen BWk). Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains hot during the summer, with maxima typically around 35 °C (95 °F). However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate is quite pleasant. During the winter, days are mild while nights can be very cold. Snow has occurred at least once every winter except 1986/1987 and 1989/1990. ^[25] The Zayande River starts in the Zagros Mountains, flowing from the west through the heart of the city, then dissipates in the Gavkhooni wetland.

Climate data for Isfahan (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.4 (68.7)	23.4 (74.1)	29.0 (84.2)	32.0 (89.6)	37.6 (99.7)	41.0 (105.8)	43.0 (109.4)	42.0 (107.6)	39.0 (102.2)	33.2 (91.8)	26.8 (80.2)	21.2 (70.2)	43.0 (109.4)
Average high °C (°F)	8.8 (47.8)	11.9 (53.4)	16.8 (62.2)	22.0 (71.6)	28.0 (82.4)	34.1 (93.4)	36.4 (97.5)	35.1 (95.2)	31.2 (88.2)	24.4 (75.9)	16.9 (62.4)	10.8 (51.4)	23.0 (73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.7 (36.9)	5.5 (41.9)	10.4 (50.7)	15.7 (60.3)	21.3 (70.3)	27.1 (80.8)	29.4 (84.9)	27.9 (82.2)	23.5 (74.3)	16.9 (62.4)	9.9 (49.8)	4.4 (39.9)	16.2 (61.2)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.4 (27.7)	−0.2 (31.6)	4.5 (40.1)	9.4 (48.9)	14.2 (57.6)	19.1 (66.4)	21.5 (70.7)	19.8 (67.6)	15.1 (59.2)	9.3 (48.7)	3.6 (38.5)	−0.9 (30.4)	9.4 (48.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−19.4 (−2.9)	−12.2 (10.0)	−8 (18)	−4 (25)	4.5 (40.1)	10.0 (50.0)	13.0 (55.4)	11.0 (51.8)	5.0 (41.0)	0.0 (32.0)	−8 (18)	−13 (9)	−19.4 (−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	17.1 (0.67)	14.1 (0.56)	18.2 (0.72)	19.2 (0.76)	8.8 (0.35)	0.6 (0.02)	0.7 (0.03)	0.2 (0.01)	0.0 (0.0)	4.1 (0.16)	9.9 (0.39)	19.6 (0.77)	112.5 (4.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	4.0	2.9	3.8	3.5	2.0	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.8	2.2	3.7	23.5
Average snowy days	3.2	1.7	0.7	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.9	7.8
Average relative humidity (%)	60	51	43	39	33	23	23	24	26	36	48	57	39
Mean monthly sunshine hours	205.3	213.3	242.1	244.5	301.3	345.4	347.6	331.2	311.6	276.5	226.1	207.6	3,252.5
Source #1: NOAA [26]
Source #2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records) [27] [28]

Air pollution

Air pollution is one of the major environmental issues in Isfahan. Due to an increase in the number of cars in the city, thermal power plants, petrochemical complexes and the oil refinery in the west of the city, air pollution levels have increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century. With the introduction of national environment levels for heavy industry, industrial pollution has been reduced in recent years. However, the air quality in the city is far below world norms. Indeed, Isfahan has the highest air pollution index of all the major cities in Iran. This is thought to be partly due to its climate and geography. ^[29]

Main places

See also: Tourism in Iran

See also: List of historical structures in Isfahan Province

A handicraft shop

A handicraft from Isfahan

Shah Mosque. Painting by the French architect, Pascal Coste, visiting Persia in 1841

.

Si-o-se Pol

Naghsh-e-Jahan Square, Isfahan, Iran

View of Ali Qapu Palace

A carpet shop in Grand Bazaar, Isfahan

Khaju Bridge

Detail of Khaju Bridge

Isfahan aquarium

Armenian Vank Cathedral

The city centre consists of an older section revolving around the Jameh Mosque, and the Safavid expansion around Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with nearby places of worship, palaces, and bazaars. ^[30]

Bazaars

• Shahi Bazaar – 17th century
• Qeysarie Bazaar – 17th century

Bridges

Persian pottery from the city Isfahan, 17th century

The bridges on the Zayanderud river comprise some of the finest architecture in Isfahan. The oldest bridge is the Shahrestan bridge, whose foundations were built by the Sasanian Empire (3rd–7th century Sassanid era); it was repaired during the Seljuk period. Further upstream is the Khaju bridge, which was built by Shah Abbas II in 1650. It is 123 metres (404 feet) long with 24 arches, and also serves as a sluice gate.

Another bridge is the Choobi (Joui) bridge, which was originally an aqueduct to supply the palace gardens on the north bank of the river. Further upstream again is the Si-o-Seh Pol or bridge of 33 arches. Built during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, it linked Isfahan with the Armenian suburb of New Julfa. It is by far the longest bridge in Isfahan at 295 m (967.85 ft).

Another notable bridge is the Marnan Bridge.

Churches and cathedrals

• Bedkhem Church – 1627
• St. Georg Church – 17th century
• St. Jakob Church – 1607
• St. Mary Church – 17th century
• Vank Cathedral – 1664

Emamzadehs

• Emamzadeh Ahmad
• Emamzadeh Esmaeil, Isfahan
• Emamzadeh Haroun-e-Velayat – 16th century
• Emamzadeh Jafar
• Emamzadeh Shah Zeyd

Gardens and parks

• Birds Garden
• Flower Garden
• Nazhvan Recreational Complex

Houses

• Alam's House
• Amin's House
• Malek Vineyard
• Qazvinis' House – 19th century
• Sheykh ol-Eslam's House

Mausoleums and tombs

• Al-Rashid Mausoleum – 12th century
• Baba Ghassem Mausoleum – 14th century
• Mausoleum of Safavid Princes
• Nizam al-Mulk Tomb – 11th century
• Saeb Mausoleum
• Shahshahan mausoleum – 15th century
• Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum – 14th century

Minarets

• Ali minaret – 11th century
• Bagh-e-Ghoushkhane minaret – 14th century
• Chehel Dokhtaran minaret – 12 century
• Dardasht minarets – 14th century
• Darozziafe minarets – 14th century
• Menar Jonban – 14th century
• Sarban minaret

Mosques

• Agha Nour mosque – 16th century
• Hakim Mosque
• Ilchi mosque
• Jameh Mosque ^[31]
• Jarchi mosque – 1610
• Lonban mosque
• Maghsoudbeyk mosque – 1601
• Mohammad Jafar Abadei mosque – 1878
• Rahim Khan mosque – 19th century
• Roknolmolk mosque
• Seyyed mosque – 19th century
• Shah Mosque – 1629
• Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque – 1618

Museums

• Contemporary Arts Museum Isfahan
• Isfahan City Center Museum
• Museum of Decorative Arts
• Natural History Museum of Isfahan – 15th century

Schools (madresse)

• Chahar Bagh School – early 17th century
• Harati
• Kassegaran school – 1694
• Madreseye Khajoo
• Nimavar school – 1691
• Sadr school – 19th century

Palaces and caravanserais

• Ali Qapu (The Royal Palace) – early 17th century
• Chehel Sotoun (The Palace of Forty Columns) – 1647
• Hasht-Behesht (The Palace of Eight Paradises) – 1669
• Shah Caravanserai
• Talar Ashraf (The Palace of Ashraf) – 1650

Squares and streets

A view of Meydan Kohne

• Chaharbagh Boulevard – 1596
• Chaharbagh-e-khajou Boulevard
• Meydan Kohne (Old Square)
• Naqsh-e Jahan Square also known as "Shah Square" or "Imam Square" – 1602

Synagogues

• Kenisa-ye Bozorg (Mirakhor's kenisa)
• Kenisa-ye Molla Rabbi
• Kenisa-ye Sang-bast
• Mullah Jacob Synagogue
• Mullah Neissan Synagogue
• Kenisa-ye Keter David

Tourist attractions

The central historical area in Isfahan is called Seeosepol (the name of a famous bridge). ^{[32] [33]}

Other sites

• Atashgah – a Zoroastrian fire temple
• The Bathhouse of Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
• Isfahan City Center
• Jarchi hammam
• New Julfa (The Armenian Quarter) – 1606
• Pigeon Towers ^[34] – 17th century
• Takht-e Foulad

Education

Central Municipal Library of Esfahan

Front Facade of the Central Municipal Library of Esfahan

Aside from the seminaries and religious schools, the major universities of the Esfahan metropolitan area are:

• Universities
  • Isfahan University of Art
  • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
  • Isfahan University of Technology
  • Islamic Azad University of Isfahan
  • Islamic Azad University of Najafabad
  • Islamic Azad University of Falavarjan
  • Islamic Azad University of Majlesi
  • University of Isfahan
• High schools
  • Adab High School
  • Farzanegan e Amin High School
  • Harati High School
  • Imam Mohammad Bagher Education Complex
  • Imam Sadegh Education Complex
  • Mahboobeh Danesh (Navaie)
  • Pooya High School
  • Saadi High School
  • Sa'eb Education Complex
  • Salamat High School
  • Saremiyh High School
  • Shahid Ejei High School
  • Saeb High School

There are also more than 50 technical and vocational training centres in the province under the administration of Esfahan TVTO, which provide free, non-formal training programs. ^[35]

Transportation

See also: Transport in Iran

Old building of Isfahan city hall

Roads

Over the past decade, Isfahan's internal highway network has been undergoing major expansion. Much care has been taken to prevent damage to valuable, historical buildings. Modern freeways connect the city to the country's major cities, including the capital Tehran (length approximately 400 km) to the north and Shiraz (200 km) to the south. Highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area. ^[36]

Metro

A line of metro that runs for 11 km from north to south opened on October 15, 2015. Two more lines are in construction, alongside with three suburban rail lines. ^[37]

Culture

An old master of hand-printed carpets in Isfahan bazaar

The Damask rose 'Ispahan', reputedly developed in Ispahan

Notable people

Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh

Houshang Golshiri

Mohammad Beheshti

Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi

Mohammad Ali Foroughi

Mohammad Javad Zarif

Mahmoud Farshchian

Mohammad Esfahani

Music

• Jalal Taj Esfahani (1903–1981), musician, singer and vocalist ^[38]
• Mohammad Esfahani (1966–), singer and songwriter ^[39]
• Alireza Eftekhari (1956–), singer ^[40]
• Fard
• Leila Forouhar (1959–), pop singer ^[41]
• Hassan Kassai (1928–2012), musician ^[42]
• Nasrollah Moein (1951–), pop singer ^[43]
• Hesameddin Seraj, musician, singer and vocalist ^[44]
• Hassan Shamaizadeh, songwriter and singer ^[45]
• Jalil Shahnaz (1921–2013), tar soloist, a traditional Persian instrument ^[46]

Film

• Rasul Sadr Ameli (1953–), director
• Reza Arhamsadr (1924–2008), actor
• Sara Bahrami (1983–), actor ^[47]
• Homayoun Ershadi (1947–), Hollywood actor and architect
• Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari (1956–2001), former princess of Iran and actress
• Asghar Farhadi (1972–), Oscar-winning director ^[48]
• Bahman Farmanara (1942–), director
• Jahangir Forouhar (1916–1997), actor and father of Leila Forouhar (Iranian singer)
• Mohamad Ali Keshvarz (1930–), actor ^[49]
• Mahdi Pakdel (1980–), actor ^[50]
• Kiumars Poorahmad (1949–), director ^[51]
• Soroush Sehhat (1965–), actor and director ^[52]
• Nosratollah Vahdat (1925–), actor ^[53]

Craftsmen and painters

• Reza Badrossama (1949–), painter and miniaturist ^[54]
• Mahmoud Dehnavi (1927–), craftsman and artist ^[55]
• Mahmoud Farshchian (1930–), painter and miniaturist ^[56]
• Freydoon Rassouli (1943–), American painter born and raised in Isfahan ^[57]
• Bogdan Saltanov (1630s–1703), Russian icon painter of Isfahanian Armenian origin

Political figures

• Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi (1906–1965), military leader and cabinet minister
• Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of the Council of Revolution of Iran ^[58]
• Nusrat Bhutto, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party from 1979–1983; wife of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; mother of Benazir Bhutto
• Hossein Fatemi, PhD (1919–1954), politician; foreign minister in Mohamed Mossadegh's cabinet
• Mohammad-Ali Foroughi (1875–1942), a politician and Prime Minister of Iran in the World War II era ^[59]
• Dariush Forouhar (August 1928 – November 1998), a founder and leader of the Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party)
• Hossein Kharrazi, chief of the army in the Iran–Iraq War ^[60]
• Mohsen Nourbakhsh (1948–2003), economist, Governor of the Central Bank of Iran
• Mohammad Javad Zarif (1960–), Minister of Foreign Affairs and former Ambassador of Iran to the United Nations ^[61]

Religious figures

• Lady Amin (Banou Amin) (1886–1983), Iran's most outstanding female jurisprudent, theologian and great Muslim mystic (‘arif), a Lady Mujtahideh
• Amina Begum Bint al-Majlisi was a female Safavid mujtahideh
• Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of the Council of Revolution of Iran ^[58]
• Abū Shujāʿ al-Iṣfahānī (5th c.) jurist and judge
• Allamah al-Majlisi (1616–1698), Safavid cleric, Sheikh ul-Islam in Isfahan
• Salman the Persian
• Muhammad Ibn Manda (d. 1005 / AH 395), Sunni Hanbali scholar of hadith and historian
• Abu Nu'aym Al-Ahbahani Al-Shafi'i (d. 1038 / AH 430), Sunni Shafi'i Scholar

Sportspeople

• Abdolali Changiz, football star of Esteghlal FC in the 1970s
• Mansour Ebrahimzadeh, former player for Sepahan FC, former head coach of Zobahan
• Ghasem Haddadifar, captain of Zobahan FC
• Ehsan Hajsafi, player for the Sepahan and Olympiacos FC
• Arsalan Kazemi, forward for the Oregon Ducks men's basketball team and the Iran national basketball team
• Rasoul Korbekandi, goalkeeper of the Iranian National Team
• Moharram Navidkia, captain of Sepahan FC
• Mohsen Sadeghzadeh, former captain of Iran national basketball team and Zobahan
• Mohammad Talaei, world champion wrestler
• Mahmoud Yavari (1939-), football player, coach of Iranian National Team
• Sohrab Moradi (1988-), Olympic weightlifting gold medalist, world record holder of 105 kg category

Writers and poets

• Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani (1892–1997), author
• Hatef Esfehani, Persian Moral poet in the Afsharid Era
• Zhaleh Esfahani (1921–2007), poet and writer ^[62]
• Kamal ed-Din Esmail (late 12th century - early 13th century)
• Houshang Golshiri (1938–2000), writer and editor
• Hamid Mosadegh (1939–1998), poet and lawyer
• Mirza Abbas Khan Sheida (1880–1949), poet and publisher
• Saib Tabrizi
• Afshin Yadollahi (1969–2017), poet and writer ^[63]

Others

• Abd-ol-Ghaffar Amilakhori, 17th-century noble
• Adib Boroumand (1924-), poet, politician, lawyer, and leader of the National Front
• George Bournoutian, professor, historian and author
• Jesse of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1614 to 1615
• Simon II of Kartli, king of Kartli in eastern Georgia from 1619 to 1630/1631
• David II of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1709 to 1722
• Constantine II of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1722 to 1732
• Nasser David Khalili (1945–), property developer, art collector, and philanthropist
• Arthur Pope (1881–1969), American archaeologist, buried near Khaju Bridge

Sports

Zob Ahan and Sepahan are the only Iranian clubs to reach the final of the new AFC Champions League.

Isfahan has three association football clubs that play professionally. These are:

• Sepahan Isfahan FC
• Zob Ahan Isfahan FC
• Giti Pasand

Sepahan has won the most league titles among the Iranian clubs (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15). ^[64]

Giti Pasand also has a futsal team, Giti Pasand FSC, one of the best teams in Asia. They won the AFC Futsal Club Championship in 2012 and were runners-up in 2013.

Municipal government

Main article: Municipality of Isfahan

Twin towns – sister cities

Esfahan Street in Kuala Lumpur, and Kualalampur Avenue in Isfahan

Isfahan is twinned with:

Country		City	State / province / region / governorate	Since
	China	Xi'an	Shaanxi Province	1989 [65]
	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Kuala Lumpur	1997 [65]
	Germany	Freiburg	Baden-Württemberg State	2000 [65]
	Italy	Florence	Florence Province	1998 [65]
	Romania	Iași	Iași County	1999 [65]
	Spain	Barcelona	Barcelona Province	2000 [65]
	Armenia	Yerevan	Yerevan	2000 [65]
	Kuwait	Kuwait City	Al Asimah Governorate	2000 [65]
	Cuba	Havana	La Habana Province	2001 [65]
	Pakistan	Lahore	Punjab Province	2004 [65]
	Russia	Saint Petersburg	Northwestern Federal District	2004 [65]
	Senegal	Dakar	Dakar Region	2009 [65]
	Lebanon	Baalbek	Baalbek-Hermel Governorate	2010 [65]
	South Korea	Gyeongju	North Gyeongsang Province	2017 [66]

See also

• Iran portal

• List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province
• Islamic City Council of Isfahan
• 15861 Ispahan
• New Julfa
• Prix d'Ispahan

References

Notes

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10. Salma, K. Jayyusi; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; André, Raymond (2008). The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. p. 174. ISBN   9789004162402.
11. "Britannica.com".
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14. Matthee 2012, p. 67.
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http://www.hourgasht.ir/city/turisminfo/20053

• Dehghan, Maziar (2014). Management in IRAN. ISBN   978-600-04-1573-0.

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the history of Isfahan

• Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN   978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
• Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN   978-1845117450.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isfahan .

Isfahan travel guide from Wikivoyage

• Isfahan official website
• Isfahan Metro
• 360-degree panorama gallery of Isfahan
• Isfahan Geometry on a Human Scale - a documentary film directed by Manouchehr Tayyab (30 min)
• Well illustrated guide to Isfahan

Preceded by Rey	Capital of Seljuq Empire (Persia) 1051–1118	Succeeded by Hamadan (Western capital) Merv (Eastern capital)
Preceded by Qazvin	Capital of Iran (Persia) 1598–1736	Succeeded by Mashhad
Preceded by Qazvin	Capital of Safavid dynasty 1598–1722	Succeeded by -