Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus

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Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus
Part of 2024 Iran–Israel conflict, Israel–Hamas war, Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war, Israel–Hezbollah conflict and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2024 Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus.jpg
Burning rubble of the Iranian consular building after the airstrike, with the Iranian embassy building standing on its left
Location
Mezzeh, Damascus, Syria

33°30′14.0″N36°15′37.6″E / 33.503889°N 36.260444°E / 33.503889; 36.260444
TargetIran's Damascus consulate building
Date1 April 2024 (2024-04-01)
c. 17:00 [1] (UTC+3)
Executed byFlag of Israel.svg  Israel [2] [lower-alpha 1]
OutcomeBuilding destroyed, targeted people and civilians killed
Casualties16 killed [3] [4]
  • 7 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps soldiers
  • 5 Iran-backed militiamen
  • 1 Hezbollah fighter
  • 1 Iranian advisor
  • 2 civilians
Syria adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of the consulate in Syria
Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus
Location of consular building of Iranian embassy in Damascus

On 1 April 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria, destroying the building housing its consular section. [5] [1] [6] Sixteen people were killed in the strike, including eight officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and two Syrian civilians. [3] [4] The airstrike took place during a period of heightened tension between Israel and Iran, and amidst the Israel–Hamas war and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict.

Contents

Numerous countries and international organizations condemned the attack. On 13 April 2024, Iran retaliated against the attack with missile and drone strikes in Israel, [7] [8] [9] [10] stating that it was primarily targeting the military bases from which Israel had launched the attack. [11] [12]

Background

Since 2013 Iran has maintained a presence of its troops in Syria in response to the Syrian civil war, as Syria is a crucial ally of Iran. Additionally, it has been involved in training and funding paramilitary forces from Hezbollah, along with foreign militias from Iraq and Afghanistan, not only in Syria but also in neighboring Lebanon. [13] Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Israel has conducted hundreds of airstrikes targeting Hezbollah assets within the country. [14]

With the onset of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, Israel has increased the intensity of its attacks on Syria. [15] From 12 to 22 October 2023, Israel launched at least three attacks on airports in Syria, particularly on Damascus and Aleppo. [16] [17] Notably, Israel carried out the assassination of Razi Mousavi, a senior Iranian general, in the Syrian capital of Damascus on 25 December 2023, and Brigadier General Sadegh Omidzadeh, an intelligence officer with the IRGC Quds Force, on 20 January 2024. [18] [19] [20]

Attack

According to Iranian, Syrian, and regional officials, on 1 April 2024, Iranian military commanders convened a "top-level meeting" inside Iran's embassy complex in Damascus in the belief that they were protected by "international norms shielding diplomatic missions". An Iranian source said that these commanders, which included General Mohammad Reza Zahedi who, according to Iranian officials, was in charge of Iran's covert operation in Syria and Lebanon, were in Damascus to discuss "operational logistics and coordination". [21] According to Iranian officials, they were meeting with members from Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a militant group active in the Gaza Strip. [22]

That day, the Iranian consulate annex building in the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike. Iranian ambassador Hossein Akbari alleged that the consulate building "was targeted with six missiles from Israeli F-35 warplanes". [23] The Guardian stated that Israeli warplanes were responsible for the attack. [24] The New York Times (NYT) stated that four Israeli officials anonymously confirmed Israeli responsibility for the attack. [25] Various other media outlets did not definitively attribute the attack to Israel, and the Israeli government refused to comment on the matter. [26] [27] [28] [29]

The suspected primary target of the attack was the Quds Force commander of the IRGC, Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, who was killed in the attack. According to The Guardian, Zahedi was a critical figure in the relationship between Iran and Hezbollah. [30] [31] NYT reported that an anonymous source from the Revolutionary Guards said that the strike targeted a meeting between Iranian intelligence officials and Palestinian militants, including leaders of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, who were discussing the war in Gaza. [32]

Footage and photos from the consulate area after the attack showed extensive damage, fire, and smoke. [23] Iranian media reported that the building had been completely destroyed and that the ambassador and his family, who were housed in the embassy next door, were unharmed. [33]

The unused Canadian embassy building on the other side of the consular building was also damaged in the attack, with at least some of its windows destroyed. It has been closed since 2012 because of the Syrian civil war, but it is still owned by the Canadian government. [34]

Casualties

Sixteen were killed in total, including seven Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) soldiers, five Iran-backed militiamen, one Hezbollah fighter, one Iranian advisor, and two civilians. [3] [4]

In addition to Zahedi, casualties included Zahedi's deputy Brigadier General Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi and five Iranian officials: Hossein Aman Elahi, Sayid Mehdi Jalalati, Ali Agha Babaei, Sayid Ali Salehi Roozbahani, and Mohsen Sedaghat. [30] Zahedi was the most senior IRGC officer to be killed since the assassination of Qasem Soleimani by the U.S. in January 2020. [35] According to Bloomberg the IRGC command wing in Syria was eliminated in the strike. [36]

Analysis

Journalists Peter Beaumont and Emma Graham-Harrison of The Guardian wrote that the Israeli strike was a miscalculation that had "bulldozed through every red line to attack a location that Tehran maintains was tantamount to attacking Iranian soil." [37]

Sanam Vakil, the director of the Middle East and North Africa programme at the Chatham House think tank, stated that the Damascus attack and the "breach" of the Vienna convention was "the straw that broke the camel's back." [37]

Legality

Diplomatic premises, like homes and schools, are considered "civilian objects" under international law.

Diplomatic buildings are entitled to further protections from attack or other interference by the host country under international customary law, codified in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the 1963 Convention on Consular Relations. [38] However, the responsibilities under the Convention only apply to the host country, in this case Syria, with the Convention saying nothing about attacks by third states in foreign countries. [39] [32]

A UN-commissioned panel of experts on international law consisting of Ben Saul, Morris Tidball-Binz, Javaid Rehman, Livingstone Sewanyana, and Cecilia M. Bailliet wrote that Israel had provided no legal justification for the attack, and had failed to report it to the United Nations Security Council. Therefore, in their view, it violated Article 2(4) banning recourse to force against another state. They also issued a warning that the Israeli officials involved in the strike might have committed crimes. [40] The subsequent Iranian retaliation was also, in their view, prohibited under international law, since self-defense is only justified to deter continuing armed attacks, and the strike on the Iranian Embassy had ended 12 days earlier. [41]

Aurel Sari, a professor of international law at Exeter University, argued that as a third state, Israel "is not bound by the law of diplomatic relations with regard to Iran's Embassy in Syria," [32] however "unless Israel was able to justify the airstrike as an act of self-defense" it would be in violation of Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. Whether self-defense can justify an attack on the territory of a third country is a subject of academic debate. [32]

Reactions

International

.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Countries that condemned the attack on the Iranian consulate. Countries that expressed concern. Countries that condemned Iran and Syria for the escalation. Countries that called for more investigation. Condemnation of the attack on Iranian consulate.svg
  Countries that condemned the attack on the Iranian consulate.
  Countries that expressed concern.
  Countries that condemned Iran and Syria for the escalation.
  Countries that called for more investigation.

Official entities from many countries condemned the attack and considered it a violation of the international laws, including the Prime Minister of Iraq, [43] the Prime Minister of Spain, [44] the President of Nicaragua, [45] and the foreign ministries of Afghanistan, [46] Algeria, [47] Armenia, [48] Brazil, [49] Belarus, [50] China, [51] Cuba, [52] Egypt, [53] Indonesia, [54] Jordan,[ citation needed ] Italy, [55] Kazakhstan, [56] Kuwait, [57] Lebanon, [58] Libya, [59] Malaysia, [54] Maldives, [60] Mauritania, [61] Norway, [62] [63] Oman, [64] Pakistan, [65] Qatar, [66] Russia [67] (which called it a "political killing" [68] ), Saudi Arabia, [69] South Africa, [70] Sierra Leone, [42] Tajikistan, [71] Tunisia, [72] [73] Turkey, [74] United Arab Emirates, [75] Uzbekistan, [76] Venezuela, [77] Vietnam, [78] as well as the Spokesperson for Yemen's Ansar Allah.[ citation needed ] The Foreign Ministry of Kyrgyzstan expressed concern. [79]

The spokesperson for the UN Secretary-General condemned the attack. [80]

Russia requested the UN Security Council to discuss the strike. [81] A statement condemning the attack was drafted by Russia to be issued by the Security Council, but the Western member states opposed the issuance of any statement. [82] [83] [84] [85] During the briefing in the United Nations Security Council, the representatives of many countries (such as Ecuador, Guyana, Slovenia, South Korea, and Switzerland) noted that any attack on diplomatic and consular premises violates the Charter of the United Nations as well as the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. They also expressed concern that the incident could further escalate the regional conflict. The representative of Japan only expressed concern, and the representative of the United Kingdom noted the importance of "respect ... for diplomatic premises", but also criticized Iran. [42] The spokesman of the United States National Security Council only stated that the US was not involved and had no prior knowledge of the attack. [86] Israel had notified the US in advance that it would be operating in Syria, but did not identify the target. [87] The Representative of Russia criticized the statements made by the US and others including France, considering them to be double standard. [42]

United States officials said Israel had notified the US in advance that it would be operating in Syria, but did not identify the target. A Pentagon spokesperson said Israel had provided no advance warning of the strike. [87]

The Arab League, [88] the European Union, [89] [90] [91] the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), [92] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), [93] as well as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) [94] also condemned the attack.

Israel

The Israeli military spokesman claimed that the building is neither a consulate nor an embassy, but a military building of Quds forces "disguised as a civilian structure in Damascus". [95] Israel told the U.S. that if a retaliatory attack by Iran would prompt a robust response from Israel. [96] [97]

Seven Israeli embassies were evacuated in response to the potential threat of an Iranian retaliatory attack, after Iran publicly blamed Israel and vowed retaliation. [98] The IDF deployed GPS jamming systems within Tel Aviv to safeguard against potential aerial attacks by Iran. [99] Initial U.S. intelligence anticipated a significant attack on U.S. or Israeli assets as soon as the week of 8–12 April. [100]

Iran

Ali Khamenei leading the funeral for the IRGC soldiers on 4 April 39726 Khamenei prayer dead.jpg
Ali Khamenei leading the funeral for the IRGC soldiers on 4 April

In several cities across Iran, including the capital, Tehran, as well as Tabriz and Isfahan, large crowds of protesters gathered waving Palestinian and Iranian flags and demanding revenge. [101] [102] The Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei vowed a harsh response to the attack. Khamenei's political advisor Ali Shamkhani, said that the United States remains directly responsible. [103] Iran also sent a letter to the United Nations Security Council, saying it "reserves its legitimate and inherent right to respond decisively". [104] Syria's Foreign Minister condemned the attack, calling it a terrorist attack. [105]

On 5 April 2024, Iran told the United States to "step aside" as it prepared for retaliation against Israel. [106] On 13 April 2024, the IRGC Navy boarded the Portuguese container ship MSC Aries in the Strait of Hormuz via helicopter. It was redirected to Iranian territory. The MSC Aries is partially owned by Israeli businessman Eyal Ofer and operated by his company, Zodiac Maritime. [107]

Later, on 13 April 2024, the Iranian military launched an air attack, firing more than 300 standoff weapons at Israel, including at least 170 aerial drones, 30 cruise missiles, and 120 ballistic missiles. The attack, which constituted the largest single drone attack in history, was described as a success by Iran [108] and as a failure by Israel, the latter saying that its air defenses, buttressed by those of allies, destroyed almost all the incoming weapons before they could reach their targets.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Israel has not officially claimed responsibility for the attack.

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References

  1. 1 2 Bowen, Jeremy; Gritten, David (1 April 2024). "Israel accused of deadly strike on Iranian consulate in Syria". BBC News . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  2. ↑ George, Susannah (1 April 2024). "Israeli strike on Iranian Consulate in Damascus kills key commander, Iran says". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 "Death toll update | 14 people killed in Israel attack on building of the Iranian embassy in Damascus". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Woman and her son among 16 people killed in Israeli raid on building attached to Iranian embassy". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights . 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  5. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Fassihi, Farnaz; Schmitt, Eric; Entous, Adam; Pérez-Peña, Richard (17 April 2024). "Miscalculation Led to Escalation in Clash Between Israel and Iran". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  6. ↑ "Iran vows response after strike it blames on Israel demolishes consulate in Syria". ABC News. 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "Iran launches air attack on Israel, with drones 'hours' away". Al Jazeera . 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "Israel braces as Iran launches wave of retaliatory strikes". CNN . 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  9. ↑ Tanyos, Faris; Tabachnick, Cara (13 April 2024). "Iran launches drones toward Israel in retaliatory attack after consulate strike in Syria – CBS News". CBS News . Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  10. ↑ Boxerman, Aaron; Bergman, Ronen; Fassihi, Farnaz; Schmitt, Eric (13 April 2024). "Live Updates: Israel Reports Light Damage After Iran Launches Large Strike". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  11. ↑ "سرلشکر باقری: عملیات «وعده صادق» با موفقیت کامل انجام شد – تسنیم". خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  12. ↑ "فیلمهای اصابت موشک‌ها و پهپادهای ایران به سرزمین‌های اشغالی – تسنیم". خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "Exclusive: Iran's Guards pull officers from Syria after Israeli strikes". Reuters. 1 February 2024. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  14. ↑ "Israel says it launched 200 strikes in Syria since 2017". Al Jazeera. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  15. ↑ "Israel shifts to deadlier strikes on Iran-linked targets in Syria". Reuters. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  16. ↑ "Syria says Israeli missiles hit Damascus, Aleppo airports". Reuters . 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  17. ↑ "Israeli attack on Syrian Aleppo airport puts it out of service". Reuters . 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  18. ↑ "Israeli airstrike in Syria kills senior Iranian Revolutionary Guards member". Reuters. 26 December 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  19. ↑ "At least 4 killed in Israel strike on Damascus, Syrian media". Ynetnews. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "Iranian general killed in Syria, says IRGC's source". Trend.Az. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  21. ↑ "Iran embassy strike shows Israel's growing reach as Mideast boils". Reuters. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  22. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz; Bergman, Ronen; Schmitt, Eric (9 April 2024). "Iran Smuggles Arms to West Bank, Officials Say, to Foment Unrest With Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  23. 1 2 Alam, Hande Atay; Pourahmadi, Adam; John, Tara; Kent, Lauren (1 April 2024). "Iran accuses Israel of killing Iranian military commander and others in airstrike on consulate in Syria". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  24. ↑ Patrick Wintour (1 April 2024). "Iran vows revenge after two generals killed in Israeli strike on Syria consulate". TheGuardian.com . ISSN   1756-3224. Wikidata   Q125471957. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024.
  25. ↑ Farnaz Fassihi; Ronen Bergman; Aaron Boxerman; Hiba Yazbek; Michael Levenson (1 April 2024). "3 Top Iranian Commanders Are Reported Killed in Israeli Strike in Syria". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Wikidata   Q125472080. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024.
  26. ↑ Regan, Helen; Alkhshali, Hamdi; Qiblawi, Tamara (2 April 2024). "Iran vows revenge as it accuses Israel of deadly airstrike on Syria consulate in deepening Middle East crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  27. ↑ "Iran accuses Israel of killing generals in Syria strike". 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  28. ↑ Hidler, James; Arraf, Jane (1 April 2024). "Iranian officials accuse Israel of a deadly attack on Iran's consulate in Syria". NPR . Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  29. ↑ "Iranian embassy attack has Israel, Middle East on edge – DW – 04/12/2024". dw.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  30. 1 2 Chao-Fong, Léonie (1 April 2024). "Middle East crisis live: Iran says it holds Israel responsible for Damascus consulate attack and will 'reciprocate when we want'". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  31. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (1 April 2024). "Iran vows revenge after two generals killed in Israeli strike on Syria consulate". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Taub, Amanda (2 April 2024). "Israel bombed an Iranian Embassy complex. Is that allowed?" . The New York Times. Partially reported by Farnaz Fassihi. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  33. ↑ "6 killed as Israel strikes Iran embassy annex in Damascus: monitor". France 24. 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  34. ↑ Dyer, Evan (9 April 2024). "Canadian embassy in Syria damaged in Israeli strike on Iranian embassy next door". CBC News . Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  35. ↑ "Top Iranian general killed by Israeli airstrike: sources". Axios. 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  36. ↑ "Entire IRGC command wing in Syria was eliminated in strike, Bloomberg reveals". The Jerusalem Post. 20 April 2024. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  37. 1 2 Beaumont, Peter; Graham-Harrison, Emma (14 April 2024). "Why Israel's Attack on Iranian Consulate in Syria Was a Gamechanger". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  38. ↑ Article 22 of the Convention on Diplomatic Relations states:'“The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission. The receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity.”Those protections remain in force even if the embassy is used for criminal or military purposes. The receiving state can break off diplomatic relations, or revoke the diplomatic immunity of specific individuals and eject them from the country, but it must still “respect and protect” the embassy buildings and their contents even after the mission has closed. Israel bombed an Iranian Embassy complex. Is that allowed? Archived 2 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine New York Times2 April 2024
  39. ↑ "Why are embassies supposed to be inviolable?". The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  40. ↑ 'The experts warned that Israeli military personnel and civilian officials responsible for the attack may also have committed crimes under an international counter-terrorism treaty of 1971, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons. “It is an offence to violently attack the official premises or private accommodation of a diplomat where it is likely to endanger them. Iran, Israel and Syria are all parties to the treaty and all have criminal jurisdiction over such offences,” they recalled.'
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