The Marquess of Salisbury | |
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Leader of the House of Lords | |
In office 27 April 1925 –4 June 1929 | |
Monarch | George V |
Prime Minister | Stanley Baldwin |
Preceded by | The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston |
Succeeded by | The Lord Parmoor |
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | |
In office 22 August 1903 –4 April 1947 Hereditary peerage | |
Preceded by | The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury |
Succeeded by | The 5th Marquess of Salisbury |
Member of Parliament for Rochester | |
In office 8 February 1893 –22 August 1903 | |
Preceded by | Horatio Davies |
Succeeded by | Charles Tuff |
Member of Parliament for Darwen | |
In office 18 December 1885 –26 July 1892 | |
Preceded by | Constituency created |
Succeeded by | Sir Charles Huntington |
Personal details | |
Born | London,United Kingdom | 23 October 1861
Died | 4 April 1947 85) London,United Kingdom | (aged
Political party | Conservative |
Spouse(s) | Lady Cicely Gore (1867–1955) |
Children | |
Parents | |
Alma mater | University College, Oxford |
James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, (23 October 1861 – 4 April 1947), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1868 to 1903, was a British politician.
Born in London, Salisbury was the eldest son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, [1] who served as British Prime Minister, by his wife Georgina ( née Alderson). The Right Reverend Lord William Cecil, Lord Cecil of Chelwood and Lord Quickswood were his younger brothers, and Prime Minister Arthur Balfour his first cousin. [2] He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1885.
As a teenager he accompanied his father to the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference and a year later to the Congress of Berlin. [3]
Lord Cranborne sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Darwen, then called North-East Lancashire, from 1885 to 1892. [3] He lost his seat at the general election of the latter year. He was elected for Rochester at a by-election in 1893, continuing as MP there until 1903, [3] when he succeeded his father and was elevated to the House of Lords. [2]
On 29 October 1892, Lord Cranborne was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, (formerly the Hertfordshire Militia) of which his father was Honorary Colonel [4] and was in command when the battalion saw active service in South Africa from March to November 1900, during the Second Boer War. The battalion, numbering 24 officers and 483 men, left Queenstown on 27 February in the transport Goorkha, with Lord Cranborne as the senior officer in command, [5] arriving in Cape Town the following month. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) for his service during the war. In July 1902 he received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Hertford in recognition of his service during the war. [6] [7] He was still in command of the battalion on the outbreak of World War I. [4] He was also Colonel of the wartime Hertfordshire Volunteer Regiment and Hon Col of the 4th Battalion, Essex Regiment, of the Territorial Force. [2] [4] Lord Salisbury was ADC to Edward VII, and George V until 1929. [2]
He served under his father and then his cousin Arthur Balfour as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1900 [3] to 1903, under Balfour as Lord Privy Seal from 1903 to 1905, and as Lord President of the Board of Trade in 1905. [8] [9] In 1903 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In December 1908, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Hertfordshire. [10] From 1906, following his uncle, he served as Chairman of the Canterbury House of Laymen. [2]
Salisbury played a leading role in opposing David Lloyd George's People's Budget and the Parliament Bill of 1911. He commanded the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division in the UK from September 1915 to December 1916. [11] He continued as a committed and eager member of the Territorial Army: he was Honorary Colonel of 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and of 48th (South Midland) Divisional Engineers. [2] [4]
In 1917 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He returned to the government in the 1920s and served under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1922 to 1923, as Lord President of the Council from 1922 to 1924, as Lord Privy Seal from 1924 to 1929 and as Leader of the House of Lords from 1925 to 1929 [3] in successive Conservative governments of Bonar Law and Baldwin. [2] He resigned as leader of the Conservative peers in June 1931 [12] and became one of the most prominent opponents of Indian Home Rule in the Lords, supporting the campaign waged in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill against the Home Rule legislation. [13]
Salisbury was part of two parliamentary deputations which called on the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, in the autumn of 1936 to remonstrate with them about the slow pace of British rearmament in the face of the growing threat from Nazi Germany. The delegation was led by Sir Austen Chamberlain, a former Foreign Secretary and its most prominent speakers included Winston Churchill, Leo Amery and Roger Keyes. The Marquess of Salisbury was Lord High Steward at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937. [14]
Lord Salisbury married Lady Cicely Alice Gore (born 15 July 1867, died 5 February 1955), second daughter of Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, on 17 May 1887 at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. [2] [1] Between 1907 and 1910 she served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra; additionally she was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, and as a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire. [15]
The couple had four children: [2]
Lord Salisbury died in April 1947, at 85, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert. The Marchioness of Salisbury died in February 1955. [2]
He was the grandfather of actor Jonathan Cecil by his youngest son, David.
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Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury. Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, known as Lord Salisbury, was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times for a total of over thirteen years. He was also Foreign Secretary before and during most of his tenure. He avoided international alignments or alliances, maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation".
James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury,, styled Viscount Cranborne until 1823, was a British Conservative politician. He held office under the Earl of Derby as Lord Privy Seal in 1852 and Lord President of the Council between 1858 and 1859. He was the father of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and grandfather of Arthur Balfour, who also served as Prime Minister.
Dudley Francis Stuart Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby, known as Viscount Sandon from 1847 to 1882, was a British peer and politician.
Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, Baron Gascoyne-Cecil, is a British Conservative politician. From 1979 to 1987 he represented South Dorset in the House of Commons, and in the 1990s he was Leader of the House of Lords under his courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne. Lord Salisbury lives in one of England's largest historic houses, the 17th-century Hatfield House in Hertfordshire, and currently serves as Chancellor of the University of Hertfordshire.
Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, known as Viscount Cranborne from 1903 to 1947, was a British Conservative politician.
William George Arthur Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech,, was a British Conservative politician and banker.
Lord Edward Herbert Gascoyne-Cecil, known as Lord Edward Cecil, was a distinguished and highly decorated English soldier. As colonial administrator in Egypt and advisor to the Liberal government, he helped to implement Army reforms.
Schomberg Henry Kerr, 9th Marquess of Lothian,, styled Lord Schomberg Kerr until 1870, was a British diplomat and Conservative politician. He served as Secretary for Scotland under Lord Salisbury between 1887 and 1892. He was usually styled simply as Lothian.
Mary Alice Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, was a British courtier who served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1967. She was the granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury.
James Cecil, 1st Marquess of Salisbury,, styled Viscount Cranborne until 1780 and known as the Earl of Salisbury between 1780 and 1789, was a British nobleman and politician.
Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury,, styled Viscount Cranborne from 1947 to 1972, was a British landowner and Conservative politician.
Gerald William Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour, PC, known as Gerald Balfour or The Rt Hon. G. W. Balfour until 1930, was a senior British Conservative politician who became a peer on the death of his brother, former prime minister Arthur Balfour, in 1930.
Hugh Richard Heathcote Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood PC, styled Lord Hugh Cecil until 1941, was a British Conservative Party politician.
Lieutenant-Colonel Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford, DL, JP, styled Viscount Newport from 1898 to 1915, was a British peer, Conservative politician and soldier.
Charles Alfred Worsley Pelham, 4th Earl of Yarborough, styled Lord Worsley until 1875, was a British peer and politician. Between 1890 and 1892, he served as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, meaning as Chief Whip in the House of Lords, for the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury.
Georgina Charlotte Gascoyne-Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury, was the wife of British Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. The eldest daughter of a judge, her lack of wealth and social connections earned the disapproval of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury; despite this, Alderson married his son Robert in 1857.
Brownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter, styled Lord Burghley between 1867 and 1895, was a British peer and Conservative politician. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1891 and 1892.
Lord John Pakenham Joicey-Cecil was a British Conservative politician.
Lieutenant-Colonel Victor Alexander Gascoyne-Cecil was a British soldier.