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An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the UHI effect is from the modification of land surfaces. A study has shown that heat islands can be affected by proximity to different types of land cover, so that proximity to barren land causes urban land to become hotter and proximity to vegetation makes it cooler. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The term heat island is also used; the term can be used to refer to any area that is relatively hotter than the surrounding, but generally refers to human-disturbed areas.
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The Meteorological Office, abbreviated as the Met Office, is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology and is led by CEO Penelope Endersby, who took on the role as Chief Executive in December 2018 and is the first woman to do so. The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished as components:
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References
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- ↑ Ravilious, Kate (2015-02-23). "Kate Ravilious on research looking at ways to improve our indoor weather". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "Janet Barlow CV" (PDF).
- ↑ "Dept of Meteorology - University of Reading". www.met.rdg.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments -". Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "About". www.refresh-project.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "Janet F. Barlow - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ Barlow, Janet F.; Shao, Li; Smith, Stefan Thor (2018), "Climate Change, Resilience and the Built Environment", Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment to 2050, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 25–49, doi:10.1002/9781119063834.ch2, ISBN 9781119063834
- ↑ "Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, 2nd Edition | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "Oases of cool: Taking the heat out of urban living". www.newscientist.com. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "The Team » ACTUAL Project" . Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "BBC Two - Horizon, 2010-2011, What is One Degree?". BBC. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "People @ ClearfLo Project" . Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ Shukman, David (2012-08-08). "Effort set to track air pollution" . Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "BBC One - Wild Weather, Climate in the City". BBC. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ Reading meteorologists help keep the lights on , retrieved 2019-11-01
- ↑ UCL (2016-11-30). "UCL-Energy Seminar: 'Measuring and modelling urban microclimate,' Professor Janet Barlow, University of Reading". UCL Energy Institute. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
- ↑ "Past Board Members | International Association for Urban Climate" . Retrieved 2019-11-01.