James Patrick AndertonCNZM (born Byrne;21 January 1938 –7 January 2018) was a New Zealand politician who led a succession of left-wing parties after leaving the Labour Party in 1989.
Anderton's political career began when he was elected to the Manukau City Council in 1965. After serving for five years as Labour Party president,Anderton successfully stood as the Labour candidate for Sydenham in Christchurch in 1984. However,he soon came into conflict with the party's leadership,and became an outspoken critic of the Fourth Labour Government's free-market reforms,called Rogernomics. In April 1989,believing that Labour was beyond change,Anderton resigned from the party.
Jim Anderton was born on 21 January 1938[1] in Auckland to Matthew Byrne and Joyce Savage. His father left the family and his mother married Victor Anderton. Matthew Byrne died in a train accident in the 1940s and Victor Anderton adopted Jim in 1951.[2] Jim undertook all his education in Auckland,attending Seddon Memorial Technical College and the Auckland Teachers' Training College. He graduated as a qualified teacher,but spent only two years in a teaching role (at St Peter's College,Auckland) before moving on to work as a child welfare officer in Wanganui.[3]
In 1960,he married Joan Caulfield and they had five children,two girls and three boys.[3] The same year he became the paid organiser for the Catholic Youth Movement in the Catholic Diocese of Auckland,and later worked as the secretary for the Catholic diocese in Auckland.[4]Cardinal Reginald Delargey said that there were difficulties with Jim Anderton and his employment ended "when he put us in a position where we had to make a choice between him or the Pope".[5]
Anderton later moved into business,working as an export manager for a textiles company before establishing a manufacturing company,Anderton Holdings,with his brother Brian in 1971 and also bought a superette in Parnell.[3]
Entering politics
Anderton in 1965
Anderton joined the Labour Party in 1963 and first attended a Labour party branch meeting in Mangere in 1964.[3] His political career began in 1965 when he was elected to the Manukau City Council on a Labour ticket. In 1971,he stood for the Auckland City Council as a Labour candidate unsuccessfully and was the highest polling un-elected Labour candidate.[6]
Three years later,in 1974,he challenged Dove-Myer Robinson,the incumbent Mayor of Auckland City,for the mayoralty,but was beaten by 7,000 votes. In the same local election,he also stood for the Auckland City Council and was successful.[7][8][9]David Lange,who also ran on the Labour ticket as a city councillor said "Like the other candidates,I contributed $50 to pay for an advertisement in the New Zealand Herald in support of the Labour ticket. When I opened the paper to look at our advertisement I saw a photograph of Jim Anderton and no mention of the other candidates. Here was a warning of much to come".[10]
Anderton had another tilt at the Auckland City mayoralty in 1977,but was again beaten by the incumbent though he did manage to reduce Robinson's majority by nearly 1,500 votes.[7][11][12] Earlier in 1977 he was elected to the Auckland Regional Authority via a by-election and was confirmed a member at the 1977 local elections later that year despite again losing the mayoralty.[13][7] At the same time,he worked his way up the internal hierarchy of the Labour Party. He became the party's president in 1979,a year before his term with the Auckland Regional Authority ended. He was also a long-standing member of the party's policy council.
Following the sudden death of Frank Rogers in 1980 there was intense press speculation that Anderton (who was the proprietor of a business situated in the electorate) would stand to replace him in the Onehunga by-election.[14] Despite briefly considering standing,he eventually declined the nomination,refusing to renege on the promise he made to members at the 1979 party conference that he would not stand for a parliamentary seat at,or before,the 1981 election.[15] Soon afterwards Anderton was also rumoured to be contemplating replacing the retiring Arthur Faulkner in the Roskill electorate,but after a hostile reaction to the notion in caucus Anderton was dissuaded from seeking the Roskill nomination.[16] In the attempted leadership coup against Labour leader Bill Rowling in 1980 by his deputy,David Lange,Anderton was among those (such as party secretary John Wybrow) who sided with Rowling.[17]
Following Labour's 1981 election loss there were serious discussions regarding the future of affiliated trade unions in the Labour Party. Labour was frequently attacked for being the 'party of unions' (particularly by Muldoon) despite only 15% of unions being affiliated and providing just 8% of the annual party funds. In February 1982 Rowling gave a speech at a Labour regional conference in Timaru where he suggested Labour should cut formal ties with trade unions,citing the party's public perception being too closely linked with unions and that there had been a large demographic shift in the membership from the working class to middle-class liberals. Rowling was supported by his Shadow Minister for Labour,Fred Gerbic,and several leading union figures such as national secretary of the New Zealand Electrical and Related Trades Union Tony Neary and secretary of the Wellington Clothing Workers Union Frank Thorn who stated their belief that their affiliation fees were too high and offered little benefit in return. Anderton and other unionists such as Jim Knox,the secretary of the New Zealand Federation of Labour,were opposed and argued for a continuing union presence in the party.[18] By March the debate heated up with Rowling and Gerbic publicly expressing another concern that some affiliated unions had members of other parties,in particular the Socialist Unity Party (SUP). Anderton publicly disagreed with Rowling stating that the SUP had no influence in the Labour Party and that "The entire membership of the SUP could be written on the back of a postage stamp."[19] At Labour's annual conference in May 1982 the conference delegates rejected Rowling's proposal and union affiliation remained to Anderton's relief. At the conference Gerbic used most of his speaking time to attack Anderton for publicly disagreeing with him over the SUP. Anderton was more bemused than angered and Gerbic's speech finished with a more booing than applause.[20] As a result of this failure maverick Labour MP Roger Douglas publicly questioned Rowling's leadership qualities and his lack of direction. While Rowling did not respond,Anderton staunchly defended Rowling from Douglas' criticism.[21]
Anderton got involved in the public discourse over the Mount Erebus disaster where an Air New Zealand plane crashed in Antarctica on 28 November 1979. He was publicly critical of the backlash that Justice Peter Mahon QC,who presided over the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the crash,received after the commission concluded that the primarily cause of the accident was an alteration of the flight path coordinates the night before the disaster while not informing the pilots of the change. The report contradicted an earlier investigation which concluded the accident was caused primarily by pilot error to which Mahon charged as "an orchestrated litany of lies" to cover up the real cause.[22] Anderton particularly defended Mahon after a particularly attack on both him and his report by Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. After commenting publicly on the matter Bob Owens,the chairman of Air New Zealand,invited Anderton to a meeting with himself and chief executive John Wisdom. The meeting got heated with Anderton being confrontational in tone (particularly after Owens admitted to having not read Mahon's report in full and did not intend to) and lasted only 8 minutes.[23] It climaxed with Owens calling his security to escort Anderton from the office. Air New Zealand subsequently released a press statement criticising Anderton. Rowling later apologised to Owens for the incident.[24]
Many in the Labour Party (who were already critical of Anderton) used the Air New Zealand incident to attempt to remove him as president. A group of MPs (Michael Bassett,Roger Douglas,Mike Moore and Richard Prebble) organised a challenge for the presidency at the 1982 party conference. They approached former MP and party vice-president Joe Walding to stand,though he declined.[25] Instead Bassett,the most acerbic critic of Anderton in the group,declared he would stand for the presidency of the party. An open conflict drew the ire of many in the party and eventually Bassett withdrew his candidacy. He was subsequently dumped from the shadow cabinet in February 1982 as a result.[26] At the conference Anderton was challenged by Allan O'Neill,president of the Auckland Carpenters Union,but won easily 1,120 votes to 126.[20]
In 1983 he was selected as the Labour candidate for the Christchurch seat of Sydenham against 6 local contenders.[27] The outgoing MP for Sydenham John Kirk declared that he did not support Anderton as the official Labour candidate and saw Anderton's selection a sign that Labour was moving too far to the left.[28] In the 1984 general election,Anderton was elected as MP for Sydenham. This election resulted in the formation of the Fourth Labour Government.[29] Some on the left of the party,including Helen Clark,tried to persuade Anderton to remain president of the party,however he declined to stand again at the 1984 conference believing the president should not also be an MP.[30]
Anderton soon came into conflict with the party's leadership,and became one of the most outspoken critics of Minister of FinanceRoger Douglas. Douglas and his allies,Richard Prebble and David Caygill,were determined to implement radical reforms of the country's economic system,known unofficially as "Rogernomics". This involved a monetarist approach to controlling inflation,the removal of tariffs and subsidies,and the privatisation of state assets,all of which were regarded by Anderton as a betrayal of the party's left-wing roots,and an abandonment of the party's election platform.
Anderton's severe criticism of Douglas and his reforms earned him the enmity of many within the party,including some of those who otherwise shared Anderton's frustration;his public comments were seen as damaging the party's public image. He released a policy document on 27 July 1988 which was described by Jim Sutton as "looking like a Soviet prescription for a Polish shipyard". This caused much laughter in the Labour caucus.[31] His stance of vocally and publicly opposing Labour's neoliberal direction led him to eschew the prospect of becoming a cabinet minister in the Lange ministry.[3] At the 1988 Labour Party conference in Dunedin,Anderton announced his intention to stand for the party presidency once again. In a highly publicised and bitterly contested campaign,he lost to vice-president Ruth Dyson 473 votes to 575. Optics from the divided conference were damaging to Labour's image showing a clear left/right divide with the left backing Anderton and the right coalescing around Dyson.[32]
Although many ordinary members of the Labour Party (who were unhappy at the way the party's parliamentary wing was behaving) backed Anderton,he became increasingly isolated in parliament. When Anderton disobeyed party instructions to vote in favour of selling the Bank of New Zealand (which Labour had explicitly promised not to do),he was suspended from caucus. In April 1989,believing that Labour was beyond change,Anderton resigned from the party. He later said,"I did not leave the Labour Party;the Labour Party left me."[33] All but one of Anderton's electorate staff in Sydenham left with him.[3] Fellow MP and then-cabinet minister Michael Bassett commented "while Anderton liked to portray his differences as ideological,we knew from past experience that his real problem was that he wasn't the one in control of the government,and he could see no way of seizing power".[34]
On 1 May,Anderton announced the creation of the NewLabour Party,intended to represent the real spirit of the original Labour Party. Its primary goals were state intervention in the economy,retention of public assets,and full employment. In the 1990 general election Anderton retained his Sydenham seat,ensuring that NewLabour (and Anderton's criticism) would not fade away. A long-serving office manager and campaign director,Jeanette Lawrence,said Anderton retaining his seat at the 1990 general election was the "happiest she ever saw him".[3] He was the first MP in New Zealand political history to leave an established party,found another and be re-elected to Parliament representing that new party. In parliament,Anderton attacked the policies of the new National Party government,particularly Ruth Richardson's continuation of Rogernomics.
In regard to leaving Labour in 1989,he later recalled:"I have no regrets about any of that. Under the same circumstances I would do exactly the same again."[33] Anderton was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.[35]
Alliance
Anderton and NewLabour were at the centre of the Alliance Party established in 1991. He became leader of the new party and in the 1993 election,was joined in parliament by Alliance colleague Sandra Lee. He briefly stepped down as leader of the Alliance in November 1994 following the suicide of his daughter the year before,[36] but returned in May 1995.[3][37]
In the 1996 election,the first to be held under the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system,the Alliance won 13 seats in Parliament. Anderton retained his constituency seat,now renamed Wigram,and he was joined in Parliament by 12 list MPs.[38]
Anderton was the most prominent critic of the rash of party-switching (sometimes called "waka jumping" in New Zealand) that characterised the 45th Parliament,although remained silent about his own past party-switching.[39] When Alliance list MP Alamein Kopu declared herself an independent and supported the National-led coalition,Anderton blasted her,saying her behaviour "breached every standard of ethics that are known."[40]
After the collapse of the National-New Zealand First coalition Anderton started a "Go Now" petition on 27 August 1998 calling on the government to resign and hold an election.[41] Former-Prime Minister Jim Bolger resigned from parliament triggering the 1998 Taranaki-King Country by-election. The Alliance performed surprisingly well,campaigning on opposition to the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment,they won 15% of the vote in a traditionally conservative electorate and finishing just two points behind Labour.[42] Following the by-election the Alliance and Labour began co-operating,informally to begin with,in recognition that it would be the only way to win power. Anderton,his chief advisor Andrew Ladley and Lee met with Labour leader Helen Clark,deputy Michael Cullen,secretary Tony Timms and Clark's advisor Heather Simpson met to agree on forming a coalition with one another if they each won enough seats at the next election. Ladley and Simpson drew up briefs on what a Labour-Alliance government would look like and how it would work.[43]
Fifth Labour Government
Creating Kiwibank has been cited as Anderton's greatest legacy
By the late 1990s,Labour under Clark's leadership had largely purged itself of the influence of Roger Douglas. Realising that the cost of a split in the left-wing vote would be a continuance of the National government,Labour and the Alliance agreed to form a coalition after the 1999 election. National lost the election and Anderton became Deputy Prime Minister. He was also given the newly created post of Minister of Economic Development,which had an emphasis on job creation and regional development initiatives. Anderton also co-authored the New Zealand Superannuation Fund,a sovereign wealth fund to partially pre-fund the future cost of universal superannuation,with Finance Minister Michael Cullen[33] and promoted the first waka-jumping legislation—the Electoral Integrity Act 2001. Anderton,along with fellow Alliance MP Laila Harré,was also an invaluable advocate in the creation and implementation for 12 weeks paid parental leave.[33]
The successful establishment of Kiwibank,a state-owned bank,is often cited as Anderton's greatest achievement.[33] It was initially opposed by both Clark and Cullen but Anderton eventually wore the Labour Cabinet down following several months of debate culminating with Annette King telling Cullen,"For God's sake,give him the bloody bank".[44]
Towards the end of the Alliance's first term in Government,Anderton came into conflict with the Alliance's administrative wing. Party president Matt McCarten and his allies claimed that the Alliance had become too close to Labour and that it should take a less moderate path;Anderton replied that some moderation was required for the Alliance to accomplish any of its goals. There were complaints that Anderton was too dominant in the party's decision-making and over the fact that he supported the government's stance on the bombing of Afghanistan,while the executive and wider membership opposed it. Eventually,Anderton and three other MPs left the Alliance,establishing the Progressive Coalition,later renamed the Progressive Party. In order to get around the waka-jumping legislation which Anderton had supported,he technically remained the Alliance's parliamentary leader until the writ was dropped for the 2002 election.
In the election,Anderton was returned to Parliament,and the Progressives took the Alliance's place as Labour's coalition partner. Although Anderton won his electorate,the small amount of support the Progressives received (1.4% of the party vote) was enough for only one other Progressive (deputy leader Matt Robson) to enter Parliament. Anderton gave up the deputy prime minister's post to Minister of Finance and Labour deputy leader Michael Cullen. He remained Minister of Economic Development,and also held other ministerial portfolios. He ranked third in Cabinet,behind Clark and Cullen.
In the runup to the 2005 election Anderton renamed his party "Jim Anderton's Progressive Party". However,he was the only Progressive who returned to Parliament by a narrow margin after many left-wing voters voted for Labour to prevent a National government from being elected due to a split on the left. He became Minister of Agriculture,Minister for Biosecurity,Minister of Fisheries,Minister of Forestry,Minister Responsible for the Public Trust,Associate Minister of Health,and Associate Minister for Tertiary Education.
The 2008 election saw a swing to the right,with National winning approximately 45% of the party vote to Labour's 34%. Anderton retained his seat but the Progressives' share of the party vote remained low,at less than one percent.[45] In a move described as "unorthodox" by the New Zealand Herald,Anderton announced that he would remain in coalition with Labour in opposition. He said that a priority for the Progressives would be to support better access to dental care.[46]
Anderton announced in May 2010 that he would contest the Christchurch mayoralty that October.[47] He initially said that if elected to the mayoralty he would not give up his seat in Parliament because he didn't want to cause an expensive by-election.[48] However,following the 2010 Canterbury earthquake Anderton announced he would stand down as MP for Wigram if elected mayor so he could fully focus on rebuilding the city.[49] Anderton was leading the polls until the earthquake hit.[50][51] He lost the election,taking 40.6% of the vote to incumbent mayor Bob Parker's 53.7% of the vote,with the rest of the vote split amongst numerous minor candidates.
Retirement
Anderton's CNZM Investiture in 2017
Anderton retired from Parliament at the 2011 election. The Progressive Party did not run candidates in that election. At the time,he held the unofficial title of Father of the House as the longest continuously serving MP. During the election campaign,Anderton endorsed Labour candidate and previously unsuccessful mayoral candidate Megan Woods to succeed him in his electorate.[52] Woods was elected.[53] After his retirement,he put his energy into a campaign to have ChristChurch Cathedral restored after it had been severely damaged in the February and June 2011 Christchurch earthquakes;he worked on this campaign with former National MP Philip Burdon. They were ultimately successful in September 2017 when the Anglican synod made a binding decision to restore the church.[54]
Anderton died in Christchurch on 7 January 2018,two weeks before his 80th birthday.[56][57][58] His funeral at Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Christchurch was attended by hundreds,including the Prime Minister.[59] Anderton was buried at Onetangi Cemetery on Waiheke Island.[60]
Figures from across the political spectrum praised Anderton following his death,and the leaders of New Zealand's parliamentary parties paid tributes.[3][61]
The Alliance was a left-wing political party in New Zealand. It was formed at the end of 1991 by the linking of four smaller parties. The Alliance positioned itself as a democratic socialist alternative to the centre-left New Zealand Labour Party. It was influential throughout the 1990s, but suffered a major setback after its founder and leader, Jim Anderton, left the party in 2002, taking with him several of its members of parliament (MPs). After the remaining MPs lost their seats in the 2002 general election, some commentators predicted the demise of the party.
Jim Anderton's Progressive Party was a New Zealand political party generally somewhat to the left of its ally, the Labour Party.
Richard William Prebble is a former member of the New Zealand Parliament. Initially a member of the Labour Party, he joined the newly formed ACT New Zealand party under Roger Douglas in 1996, becoming its leader from 1996 to 2004.
The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its two terms in office. The National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government.
The NewLabour Party was a centre-left political party in New Zealand that operated from 1989 to 2000. It was founded by Jim Anderton, an member of parliament (MP) and former president of the New Zealand Labour Party.
Sir Wallace Edward Rowling, commonly known as Bill Rowling, was a New Zealand politician who was the 30th prime minister of New Zealand from 1974 to 1975. He held office as the parliamentary leader of the Labour Party.
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The 43rd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1990 elections, and it sat until the 1993 elections.
Norman John Kirk, generally called John Kirk, is a former New Zealand Member of Parliament for Sydenham, in the South Island. He is the son of Norman Kirk who was a popular Labour Party Prime Minister.
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Bruce Gillespie Barclay was a New Zealand politician, being the Member of Parliament for Christchurch Central in the South Island.
Frederick Miroslav Gerbic was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party.
Melvyn Francis Courtney is a Nelson City Councillor and a former Labour then Independent Member of Parliament for Nelson, in the South Island of New Zealand.
Arthur James Faulkner was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party.
Sydenham was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, from 1881 to 1890 and again from 1946 to 1996. It had notable politicians representing it like Mabel Howard, Norman Kirk and Jim Anderton.
Megan Cherie Woods is a New Zealand Labour Party politician who serves as a Cabinet Minister in the Sixth Labour Government and has served as Member of Parliament for Wigram since 2011.
The Sydenham by-election 1974 was a by-election held in the Sydenham electorate during the term of the 37th New Zealand Parliament on 2 November 1974. Eight candidates stood in total.
On 3 February 1983, a New Zealand Labour Party leadership election was held to determine the leadership of the New Zealand Labour Party. The leadership was won by Mangere MP David Lange, who had been Deputy Leader of the party since 1979.
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