Jimmy Hoffa

Last updated

Jimmy Hoffa
James R. Hoffa NYWTS.jpg
Hoffa in 1965
Born
James Riddle Hoffa

(1913-02-14)February 14, 1913
DisappearedJuly 30, 1975 (aged 62)
Bloomfield Township, Michigan, U.S.
StatusDeclared dead in absentia
OccupationTrade unionist
Spouse
Josephine Poszywak
(m. 1936)
Children
Conviction(s)
Criminal penaltyAggregate of 13 years' imprisonment (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud; 1967)

James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913; disappeared July 30, 1975; presumed dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971.

Contents

From an early age, Hoffa was a union activist, and he became an important regional figure with the IBT by his mid-20s. By 1952, he was the national vice-president of the IBT and between 1957 and 1971 he was its general president. He secured the first national agreement for teamsters' rates in 1964 with the National Master Freight Agreement. He played a major role in the growth and the development of the union, which eventually became the largest by membership in the United States, with over 2.3 million members at its peak, during his terms as its leader.

Hoffa became involved with organized crime from the early years of his Teamsters work, a connection that continued until his disappearance in 1975. He was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery, conspiracy, and mail and wire fraud in 1964 in two separate trials. He was imprisoned in 1967 and sentenced to 13 years. In mid-1971, he resigned as president of the union as part of a commutation agreement with U.S. president Richard Nixon and was released later that year, but Hoffa was barred from union activities until 1980. Hoping to regain support and to return to IBT leadership, he unsuccessfully tried to overturn the order.

Hoffa disappeared on July 30, 1975. It is generally accepted that he was murdered by the Mafia, and in 1982 he was declared legally dead. Hoffa's legacy and the circumstances of his disappearance continue to stir debate. [1]

Early life and family

Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to John and Viola (née Riddle) Hoffa. [2] His father, who was of German descent from what is now referred to as the Pennsylvania Dutch, [3] died in 1920 from lung disease when Hoffa was seven years old. [4] His mother was of Irish ancestry. [2] The family moved to Detroit in 1924, where Hoffa was raised and lived for the rest of his life. He left school at the age of 14 and began working in full-time manual labor jobs to help support his family.

Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, in Bowling Green, Ohio, on September 25, 1937. [5] The couple had met six months earlier during a nonunionized laundry workers' strike action. [6] [7] They had two children: a daughter, Barbara Ann Crancer, and a son, James P. Hoffa. The Hoffas paid $6,800 in 1939 for a modest home in northwestern Detroit. [8] [9] The family later owned a simple summer lakefront cottage in Orion Township, Michigan, north of Detroit. [9]

Early union activity

Hoffa began union organizational work at the grassroots level as a teenager through his job with a grocery chain, which paid substandard wages and offered poor working conditions with minimal job security. The workers were displeased with that situation and tried to organize a union to better their lot. Although Hoffa was young, his courage and approachability in that role impressed fellow workers, and he rose to a leadership position. By 1932, after refusing to work for an abusive shift foreman, Hoffa left the grocery chain, partly because of his union activities. He was then invited to become an organizer with Local 299 of the Teamsters in Detroit. [10]

Growth of Teamsters

The Teamsters, founded in 1903, had 75,000 members in 1933. As a result of Hoffa's work with other union leaders to consolidate local union trucker groups into regional sections and then into a national body, which Hoffa ultimately completed over two decades, membership grew to 170,000 members by 1936, and three years later, there were 420,000. The number grew steadily during World War II and in the postwar boom to top a million members by 1951. [11]

The Teamsters organized truck drivers and warehousemen throughout the Midwest and then nationwide. Hoffa played a major role in the union's skillful use of "quickie strikes," secondary boycotts, and other means of leveraging union strength at one company, then to move to organize workers, and finally to win contract demands at other companies. That process, which took several years starting in the early 1930s, eventually brought the Teamsters to a position of being one of the most powerful unions in the United States. [12]

Trucking unions in that era were heavily influenced by—and in many cases controlled by elements of—organized crime. For Hoffa to unify and expand trucking unions, he had to make accommodations and arrangements with many gangsters, beginning in the Detroit area. Organized crime influence on the IBT increased as the union itself grew. [13]

Rise to power

Hoffa worked to defend the Teamsters from raids by other unions, including the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and he extended the Teamsters' influence in the Midwest from the late 1930s to the late 1940s. Although he never actually worked as a truck driver, he became president of Local 299 in December 1946. [14] He then rose to lead the combined group of Detroit-area locals shortly afterwards and later advanced to become head of the Michigan Teamsters groups. Meanwhile, Hoffa obtained a deferment from military service in World War II by successfully making a case for his union leadership skills being of more value to the nation by keeping freight running smoothly to assist the war effort.

At the 1952 IBT convention in Los Angeles, Hoffa was selected as national vice-president by incoming president Dave Beck, the successor to Daniel J. Tobin, who had been president since 1907. Hoffa had quelled an internal revolt against Tobin by securing Central States' regional support for Beck at the convention. In exchange, Beck made Hoffa a vice-president. [12] [15]

The IBT moved its headquarters from Indianapolis to Washington, DC, taking over a large office building in the capital in 1955. IBT staff was also meanwhile enlarged, with many lawyers hired to assist with contract negotiations. Following his 1952 election as vice-president, Hoffa began spending more of his time away from Detroit, either in Washington or traveling around the country for his expanded responsibilities. [16] Hoffa's personal lawyer was Bill Bufalino. [17]

Teamsters presidency

Jimmy Hoffa
President of Teamsters
In office
1957–1971

Hoffa's legacy remains controversial. [1] Arthur Sloane wrote, "To many, Hoffa was a kind of latter-day Al Capone... others, he was... hugely successful in improving working conditions for [his truck-driver constituents]." [12]

In film and fiction

In the 1978 film F.I.S.T. , Sylvester Stallone plays Johnny Kovak, a character based on Hoffa. [106] In the 1983 television miniseries Blood Feud , Hoffa is portrayed by Robert Blake. In the 1984 television film The Jesse Owens Story , Hoffa is portrayed by Tom Bosley. [107]

In the 1984 Sergio Leone film Once Upon a Time in America syndicalist James Conway O'Donnell's character, played by Treat Williams, is inspired by Hoffa. In the 1985 television miniseries Robert Kennedy and His Times , Hoffa is portrayed by Trey Wilson. In the 1992 film Hoffa , Hoffa is portrayed by Jack Nicholson. Hoffa is portrayed by Thomas Wagner in the 1993 television film Marilyn & Bobby: Her Final Affair. [108]

Author James Ellroy features a fictional historical version of Hoffa in the Underworld USA Trilogy novels as an important secondary character, most prominently in the novels American Tabloid (1995) and The Cold Six Thousand (2001). [109]

In the 2003 comedy film Bruce Almighty , the titular character uses powers endowed by God to manifest Hoffa's body in order to procure a story interesting enough to reclaim his career in the news industry. [110]

In the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman , which adapts the book I Heard You Paint Houses , Hoffa is portrayed by Al Pacino. Pacino was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. [111]

See also

Related Research Articles

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James Phillip Hoffa, also known as James Hoffa Jr., is an American labor leader and attorney who was the tenth General President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. He is the son of Jimmy Hoffa. Hoffa was first elected in 1998, and subsequently re-elected in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 to five-year terms. In 2018, Hoffa was elected chair of the Road Transport Section of the International Transport Workers' Federation at its quadrennial Congress in Singapore. Hoffa is the second-longest serving General President of the Teamsters Union, after Dan Tobin, who served from 1907 to 1952. Hoffa's final term as General President ended in 2022.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allen Dorfman</span> American businessman and convicted felon

Allen Melnick Dorfman was an American insurance agency owner and a consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) Central States Pension Fund. He was a close associate of longtime IBT President Jimmy Hoffa and associated with organized crime via the Chicago Outfit. Dorfman was convicted on several felony counts and was murdered in 1983.

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Charles "Chuckie" O'Brien was an American labor union organizer. He was closely linked to International Brotherhood of Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa. He referred to himself as Hoffa's stepson The FBI indicated that he was a habitual liar. O'Brien was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He was the son of Charles Lenton O'Brien and Sylvia Pagano. O'Brien's father died when he was still an infant. In 1957, he became special assistant to Hoffa. He was extremely loyal to Hoffa. Hoffa was convicted for jury tampering which was upheld by the Supreme Court. While in court, Hoffa was shot with BB gun. O'Brien attacked the man, leaving him bloodied. In 1966, after Hoffa went to prison, for jury tampering Frank Fitzsimons took over the Teamsters as temporary president. Before Hoffa's disappearance, new Teamsters President Frank Fitzsimmons "exiled" O'Brien to Alaska. He spent just four days there.

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Further reading

Preceded by President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
1957–1971
Succeeded by