The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018, when the status was given to Vladivostok.[17] As is typical of the interior of the Russian Far East, Khabarovsk has an extreme climate with strong seasonal swings resulting in strong, cold winters and relatively hot and humid summers.
History
Native villages near the site of the future Khabarovsk according to an English map of 1773. The village closest to today's Khabarovsk is labeled "Hitcha". Maack's "Cape Kyrma" site (thought by B.P. Polyakov to be the site of Stepanov's Kosogorsky Ostrog) is "Heremo"
Earliest record
Historical records indicate that a city was founded on the site in the eighth century. The Tungusic peoples are indigenous to the city's vicinity. The city was named Boli (伯力; Bólì) in Chinese when it was part of the Chinese empire. During the Tang dynasty, Boli was the capital of Heishui Protectorate, called Heishui Duhufu. [18] In AD 722, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (唐玄宗) established Heishui Protectorate and gave self-rule to Heishui Mohe tribes. The seat of this administrative region was then established near today's Khabarovsk.[19][20]
17th-century Russian exploration
In the mid-17th century, the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the RussianCossacks, who tried to expand into the region and collect tribute from the natives, and the rising ManchuQing dynasty, who were intent on securing the region for themselves.[citation needed]
The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (ostrogs) on the Amur. Most of them were in use for only a few months and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk (Ачанск) or Achansky gorodok (Ачанский городок), built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans".[21][22] On October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute-extraction tactics[23]), while many Russians were away fishing.[22] In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. A similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk.[22]
On 24 or26 March 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train.[22] Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.[22]
The exact location of Khabarov's Achansk has long been a subject for debate among Russian historians and geographers.[23][24] A number of locations, both upstream and downstream of today's Khabarovsk, have been proposed since Richard Maack, one of the first Russian scholars to visit the region, identified Achansk in 1859 with the ruins on Cape Kyrma, which is located on the southern (Chinese) shore of the Amur, upstream of Khabarovsk.[23] The most widely accepted point of view is probably that of Boris Polevoy, who believed that Khabarov's Achansk was located in the Nanai village later known as Odzhal-Bolon (Russian: Оджал-Болонь), located on the left bank of the Amur, closer to Amursk than to Khabarovsk. One of his arguments was that both Khabarov's Achan (sometimes also spelt by the explorer as Otshchan, Отщан), and Wuzhala (乌扎拉) of the Chinese records of the 1652 engagement are based on the name of the Nanai clan "Odzhal" (Оджал), corresponding to the 20th-century name of the village as well. (The name of the clan was also written as "Uzala", as in the name of its best-known member, Dersu Uzala).[23]
Polevoy's view appeared to gain wide support among the Russian geographer community; petitioned by the Amur Branch of the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Government renamed the village of Odzhal to Achan in 1977, to celebrate its connection with Khabarov's raid.[23]
As to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B.P. Polevoy identified them as the remains of another ostrog – namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, where Onufriy Stepanov stayed a few years later.[24]
Qing Empire
After the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing Empire, the area became an uncontested part of China for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as Bólì (Chinese:伯力). All of the middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City.[25]
French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussuri and the Amur Rivers in 1709 prepared the first more or less precise map of the region. According to them, the indigenous Nanai people were living on the Ussuri and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River (i.e., in the region including the site of the future Khabarovsk). These people were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ("Fish skin Tartars").[26]
From Khabarovka to Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk – residence of the governor-general of Amur region 1895
In 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun. The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka (Хаба́ровка),[27] named after Yerofey Khabarov. The post later became an important industrial center for the region. Town status was granted in 1880. In 1893, it was given its present name: Khabarovsk.[5]
In 1894, a department of the Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and to found libraries, theatres and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsk's cultural life has flourished. Much of the local indigenous history has been well preserved in the Regional Lore Museum and Natural History Museum and in places like near the Nanai settlement of Sikachi-Alyan, where cliff drawings from more than 13,000 years ago can be found. The Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits a rare collection of old Russian icons.[25]
In 1916, the Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, allowing Trans-Siberian trains to cross the river without using ferries (or temporary rail tracks over the frozen river in winter). During the Russian Civil War, Khabarovsk was occupied by Japan in September 1918.[28]
Soviet era
Khabarovsk (1950)
By the Decree of the Council of Labor and Defense of December 11, 1933, the Directorate of Road Construction of Eastern Siberia and the Far East (Daldorstroy) was created in Khabarovsk, with the task of constructing strategic highways according to the list of the government of the USSR, in the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Soviet Far East. The construction plans were announced at the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), held in Moscow from January-February 1934, when the Second Five-Year Plan for the development of the Soviet Union was adopted. In accordance with it, it was planned to build a Vladivostok-Khabarovsk highway, with a hard (gravel) surface, 600 kilometers long.
Chinese Emperor Puyi, captured by Soviet troops in Manchuria, was relocated to Khabarovsk and lived there from 1945 up to 1950, when he was returned to China.[29]
When Japan fell in September 1945 the United States reached an agreement with Stalin to build two U.S. Naval Advance Bases (Fleet Weather Centrals) in the USSR.[30] The U.S. built one 10 miles (16km) outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula with the code name TAMA.[31] The other was 20 miles (32km) outside Khabarovsk in buildings provided by the Soviets, code-named MOKO.[31] For mail Khabarovsk was assigned U.S.Navy number 1168, FPO San Francisco.[32] The American use of these two bases was short-lived.[citation needed]
On 5 November 1956, the first phase of the city tram was commissioned. The Khabarovsk television studio began broadcasting in 1960. On 1 September 1967, the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Education, now the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, opened. On 14 January 1971, Khabarovsk was awarded the Order of October Revolution. In 1975 the first stage of the urban trolley opened. In 1976 the city hosted an international ice hockey tournament with the ball for the prize of the newspaper Sovietskaya Rossia. In 1981 the Bandy World Championship was played in the city.[25]
Russian Federation
Between 1989 and 2003 a memorial complex dedicated to the thousands executed during the Great Terror -- a monument, a chapel and a wall of remembrance -- was erected in Khabarovsk.[33]
In 2006, the Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, a high-tech medical center, was constructed according to a Russian national health project. In 2008, the train station was completely renovated, and the adjacent square was reconstructed to include fountains and an underground passage. In 2009, Khabarovsk hosted the EU-Russia summit. In 2010, the city hosted a meeting of the Great Circle of Ussuri Cossacks. On 3 November 2012, Khabarovsk was awarded the honorary title of "City of Military Glory".[25]
The flag of Khabarovsk displays a bear on the right (red side) and a Siberian tiger on the left (blue side), holding a yellow shield with a blue reversed pall and a red fish. The flag is a representation of the coat of arms of Khabarovsk.[35] The flag was adopted on 30 October 2007 and is 2:3 in ratio.[25]
Geography
The city is located 30 kilometers (19mi) from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500mi) north of Vladivostok.[25]
The average annual precipitation is 696 millimetres (27.4in), mainly concentrated in the summer. In some years, from November to March hardly any precipitation falls. The driest year was 2001 with only 381mm (15.0in) of precipitation and the wettest was 1981 when 1,105mm (43.5in) of precipitation fell. The wettest month was August 1981 with a total precipitation of 434mm (17.1in). Due to high summer humidity, overnight lows remain mild to warm during several months. Snowfall is common, though light, with an average maximum snow height of 16 centimeters (6.3in). During mid winter, highs above freezing are very rare.[25]
The city's extreme climate sees daily average high and low temperatures vary by around 50°C (90°F) over the course of the year. The average temperature in January is −19.2°C (−2.6°F) and the average for July is +21.4°C (70.5°F). Extremes have ranged from +36.4°C (97.5°F) in June 2010 to −40°C (−40°F) in January 2011.[36]
Climate data for Khabarovsk (1991–2020, extremes 1878–present)
Primary industries include iron processing, steel milling, Khabarovsk shipyard, Daldizel, machinery, petroleum refining, flour milling, pharmaceutical industry, meatpacking and manufacturing of various types of heavy and light machinery.[25]
A high-speed international fiber-optic cable connects the city of Khabarovsk with the city of Fuyuan in China.
A key street in Khabarovsk is the broad Amursky Boulevard with its many shops and a local market. The city's five districts stretch for 45 kilometers (28mi) along the Amur River. The similar boulevard – Ussuryisky is located between the two main streets Muravyov-Amursky and Lenin street and runs to the city's artificial lakes (Gorodskie Prudi) with the sport complex Platinum Arena. The lakes are famous for their fountains with the light show. The Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District is located in the city, the only such museum in the Russian Far East.[42]
There is a walking tour from Lenin Square to Utyos on the Amur via Muravyov-Amursky Street, where visitors can find traditional Russian restaurants and shops with souvenirs.[citation needed] There are a number of night clubs and pubs in this area. In winter, ice sculptures are on display in city squares and parks. Artists come from as far as Harbin in China.
Unlike Vladivostok, the city has never been closed to foreigners, despite it being the headquarters of the Far East Military District, and retains its historically international flavor. Once the capital of the Soviet Far East (from 1926 to 1938). Since the demise of the Soviet Union, it has experienced an increased Asian presence. It is estimated[by whom?] that over one million Chinese travel to and through Khabarovsk yearly, and foreign investment by Japanese and Korean corporations have grown in recent years. The city has a multi-story shopping mall and about a dozen hotels.
Aleksandr Fedosov, the Khabarovsk Krai Minister of Culture, estimates that the city became more attractive to tourists following the 2015 Bandy World Championship.[43]
A delegation from the 2022 Winter Olympics organising committee visited Khabarovsk to watch matches in the bandy league to study the plans if the sport was to be added to the Games program.[50]
↑《新唐書·北狄傳》記載：「黑水西北又有思慕部，益北行十日得郡利部，東北行十日得窟說部，亦號屈設，稍東南行十日得莫曳皆部。」。(The "New Tang Dynasty Book of Beidi" records: "There is also a tribe called "Dream Tribe" in the northwest of Heishui, Yibei travels on the 10th days to the "County Tribe", and the northeast travels on the 10th days to the "Cave Tribe". 10th days to the "Mo Mo Tribe")
12345B.P. Polevoy (Б.П. Полевой), Изветная челобитная С. В. Полякова 1653 г. и ее значение для археологов Приамурья (S.V. Polyakov's denouncing letter (1653), and its significance for the archaeologists of the Amur Valley), in: Русские первопроходцы на Дальнем Востоке в XVII-XIX вв. (Историко-археологические исследования) (First Russian explorers in the Far East in the 17th–19th centuries: Historical and archaeological research – B.P.Polevoy's preface to the document), vol. 2, Vladivostok, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995. (This article also contains references to Polevoy's earlier publications) (in Russian)
↑The 114th CB cruise book, 1946, U.S.Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, Ca, p.123-125
12Yanks in Siberia: U.S. Navy Weather Stations in Soviet East Asia, 1945, G. Patrick March, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Aug., 1988), pp. 327–342, Published by: University of California Press.
↑US Navy Abbreviations of World War II, the Navy Department Library, U.S. Navy web site, Published:Thu Jul 23 14:45:40 EDT 2015
Хабаровская городская Дума.Решение№856от28 января 2014 г. «О гимне городского округа "Город Хабаровск"». Вступил в силу28 января 2014 г. Опубликован: "Сборник нормативных актов администрации города Хабаровска и Хабаровской городской Думы", No. 1, январь 2014 г. (Khabarovsk City Duma.Decision#856ofJanuary28, 2014 On the Anthem of the Urban Okrug of "the City of Khabarovsk". Effective as ofJanuary28, 2014.).
Хабаровская городская Дума.Решение№509от13 июля 2004 г. «Устав городского округа "Город Хабаровск"», в ред. Решения №167 от22 сентября 2015 г.«О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав городского округа "Город Хабаровск"». Вступил в силу8 октября 2004 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Хабаровские вести", №152, 8 октября 2004 г. (Khabarovsk City Duma.Decision#509ofJuly13, 2004 Charter of the Urban Okrug of "the City of Khabarovsk", as amended by the Decision#167 ofSeptember22, 2015 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of "the City of Khabarovsk". Effective as ofOctober8, 2004 (with the exception of several clauses).).
Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края.Закон№109от28 марта 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Хабаровского края», в ред. Закона №155 от23 декабря 2015 г.«О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Хабаровского края». Вступил в силучерез 10дней после официального опубликования (28 апреля 2007 г.). Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №52, 17 апреля 2007 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai.Law#109ofMarch28, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Law#155 ofDecember23, 2015 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Khabarovsk Krai. Effective as ofafter 10days from the official publication day (April28, 2007).).
Правительство Хабаровского края.Постановление№143-прот18 июля 2007 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края», в ред. Постановления №273-пр от28 августа 2015 г.«О внесении изменений в Постановление Правительства Хабаровского края от 18июля 2007г. №143-пр "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края"». Вступил в силу13 августа 2007 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства Хабаровского края", №7(60), 12 августа 2007 г. (Government of Khabarovsk Krai.Resolution#143-profJuly18, 2007 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Resolution#273-pr ofAugust28, 2015 On Amending the Resolution #143-pr of the Government of Khabarovsk Krai of July18, 2007 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai". Effective as ofAugust13, 2007.).
Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края.Закон№177от28 апреля 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования города Хабаровска статусом городского округа и об установлении его границы». Вступил в силусо дня официального опубликования (28 мая 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №95, 28 мая 2004 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai.Law#177ofApril28, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Khabarovsk and on Establishing Its Border. Effective as ofthe day of the official publication (May28, 2004).).
Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края.Закон№264от14 марта 2005 г «Об административных центрах сельских поселений и муниципальных районов Хабаровского края», в ред. Закона №239 от28 ноября 2012 г.«О преобразовании городского населённого пункта рабочий посёлок Тырма, находящегося на территории Верхнебуреинского района Хабаровского края, путём изменения его статуса в сельский населённый пункт— посёлок Тырма и о внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Хабаровского края». Вступил в силусо дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №57, 1 апреля 2005 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai.Law#264ofMarch14, 2005 On the Administrative Centers of the Rural Settlements and the Municipal Districts of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Law#239 ofNovember28, 2012 On the Transformation of the Urban Locality the Work Settlement of Tyrma, Located on the Territory of Verkhnebureinsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, by Changing Its Status to That of a Rural Locality—the Settlement of Tyrma, and on Amending Various Laws of Khabarovsk Krai. Effective as ofthe day of the official publication.).
Nikolay P. Kradin. It Is Protected by the State: the Monuments of Architecture in Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk: Chastnaya kollektsiya, 1999. 192 p.ISBN5-7875-0011-3
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