King Leopold II statue (Ostend)

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King Leopold II statue
Beach of Oostende 08.jpg
Artist Alfred Courtens
Year1931
Location Ostend, Belgium
Coordinates 51°13′38″N2°54′17″E / 51.22715°N 2.90466°E / 51.22715; 2.90466 Coordinates: 51°13′38″N2°54′17″E / 51.22715°N 2.90466°E / 51.22715; 2.90466
In a protest in 2004, the hand of one of the 'grateful Congolese' was sawed off, about the Leopoldian reign of terror Oostende.Leopold II (03).jpg
In a protest in 2004, the hand of one of the 'grateful Congolese' was sawed off, about the Leopoldian reign of terror

The statue of King Leopold II in the Belgian city of Ostend is located on the Royal Galleries by the beach. [1] King Leopold II of Belgium was commemorated here as a benefactor of Ostend and the Belgian Congo. The inauguration was on 19 July 1931. [1]

Contents

The statue was vandalised in 2020 as part of the global Black Lives Matter movement after the murder of George Floyd. A petition to remove such statues was started to coincide with the 60th anniversary of Congo's independence from Belgium on 30 June 2020. [2] [3] [4] [5]

On 9 June 2020, Ostend mayor Bart Tommelein said that the city council "takes the fight against racism very seriously" but "replacing or removing statues will not happen". [6]

History

While Leopold was alive, Thomas Vinçotte produced a portrait bust which is now in the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken. [7]

Leopold II by Thomas Vincotte - Laeken Royal Greenhouses Leopold II by Thomas Vincotte - Laeken Royal Greenhouses - Royal Castle of Laeken - Brussels, Belgium - DSC07377.jpg
Léopold II by Thomas Vinçotte - Laeken Royal Greenhouses

Shortly after Leopold died in 1909, plans started to honour him, as a benefactor of Ostend and the Belgian Congo. [7] After the First World War, the city government started work on plans for a statue. [7] Sculptor Alfred Courtens (1889-1967), was commissioned, together with his brother, the architect, Antoine Courtens (1899-1969). [8] [1] The City Council may have hoped to regain the dynasty as summer residents but after Leopold II's death, Ostend's status as a royal summer residence quickly crumbled. [7] [8] On 22 September 1981 the statue was declared a protected monument. [8]

Description

The monument is known locally as "De Drie Gapers". [8] [9] The middle of the three passages was made on the sea side. [10] The monument has an important architectural part that roughly consists of a voluminous upright column, with two horizontal bases on the left and right. [10] This gives a form of a kind of double L monogram (two L's turned away from each other), the monogram that Leopold II often used. [10] On top in bronze, Leopold II sits in military uniform on horseback looking over the North Sea. [10] At the bottom left a larger than life sculptural group, also in bronze, depicting "Thanks of the Congolese to Leopold II for freeing them from slavery among the Arabs". [10] [1] On the right, a pendant, depicting "Tribute of the Ostend fishing population". [1]

Controversy

Congo Free State

Map of the Congo Free State, c. 1890 Kongovrijstaat.jpg
Map of the Congo Free State, c. 1890

Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State; a private project was undertaken on his behalf. [11] He used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [11] At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorised his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improve the lives of the native inhabitants. [11]

From the beginning, Leopold ignored these conditions and millions of Congolese inhabitants, including children, were mutilated and killed. [11] He used great sums of the money from this exploitation for public and private construction projects in Belgium during this period. [11] He donated the private buildings to the state before his death. [11]

Leopold extracted a fortune from the Congo, initially by the collection of ivory, and after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s, by forced labour from the natives to harvest and process rubber. [11] Under his regime millions of Congolese people died. [11]

Reports of deaths and abuse led to a major international scandal in the early 20th century, and Leopold was forced by the Belgian government to relinquish control of the colony to the civil administration in 1908. [11]

Vandalism

The Equestrian statue of King Leopold II has been vandalised in 2004 and 2020. [2] [3] [4] [5] In 2004 an activist group, De Stoete Ostendenoare, symbolically cut off a bronze hand from one of the kneeling Congolese slaves who, as part of the 'Gratitude of the Congolese' group in the monument, honours Leopold II. [1] This was a reference to how Congolese slaves' hands were cut off if they did not produce enough rubber during Leopold's colonial regime. [1] The activists were willing to give the hand back if a historically correct sign would be placed near the statue. [12]

On 9 June 2020, Ostend mayor Bart Tommelein said that the city council "takes the fight against racism very seriously" but "replacing or removing statues will not happen". [6]

See also

Related Research Articles

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A bust of Leopold II of Belgium has been on display in the Zuidpark in Ghent for many years. As awareness of Leopold II's genocidal reign in Congo became widespread, public pressure grew to remove the statues of him in Belgium, and the bust was repeatedly defaced. On June 30, 2020, during the George Floyd protests in Belgium, part of the global George Floyd protests, it was removed from its location, to be stored in a warehouse. The date of its removal was also Congo's independence day.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "EQUESTRIAN STATUES".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. 1 2 Teri Schultz (5 June 2020). "Belgians Target Some Royal Monuments In Black Lives Matter Protest". NPR. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Al meer dan 16.000 handtekeningen voor petitie om standbeelden Leopold II uit Brussel weg te nemen, Tommelein wil beeld in Oostende niet verwijderen". Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). 3 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Het Debat. Moeten standbeelden van Leopold II en andere bedenkelijke historische figuren verdwijnen uit het straatbeeld?". Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). 6 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 Burno Struys (6 June 2020). "Dit zijn de organisatoren van de Belgische Black Lives Matter-betogingen". De Morgen (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  6. 1 2 "Campaign launched by a teenager to remove statues of Congo coloniser Leopold II gains pace in Belgium" . Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kempenaers, Jan. Belgian Colonial Monuments. ISBN   9492811502.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Hostyn, Norbert. Monumenten, beelden & gedenkplaten te Oostende: Het Leopold II-monument op de zeedijk. pp. 218–219.
  9. ↑ "De Drie Gapers Oostende". Bezienswaardigheden. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Silverman, Debora L. (2013). "Art Nouveau, Art of Darkness: African Lineages of Belgian Modernism, Part III". West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture. 20 (1): 31. doi:10.1086/670975. JSTOR   10.1086/670975.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. ISBN   978-0618001903.
  12. ↑ Douglas De Coninck (11 August 2014). "Hoe Oostendse activisten met een afgehakte hand de puntjes op de i zetten". De Morgen (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 June 2020.
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