LGBT culture in Puerto Vallarta

Last updated

Sign in Puerto Vallarta recognizing the LGBT community, 2023 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico (March 2023) - 118.jpg
Sign in Puerto Vallarta recognizing the LGBT community, 2023

The city of Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco, Mexico, is a popular destination for LGBT+ tourists. CNN has described Puerto Vallarta as Mexico's "top LGBT destination" with "one of the best week-long Pride festivals in the world". [1] According to The Independent , the city is "the gay capital of Mexico, with a whole district of hotels and restaurants catering to the LGBT+ community". [2] Puerto Vallarta's LGBT culture is based in the Zona Romántica, which includes the gay-friendly Playa de los Muertos.

Contents

Puerto Vallarta, especially Zona Romántica, has many businesses catering to the LGBT community, including beach clubs, bars and nightclubs, gay bathhouses and strip clubs, hotels, and performance venues. The city has private clinics and nonprofit organizations specializing in LGBT healthcare and providing access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Puerto Vallarta's pride parade attracts thousands annually. The city hosts other LGBT-friendly events such as circuit parties and the annual Beef Dip Bear Week, which caters to the bear community. Puerto Vallarta has been recognized as a safe destination for LGBT travelers but has not gone without violence against LGBT people.

LGBT tourism

Gay-friendly part of Playa de los Muertos in Zona Romantica Playa de Los Muertos.jpg
Gay-friendly part of Playa de los Muertos in Zona Romántica

In 2016, The New York Times ' Ondine Cohane said Puerto Vallarta was among the most LGBT-friendly destinations "south of the border". [3] In 2023, Lola Mendez of The Times said one fifth of visitors are LGBT and wrote, "Gay travellers have been visiting Puerto Vallarta since the 1960s and have dubbed Zona Romántica, where Vallarta Pride is held, the 'gayborhood'." [4] The Yucatán Times called the city "super-gay" in 2019. [5]

In 2014, Jennifer Polland included Puerto Vallarta and nearby Punta Mita in Business Insider 's list of the 12 "best honeymoon destinations for gay couples", [6] and Gareth Rubin included Puerto Vallarta in CNN's list of "great locations for a same-sex honeymoon". [7] In 2018, Bill Malcolm of the Windy City Times called Puerto Vallarta "arguably the most gay-friendly city in North America" and wrote: "Think Boystown combined with the French Quarter in New Orleans: cobblestone streets, a great bar area and wonderful beaches." [8] Writing for South Florida Gay News in 2020, he called Puerto Vallarta "the premiere [ sic ] LGBT resort in North America". [9] Readers of OutSmart selected the city as a favorite LGBTQ+ travel and honeymoon destination. [10]

Puerto Vallarta's LGBT culture is based in Zona Romántica, which offers a gay beach experience and businesses catering to the LGBT+ community. [11] [12] According to John Gottberg Anderson of The Bulletin, "a lot of the romance in [Zona Romantica] is of the gay and lesbian variety, as this subculture is widely accepted here". [13] According to the Bay Area Reporter , "The gay village ... is centered around the intersection of Lazaro Cardenas and Ignacio L. Vallarta." [14] [15] The southern end of the neighborhood's Playa de los Muertos is considered gay-friendly and is popular with LGBT travelers. [16] [17] [18] SFGATE said, "the most popular beach for gays is the area south of the pier and just north of" the sculpture The Boy on the Seahorse . [19]

Businesses and organizations

Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi at Playa de los Muertos, 2022 Puerto Vallarta (November 2022) - 062.jpg
Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi at Playa de los Muertos, 2022

Puerto Vallarta has many businesses that cater to the LGBT community, especially in Zona Romántica and to a much-lesser extent in neighboring Centro. [20] According to the Canadian LGBT newspaper Daily Xtra, "there are around thirty gay bars and nightclubs at any given time, many gay-friendly cafes and restaurants, and over a dozen gay hotels and bed-and-breakfasts". [20]

Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea, Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi, and Ritmos Beach Cafe (nicknamed "Green Chairs") are beach clubs along Playa de los Muertos. Boat excursions have included the lesbian-operated Diana's Tours and a more "sexually-charged" tour by Wet and Wild Cruise. [14] [21] Jet's and Wet and Wild offer "coastal tours that conclude with a secluded, clothing-optional beach party", according to Out magazine. [22]

Bars, nightclubs, and restaurants

Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in April 2023 - 081.jpg
Bar Frida
Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (February 2023) - 262.jpg
CC Slaughters
Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, in April 2023 - 038.jpg
Garbo
Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (February 2023) - 175.jpg
La Catrina Cantina

In 2020, Jim Malcolm of the Washington Blade said Zona Romántica had 32 "LGBT bars that are quite varied". [23] Many are located along Lázaro Cardenas and Olas Altas. [8] [9] Notable gay bars and LGBT-friendly nightclubs include Bar Frida, [24] CC Slaughters, [25] Garbo, [11] La Catrina Cantina, [11] La Noche, gay-owned Mr. Flamingo, [11] Paco's Ranch, [25] and Reinas Bar. [14] Paco's Ranch was established as Club Paco Paco in 1989. [26] The owner of Paco's Ranch has been credited for influencing the perception of the LGBT+ community locally. Daily Xtra said:

The city's gay evolution began ... when Paco Ruiz opened his namesake gay nightclub, Club Paco Paco ... At the time, there was only one other gay bar in town. Despite being arrested three times, Ruiz refused to be intimidated by the police harassment. Eventually the media attention and public sympathy that followed created a friendlier environment for his and other gay businesses. [20]

Anónimo has been described as a three-level video bar. [9] [27] The small, lesbian-owned bar Apaches is on Olas Altas. Described as "popular with gay women" in 2007, [28] the bar is generally busier early evenings. [14] The Rough Guide to Mexico describes Apaches as a "popular and welcoming gay and lesbian joint where groups gather for martinis and cocktails at happy hour, filling the cosy, indoor bar and sidewalk tables". [29] In 2007, Bench and Bar was described as "a popular showcase for local gay-centric entertainment", [28] and Budda Lounge was a lesbian-owned bar and restaurant popular with gay women. [28] Blondies PV [11] has an outpost called Los Otros Blondies. [27] [30] Out described Code as "more of an LGBTQ-inclusive space with a Vegas vibe; spheres drop from the ceiling and change color while flames shoot from the DJ booth". [22] El Secreto de la Muxe hosts drag shows. [27] Elixir Mixology has been described as "a lesbian-owned bar and safe space for queer women". [4]

Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (February 2023) - 258.jpg
La Noche
March 2023 in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco - 112.jpg
Mr. Flamingo
Puerto Vallarta, Mexico - March 2023 - 049.jpg
Paco's Ranch
March in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (2023) - 080.jpg
Reinas Bar

Hotel Mercurio Bar, nicknamed "Jorge's Bar" after its longtime bartender, is housed in the gay-friendly Hotel Mercurio. [27] [31] According to Out, dance club Industry "plays pop favorites in its main bar. During circuit season, the back room pounds with house music and often requires a cover". [22] PinkNews has said La Cantina Margarita is "probably the most relaxed and grown-up gay bar" in Zona Romántica. [25] [27] The gay bar La ChaChaLaCa, which was established as StreetBar Vallarta in late 2016, has a pride flag near the entrance and a patio wall gallery displaying "Hollywood divas". [27] [32] [33] Lesbian-owned Los Equipales Grill was described as possibly the city's "most Mexican gay bar" in 2007, and was popular among gay men. [15] Nox is a gay bar with a stripper night, [27] [34] and One Six One is a craft cocktail lounge. [22] [27] Out described Qulture as "a courtyard bar with art galleries featuring LGBTQ+ artists". [22] The popular Top Sky Bar is part of Almar Resort, along with Mantamar. [35]

Other establishments have included Blue Diamond Bar (or simply Blue), [27] Desmadre Bar, [27] Divas, [27] [36] the gay bar Freedom, [15] Kooky Karaoke, [27] La Cueva Cantina, [36] the cantina-style Los Amigos, [27] [37] Mixer Bar, [27] and Sama. [36] Several bars have catered to the bear and leather communities. The bear-oriented Diablitos Cantina opened on Basilio Badillo in 2023. [38] No Borders, in Centro, has been described a "bear/leather/cowboy" bar. [15] Studs has been described as the city's first "men-only bear and leather bar". [39]

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Brian Kent Productions and Vallarta Pride hosted the livestream event PV Strong to benefit employees of LGBT+ nightlife establishments via the Puerto Vallarta Nightlife Relief Fund. According to organizers, the online event was "the only Official Vallarta Pride event happening instead of originally planned 2020 events that have been cancelled". Participants included Brooke Lynn Hytes, Eliad Cohen, Hedda Lettuce, Levi Kreis, Kim Kuzma, Mama Tits, Ross Mathews, Nina Flowers, Shangela, Sherry Vine, Valentina, and Varla Jean Merman. Recipient businesses included Blondies, Garbo, La Noche, Mantamar, Mr. Flamingo, Reinas, The Top, and Wet. [40]

Defunct

2022 photograph of Studs (second level), which expanded to two floors after Therapy (street level) closed Puerto Vallarta (November 2022) - 141.jpg
2022 photograph of Studs (second level), which expanded to two floors after Therapy (street level) closed

Among the city's earliest LGBT-friendly establishments were Piano Bar and Centro's Los Balcones. The owner of Bar Frida has said Piano Bar was not "officially" gay, but was popular with the "Hollywood crowd". [26] According to SFGate, Los Balcones was lesbian-owned and "may have been the second-oldest gay bar after the Piano Bar, which dates back to the 1980s". [26] The Observer said Los Balcones' dance floor was "opulent Mexican art deco, overlooked by an all-white, hi-tech chill-out room". [41] The gay bar Crema later operated in the Los Balcones space for "just a few days". [15]

The two-level Aria, located on Pino Suárez and known for its happy hour, closed in 2001. [42] Among other defunct establishments are Candy Bar [26] and Club Mañana, which opened in 2005 [42] and was once the city's most popular gay club. [15] The cantina Los Equipales (2010–2016) operated in the space occupied by Kooky. It hosted karaoke and was popular among local gays and lesbians. NYPV had a large dance floor and a 15-foot-tall bust of the Statue of Liberty. It only operated from March to November 2004. Plasma (2006–2009) has been described as "a combination of two adjacent properties, a laid back bar on one side, and a more sexy, stripper, go go boys vibe on the other side". [42] As of 2007, Plasma had a dark room and was popular among the bear and leather communities. [28] Stereo was described as a "high-tech video lounge bar" in 2007. [28] Zotano opened in 1995, and was replaced by Por Que No / Why Not? in 1997. In the space now occupied by the male strip club Antropology, Por Que No / Why Not? hosted strippers and operated until early 2001. [42]

In 2023, a writer for a local LGBT publication said the Great Recession (late 2000s) "took out many of the older bars that just could not survive", including Amor, Bite Me Beach Club, Casanovas, Club Mañana, Deja Vecu, El Pianito, Freedom PV, Kit Kat, KokoHome Club, Kox, La Bola, Los Balcones, Miseria, Picante, Plasma/Club Zenit, Stereo, Stonewall, The Ranch, and Tease. [42] The lesbian-owned restaurant El Arrayan closed in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. [26] When the upscale dance bar Therapy closed in the 2020s, [39] Studs was expanded to two floors. [43] [44]

Bathhouses and strip clubs

The strip clubs Sixty Nine and Wet Dreams in Zona Romantica in 2023 March 2023 in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco - 083.jpg
The strip clubs Sixty Nine and Wet Dreams in Zona Romántica in 2023

Spartacus is a gay bathhouse. [14] According to GayPV, Puerto Vallarta is home to "some of Mexico's most popular" gay strip clubs. [45] The city has three gay-friendly male strip clubs, as of 2020: Antropology, Sixty Nine, and Wet Dreams. [45] [46] The largest is Antropology, which was established in 2000 and features a go-go shower. [45] According to Out, Sixty Nine "offers a more upscale experience, with expert pole dancers performing amazing feats for the crowd", and Wet Dreams "is probably the most well-known, although it looks seedy and the men can be aggressive here in pulling customers into back rooms". [22] Established in 2018, Wet Dreams (or simply Wet) [15] was the first-such venue to host a go-go shower show. The two-level venue "sports the traditional American style strip down shows", according to GayPV, which has also said, "The owner of Wet Dreams owns other bars in town so you will see the hot strippers in circuit parties" at Industry and Mantamar. [45]

Health care

Vallarta Gay Clinic, 2023 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (February 2023) - 239 (cropped).jpg
Vallarta Gay Clinic, 2023

In 2023, a private clinic specializing in LGBT healthcare called Vallarta Gay Clinic opened in Zona Romántica. [47] Additionally, the "gay-owned and operated telehealth platform" MISTR announced plans to open its first international location in Zona Romántica in April that year. According to Bear World Magazine, MISTR will offer an "in-person presence ... where Mexican nationals, permanent residents and non-residents of Mexico and Latin America can receive free access" to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). [48]

Solidaridad Ed Thomas AC (SETAC) is a local organization and community center focused on LGBT healthcare. [49] [50] According to Bear World, SETAC is "dedicated to educating and distributing information about HIV and other sexually transmitted infections". [48] The nonprofit has operated two locations in Puerto Vallarta, including one in Zona Romántica. [48] SETAC launched a program for PrEP in 2018. [51] An initial agreement for a three-year program sought to provide treatment to 300 individuals at no cost, in collaboration with CENSIDA, Mexico City's Condensa Specialized Clinic, the National Institute of Public Health, and the United Nations Population Fund. [52] In 2022, SETAC illuminated Los Arcos and the Municipal Palace with red lights to commemorate World AIDS Day. [53] Both locations halted operations in February 2023 due to a lack of government funding. [48]

Hotels and resorts

Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea, 2023 Puerto Vallarta, MX (2023) - 012.jpg
Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea, 2023

Puerto Vallarta offers many LGBT-friendly accommodations, including from bed and breakfasts, guesthouses, hotels, lodges, and resorts. [54] According to Keith Langstone of Lonely Planet, "All the big brand resorts are LGBTIQ-inclusive, and there are even LGBTIQ-exclusive hotels". [55] In addition to Almar Resort [11] [56] and Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea, LGBT+ hotels and resorts have included The Abbey Hotel, [28] Amaca, [15] Casa Cupula, [1] [57] the three-story Hotel Mercurio, [28] Pinata PV, [14] and the male-only, clothing-optional Villa David. [15] In 2007, the Bay Area Reporter said: "The Vallarta Cora is the oldest gay hotel in Puerto Vallarta and attracts a very loyal crowd even during the slower summer months. It is all male and is also the only gay clothing optional hotel in the city." [28]

Almar Resort, which is affiliated with Mantamar and Top Sky Bar, was described as Puerto Vallarta's "only luxury LGBT+ resort" in Lonely Planet Mexico (2022). [58] Ross Mathews got married at the hotel in 2022. [59] [60] Casa Cupula hosts Naked Pool Party weekly. [22] Hotel Mercurio hosts a beer bust featuring drag-and-strip shows called Beer, Boys, and Burgers. [9] Lonely Planet describes Villa David as a clothing-optional "gay retreat". [58] Marriott Puerto Vallarta Resort & Spa has been described as a gay-and lesbian-friendly hotel. [4] [25]

Defunct properties include Paco's Paradise, described as a private gay beach and hotel. [28]

Performance venues

Palm Cabaret and Bar, 2023 Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (February 2023) - 092.jpg
Palm Cabaret and Bar, 2023

Performance venues in Puerto Vallarta include Palm Cabaret and Bar and Act II (also known as Act2PV), both of which have hosted drag shows by Mama Tits and other drag queens. [61] [62] [63] Frommer's said Palm's "crowd is mostly gay, but straights won't feel out of place if they come (the management and patrons are a tolerant bunch)". [64] The venue has hosted Dame Edna Everage [64] and tribute shows to gay icons and LGBT+ artists such as Lady Gaga and Freddie Mercury. [65] [66] Palm presented the drag shows Miss Conception's TV Land in 2019, [67] Booby Tunes in 2020, [68] and Dueling Drag Divas during 2020–2021. [69] [70]

In addition to drag shows, Act II has hosted a production of The Rocky Horror Picture Show and a program dedicated to Whitney Houston. [21] [22] Act II's Red Room has hosted drag shows by Hedda Lettuce, [71] as well as The Very Breast of JoAnna, as of 2019. [72] The Red Room hosted the show Miscast Men of Broadway by The Boy Band Project, which has been described as an all-gay cover band, as of 2020. [73]

Publications

LGBT+ publications in Puerto Vallarta include Gay Guide Vallarta, [58] GayPV, and Urbana Revista. Gay Guide Vallarta is written primarily in English and includes a map. GayPV is available in both English and Spanish. GayPV partners with the PV Convention and Visitors Bureau. The glossy magazine Urbana Revista offers online event listings and also focuses on Guadalajara. [20]

Events

For thirty years, Puerto Vallarta has hosted events as part of World AIDS Day, as of 2022. Activities have included a walk, conferences, and workshops seeking to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention. [53]

White Party events are held on weekends around holidays such as Thanksgiving, New Year's Eve, [22] and Presidents' Day, which is celebrated in the United States in February. [20] Mantamar hosted an annual White Party Sunset Pool event each November, as of 2019. [74] In 2021, some members of the LGBT community criticized a White Party that was held on New Year's Eve during the COVID-19 pandemic for disregarding health regulations. [75] [76] [77]

Puerto Vallarta was a tourist venue when Guadalajara co-hosted the Gay Games in 2023. [78] [79]

Vallarta Pride

Puerto Vallarta hosts an annual Pride celebration in mid-to-late May. [80] According to The Advocate , "Vallarta Pride works toward a future without discrimination where all have equal rights under fair and equal law. They achieve this through the LGBT events that inspire, commemorate, and celebrate the community." [81] In 2014, SFGATE said the event had "expanded from a three-day weekend to five days of beach parties, music festivals, fashion shows, assorted activities and a mass commitment ceremony". [82]

During the celebration activities take place throughout the city, including beaches. In 2017, approximately 17,000 people attended Vallarta Pride. [83] The pride parade had 60 floats and attracted an estimated 7,000 spectators. [84] Other activities included an exclusive Women's Rooftop Party, a Glowjob Party at Casa Cupula, a Carnivale-inspired White Party at Mantamar, [85] screenings of LGBT+ films, and a health fair at Plaza Hidalgo. [84] Nelson Branco of Toronto Sun said of his 2017 experience: "The city not only allowed cops to walk in the parade—but for the first time, the entire police, medical and fire forces proudly sashayed down the boardwalk, including Mayor [Arturo Dávalos Peña]". [86]

In 2018, Vallarta Pride included arts and culture events spanning seven days. [81] The 2019 event featured a swimsuit fashion show. [87] National Geographic said in 2019, "The parade brings nearly all residents out to see the marchers and colorful floats pass along the picturesque Malecón and ends with a festive block party. Its over-the-top Drag Derby, a combination drag pageant and obstacle course race, is not to be missed." [80] Lola Mendez ranked Puerto Vallarta number one in The Times ' list of "best places around the world to celebrate Pride in 2023". [4]

Beef Dip Bear Week

The annual event Beef Dip Bear Week caters to the bear community. Bear World Magazine described it as "one of the foremost bear events in the world". [22] [48] According to Quadratín Jalisco, Beef Dip Bear Week is the world's longest bear event. [88] The 2020 event included a foam-pool party and karaoke, [89] and the nineteenth event in 2023 spanned eight days. Beef Dip Bear Week benefits social causes; proceeds in 2023 benefited SETAC and a local food bank. [90]

Safety

Sign in Zona Romantica condemning violence against transgender people, 2023 Puerto Vallarta, April 2023 - 10.jpg
Sign in Zona Romántica condemning violence against transgender people, 2023

Puerto Vallarta has been recognized as one of the safest travel destinations for the LGBT+ community. [91] Despite this, instances of violence against LGBT people have occurred in the city. [92]

In 2018, a gunman attacked a gay couple who were holding hands near Lázaro Cárdenas Park, injuring one person. [93] One of the victims "alleged that the incident was motivated by the couple's sexuality" and "expressed concern that police were covering up what really happened in order to avoid damaging the tourism sector". [94] [95] [96] The LGBT Business and Tourism Association of Puerto Vallarta and the Puerto Vallarta Tourism Board issued a joint statement condemning the attack, expressing sympathies for the couple, and saying visitors "are part of the LGBTQ community and safely enjoy the destination, again without any incident". [97] [98]

According to Vallarta Daily News, in 2018, local police were collaborating with the LGBTTTI Vallarta Collective on sensitivity training. [99] In 2022, the city's police commissioner announced the creation of Mexico's first Gay Police Unit. [100] [101] [102] In 2023, the U.S. Department of State discouraged citizens from traveling to Jalisco "over increased crime and kidnappings in the region". [103]

Art

In 2022, Puerto Vallarta's building commission announced plans to paint rainbow crossings at intersections in the neighborhoods Amapas and Zona Romántica. [104] As of 2023, artist Octavio González is working on Puerto Vallarta's first sculpture to be dedicated to the LGBT+ community. [105]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puerto Vallarta</span> City in Jalisco, Mexico

Puerto Vallarta is a Mexican beach resort city on the Pacific Ocean's Bahía de Banderas in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Puerto Vallarta is the second largest urban agglomeration in the state after the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. The City of Puerto Vallarta is the government seat of the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta, which comprises the city as well as population centers outside of the city extending from Boca de Tomatlán to the Nayarit border. The city is located at 20°40′N105°16′W. The municipality has an area of 681 square kilometres (262.9 sq mi). To the north, it borders the southwest of the state of Nayarit. To the east, it borders the municipality of Mascota and San Sebastián del Oeste, and to the south, it borders the municipalities of Talpa de Allende and Cabo Corrientes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT people in Mexico</span>

According to the First National Poll on Discrimination (2005) in Mexico which was carried out by the CONAPRED, 48% of the Mexican people interviewed indicated that they would not permit a homosexual to live in their house. 95% of the homosexuals interviewed indicated that in Mexico there is discrimination against them; four out of ten declared they were victim of acts of exclusion; more than half said they felt rejected; and six out of ten felt their worst enemy was society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CC Slaughters</span> Pair of gay bars and nightclubs in Portland, Oregon and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

CC Slaughters is a gay bar and nightclub located in Portland, Oregon, and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. The Portland bar is located in the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood, and the Puerto Vallarta bar is located in Zona Romántica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT culture in Portland, Oregon</span>

LGBT culture in Portland, Oregon is an important part of Pacific Northwest culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT culture in New York City</span>

New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world and the central node of the LGBTQ+ sociopolitical ecosystem, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent. Brian Silverman, the author of Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day, wrote the city has "one of the world's largest, loudest, and most powerful LGBT communities", and "Gay and lesbian culture is as much a part of New York's basic identity as yellow cabs, high-rise buildings, and Broadway theatre". LGBT travel guide Queer in the World states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs". LGBT advocate and entertainer Madonna stated metaphorically, "Anyways, not only is New York City the best place in the world because of the queer people here. Let me tell you something, if you can make it here, then you must be queer."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi</span> LGBT establishment in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi is an LGBT bar in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Playa de los Muertos (Puerto Vallarta)</span> Beach in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

Playa de los Muertos is a beach in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zona Romántica</span> Neighborhood of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Zona Romántica is the unofficial designation for an LGBT-friendly tourist area in southern Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The zone is made of three colonias Emiliano Zapata, Alta Vista, and Amapas. The area is also commonly referred to as Old Town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea</span> Resort in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea, is an LGBT-friendly hotel in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The property has a rooftop bar called Blue Sunset Rooftop Bar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm Cabaret and Bar</span> Performance venue and bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

The Palm Cabaret and Bar is a bar and performance venue in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mr. Flamingo</span> Gay bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Mr. Flamingo is a gay bar in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garbo (Puerto Vallarta)</span> Gay-friendly bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Garbo is a gay-friendly bar in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ritmos Beach Cafe</span> Beachfront cafe in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Ritmos Beach Cafe is a gay-friendly beachfront cafe along Playa de los Muertos in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paco's Ranch</span> Gay bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Paco's Ranch, also known as Club Paco Paco, is a gay bar in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Noche (Puerto Vallarta)</span> Gay bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

La Noche is a gay bar in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The bar has donated to SETAC, an LGBT center in Puerto Vallarta. Drag queen Super Wendy performed at the bar nightly, as of 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinas Bar</span> Gay bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Reinas Bar, or simply Reinas, is a gay bar in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Owner Marcus Van Groeningen opened the bar in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bar Frida</span> Gay bar in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Bar Frida Cantina Puerto Vallarta, or simply Bar Frida, is a gay bar in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Catrina Cantina</span> Bar and entertainment venue in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

La Catrina Cantina is a gay bar and entertainment venue in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Juan Alvarado opened the venue in May 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Almar Resort</span> LGBT resort in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico

Almar Resort is a luxury LGBT resort in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

References

  1. 1 2 Chauvin, Kelsy (May 1, 2019). "The best LGBT-friendly hotels". CNN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Mexico travel guide: Everything you need to know before you go". The Independent. July 21, 2022. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  3. ↑ Cohane, Ondine (December 22, 2016). "36 Hours in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "15 of the best places to celebrate Pride around the world in 2023". Times Travel. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Riviera Maya positioning as a World-Class LGBT Travel Destination". The Yucatan Times. August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  6. ↑ Polland, Jennifer. "The 12 Best Honeymoon Destinations For Gay Couples". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  7. ↑ Rubin, Gareth (May 26, 2014). "Great locations for a same-sex honeymoon". CNN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  8. 1 2 "VALUE TRAVEL Puerto Vallarta". Windy City Times . February 6, 2018. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Malcolm, Bill (February 3, 2020). "LGBT Travel: Puerto Vallarta—What's Not To Like?". South Florida Gay News . Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  10. ↑ OutSmart :
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Landis, David (February 23, 2023). "Puerto Vallarta: An LGBTQ+ Dream Vacation". San Francisco Bay Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  12. ↑ Mackay, Kate (December 13, 2017). "5 great places to visit in January 2019". CNN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  13. ↑ Anderson, John Gottberg (October 11, 2015). "Off the beaten track in Puerto Vallarta". The Bulletin . Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Puerto Vallarta offers deals, beaches, gay nightlife". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Walsh, Ed (January 25, 2012). "New bars, flights a draw to Puerto Vallarta". East Bay Reporter. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Finger-pointing begins after hillside collapse in Puerto Vallarta". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Cliff at construction site near gay beach in Puerto Vallarta collapses". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta Travel Guide". Puerto Vallarta News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  19. ↑ McGinnis, Chris; Walsh, Ed (August 1, 2019). "10 things *not* to do in Puerto Vallarta". SFGATE . Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Your Comprehensive Guide to Gay Travel in Puerto Vallarta". Daily Xtra . Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  21. 1 2 Nunn, Jerry. "Life Is a Cabaret in Puerto Vallarta - Nunn's Theater Habit". ChicagoPride.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Puerto Vallarta: An LGBTQ+ Travel Guide". Out . Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  23. ↑ Malcolm, Bill (January 31, 2020). "LGBT travel: Puerto Vallarta — what's not to like?". Washington Blade . Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  24. ↑ Walsh, Ed. "Puerto Vallarta offers deals, beaches, gay nightlife". Bay Area Reporter . Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Ashenden, Amy (January 16, 2020). "Beach clubs, drag shows and tranquil relaxation: Why Mexico's Puerto Vallarta is the perfect queer winter sun getaway". PinkNews . Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Walsh, Ed (June 10, 2021). "How Puerto Vallarta became the Bay Area's favorite LGBTQ getaway". SFGate . Hearst Communications. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Dominguez, Salvador. "Your Guide to LGBTQ Bars in Puerto Vallarta". Out & About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Walsh, Ed (July 25, 2007). "Puerto Vallarta's changing gay scene". Bay Area Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  29. ↑ Fisher, John; Jacobs, Daniel; O'Neill, Zora; Keeling, Stephen (June 1, 2010). The Rough Guide to Mexico. Rough Guides UK. ISBN   978-1-4053-8755-2. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  30. ↑ Rodriguez, Randy (October 11, 2019). "'Los Otros Blondies' adds to the Cocktail Scene In Old Town". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  31. ↑ "Hotel Mercurio Bar". GayPV. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  32. ↑ Walsh, Ed. "StreetBar Puerto Vallarta serves up la vida social". The Desert Sun. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  33. ↑ "La ChaChaLaCa Puerto Vallarta". GayPV. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  34. ↑ "Bearadise presents Bear Pride in sunny Puerto Vallarta!". Bear World Magazine. May 16, 2023. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  35. ↑ Morales, Joe (October 25, 2019). "Puerto Vallarta, Mexico welcomes LGBTQ community with open arms". Out In Jersey. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 Collins, Andrew (January 9, 2015). "Any Puerto in a storm". Dallas Voice. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta, Mexico: This is What a Gay Destination Should Be!". Banderas News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  38. ↑ Jones, Jerry (October 27, 2023). "Diablitos Cantina: The Newest Gay Bar in Puerto Vallarta". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  39. 1 2 Dominguez, Salvador. "Studs and Therapy Offer New Bar Options in Zona Romántica". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  40. ↑ "Online extra: Puerto Vallarta nightlife fundraisers features drag acts, celebrities". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  41. ↑ Tatchell, Peter (February 24, 2002). "Even the whales are gay down Mexico way". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Lee, Rande (December 1, 2023). "Gay Bars That Once Were, Made History In Their Heyday". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  43. ↑ Jones, Jerry (December 18, 2022). "STUDS Bear/Leather Bar Set to Expand to Two Floors". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  44. ↑ Jones, Jerry (May 20, 2023). "STUDS Bear and Leather Bar Celebrates One Year Anniversary". Out and About Puerto Vallarta. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "A Visitor's Guide For A Gay Strip Club Puerto Vallarta". GayPV. June 17, 2020. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  46. ↑ Perry, Kevin (October 21, 2020). "Public Sex Is Pricey!". Metrosource . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  47. ↑ "A private clinic exclusively for the LGBT community opens in Puerto Vallarta - The Guadalajara Post". Mexico Daily Post. January 16, 2023. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 "MISTR to provide PrEP in Puerto Vallarta". Bear World Magazine. March 29, 2023. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  49. ↑ "LGBT activists demand better attention to monkeypox in Mexico". Vallarta Daily News. September 1, 2022. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  50. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta's LGBT center helps during COVID crisis". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  51. ↑ "PrEP program begins in Mexico". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  52. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta begins preventative strategy against HIV". Vallarta Daily News. September 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  53. 1 2 "Puerto Vallarta arches and City Hall light up in red for World AIDS Day". Vallarta Daily News. December 1, 2022. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Mexico's Pacific Coast's Top LGBT Spots". Vallarta Daily News. July 2, 2019. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  55. ↑ "2023 Pride: 12 LGBTIQ+ friendly destinations where you can celebrate". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  56. ↑ "A (long-overdue) return to Puerto Vallarta". Travel Weekly. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  57. ↑ Casa Cupula:
  58. 1 2 3 Armstrong, Kate (May 2022). Lonely Planet Mexico. Lonely Planet. ISBN   978-1-83869-271-1. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  59. ↑ "'Drag Race' Judge Ross Mathews Marries Fiancé in Beachside Ceremony". Out. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  60. ↑ Bashforth, Emily (December 23, 2022). "LGBTQ+ celebrities who got married or had kids this year". LGBTQ Nation . Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  61. ↑ White, Debbie (April 13, 2018). "Spring Fever hits the Red Room with 'Us Two' and 'Mama Tits'". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  62. ↑ "Mama Tits in Por Qué No? Saturdays at The Palm Cabaret". Banderas News. October 7, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Mama Tits, Wednesdays and Saturdays at The Palm Cabaret". Banderas News. December 16, 2022. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  64. 1 2 "The Palm Cabaret and Bar in Puerto Vallarta and the Riviera Nayarit". Frommer's . Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  65. ↑ White, Debbie (April 26, 2021). "The Hit Show, 'This is Gaga,' Held Over at The Palm Cabaret". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  66. ↑ White, Debbie (May 24, 2021). "A Review: "I Want It All: The Freddie Mercury Story" in Puerto Vallarta". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  67. ↑ White, Debbie (January 6, 2019). "Miss Conception's TV Land' Debuts at The Palm Cabaret". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  68. ↑ White, Debbie (January 24, 2020). "Review: Sutton Lee Seymour's 'Booby Tunes' is Drag's Purveyor of Musical Theater in Its Most Delicious Form". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  69. ↑ White, Debbie (February 17, 2020). "Review: Dueling Drag Divas Is a Winner at The Palm Cabaret". Puerto Vallarta News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  70. ↑ White, Debbie (March 13, 2021). "Dueling Drag Divas Entertain at The Palm Cabaret". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  71. ↑ "Hedda Lettuce –Big Queen Small Throne Extended Through February". Vallarta Daily News. February 3, 2016. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  72. ↑ White, Debbie (April 15, 2019). "The Very Breast of JOANNA! at The Red Room". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  73. ↑ White, Debbie (February 22, 2020). "Broadway actor, Daniel Le Claire, performs this month in Puerto Vallarta". Vallarta Daily News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  74. ↑ "Travel Thursday: Beat the Blues Any Time of the Year by Visiting Puerto Vallarta". Instinct. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  75. ↑ "#GaysOverCovid: Maskless parties lead to rift within LGBTQ community". NBC News. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  76. ↑ "New Year's gay parties planned to rage on during pandemic". Los Angeles Blade. December 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  77. ↑ "Gay circuit party impresario hosts NYE super-spreader in Mexico". Los Angeles Blade. December 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  78. ↑ "Guadalajara will co-host Gay Games 2023". Vallarta Daily News. June 29, 2022. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  79. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta será parte de los "Gay Games Guadalajara 2023"". Meridiano.mx (in Mexican Spanish). November 25, 2022. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  80. 1 2 "Top Destinations for LGBT Pride Celebrations". National Geographic. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  81. 1 2 "92 Joyful, Sexy Photos of Puerto Vallarta Pride". The Advocate. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  82. ↑ Delsol, Christine (April 9, 2014). "Puerto Vallarta's Pride celebration more popular than ever". SFGATE. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  83. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta Gay Pride 2018 celebrates 100th Anniversary of the city". Vallarta Daily News. April 16, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  84. 1 2 "2017 Vallarta Pride Parade Broke its Own Attendance Record". Bandares News. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  85. ↑ "95 Photos of the Crazy Party That's Puerto Vallarta Pride". The Advocate. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  86. ↑ "Why I had to fly to Mexico for a proper Pride". Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  87. ↑ Harrity, Christopher (June 4, 2019). "47 Photos of Street Stuff at Puerto Vallarta Pride". The Advocate.
  88. ↑ Beas, Diana (January 31, 2023). "Reunirá Beef Dip a miles de turistas de la comunidad LGBTIQ". Quadratin Jalisco (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  89. ↑ "Beef Dip Was Nothing Short Of Freaking Tasty". Instinct. February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  90. ↑ "'Osos' invaden Vallarta con el evento "Beef Dip Bear Week"". Tribuna de la Bahía (in Spanish). January 31, 2023. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  91. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta recognized as one of the safest LGBTQ + destinations". Vallarta Daily News. September 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  92. ↑ "En Vallarta sigue discriminación y ataques a homosexuales" [In Vallarta discrimination and attacks on gays continue]. Tribuna de la Bahía (in Spanish). May 16, 2021. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  93. ↑ Tracer, Dan (March 26, 2018). "Man shot while holding husband's hand in gay resort destination Puerto Vallarta". Queerty. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  94. ↑ "Gunman fires on gay couple in Puerto Vallarta, wounding one man". Mexico News Daily. March 27, 2018. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  95. ↑ "Gay tourist shot in Puerto Vallarta while holding hands with Husband". Vallarta Daily News. March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  96. ↑ "This Gay Couple Got Shot While on Vacation—But What Happens Now?". Them. March 27, 2018. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  97. ↑ Lavers, Michael K. (March 31, 2018). "Tourism officials: Puerto Vallarta safe after gay couple attacked". The Washington Blade. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  98. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta Tourism Board Responds to Shooting of Gay Man, Insists City Is Safe". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  99. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta police will receive LGBT sensitivity training". Vallarta Daily News. July 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  100. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta will have the first Gay Police Unit in Mexico". The Yucatan Times. June 7, 2022. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  101. ↑ Rosen, Everitt. "From the First LGBT Police Unit in Mexico to Pride Parade Featuring Topless Virgin Mary in Italy, This Week in Int'l LGBT News". South Florida Gay News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  102. ↑ "Puerto Vallarta to Have First Gay Police Unit in Mexico". Banderas News. June 8, 2022. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  103. ↑ "Americans Warned to Reconsider Travel to Puerto Vallarta & Beyond". Out Traveler . Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  104. ↑ "Gay pride colors coming to the streets of Emiliano Zapata and Amapas neighborhoods". Vallarta Daily News. March 15, 2022. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  105. ↑ "Octavio González prepares the first sculpture dedicated to the LGBTQ+ community in Puerto Vallarta". Vallarta Daily News. February 15, 2023. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.