LGBT rights by country or territory

For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT movements. For intersex rights, see Intersex human rights.

"LGBT right" redirects here. For the right-wing LGBT movement, see LGBT conservatism.

• v
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Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression

Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
Death	Prison; death not enforced
Death under militias	Prison, with arrests or detention
Prison, not enforced
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
Marriage	Extraterritorial marriage
Civil unions	Limited domestic
Limited foreign	Optional certification
None	Restrictions of expression
Restrictions of association with arrest or detention

Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

LGBT rights at the United Nations

• v
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• e

---

	Neither	States which did not support either declaration
	Non-member states	States that are not voting members of the United Nations
	Oppose	States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011
	Subsequent member	South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008
	Support	States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory

  Legal identity change, surgery not required

  Legal identity change, surgery required

  No legal identity change

  Unknown/Ambiguous

Notably, as of February 2024 ^[update] , 36 countries recognize same-sex marriage. ^{[1] [2]} By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only two countries are believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran and Afghanistan. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} The death penalty is officially law, but generally not practiced, in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (in the autonomous state of Jubaland) and the United Arab Emirates. ^{[7] [8]} LGBT people also face extrajudicial killings in the Russian region of Chechnya. ^[9] Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery, which (in light of the illegality of gay marriage in those countries) would by default include gay sex, but this is enforced by the legal authorities in Iran and Nigeria (in the northern third of the country). ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]}

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights. ^{[15] [16]} A 2022 study found that LGBT rights (as measured by ILGA-Europe's Rainbow Index) were correlated with less HIV/AIDS incidence among gay and bisexual men independently of risky sexual behavior. ^[17]

The 2023 Equaldex Equality Index ranks the Nordic countries, Chile, Uruguay, Canada, the Benelux countries, Spain, Andorra, and Malta among the best for LGBT rights. The index ranks Nigeria, Yemen, Brunei, Afghanistan, Somalia, Mauritania, Palestine, and Iran among the worst. ^{[18] [ better source needed ]} Asher & Lyric ranked Canada, Sweden, and the Netherlands as the three safest nations for LGBT people in its 2023 index. ^[19]

Scope of laws

Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:

• laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
• laws concerning LGBT parenting, including adoption by LGBT people
• anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
• anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT children at school
• hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
• bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people
• laws related to sexual orientation and military service
• laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
• sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity. These may or may not target homosexuals, males or males and females, or leave some homosexual acts legal.
• adultery laws that same-sex couples are subject to
• age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity
• laws regarding donation of blood, corneas, and other tissues by men who have sex with men
• laws concerning access to gender-affirming surgery and hormone replacement therapy
• legal recognition and accommodation of the affirmed gender.

History of LGBT-related laws

See also: LGBT history, Timeline of LGBT history, LGBT social movements, History of homosexuality, and Sodomy law § History

Ancient India

Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types is punishable in the Arthashastra. Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras, especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts. ^{[20] [21]} Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity. ^[22]

Ancient Israel

The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord" ^{[23] [24]} and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction. ^{[25] [26]} In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable". ^{[27] [28]}

Assyria

In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual. ^[29] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine. ^[29] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu , reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers". ^{[30] [31]} However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens. ^{[32] [33]}

Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch." ^{[34] [35] [36]} A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male. ^[37]

Ancient Rome

In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor. ^[38] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames , entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.

A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men. ^[39] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. ^[40]

Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex. ^[41] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law. ^[42] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage. ^[43]

In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death, ^[44] as a violation of military discipline. ^[45] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium , clubbing to death. ^[46] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself. ^[47] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves; ^[48] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se. ^[49] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly. ^[50]

Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies. ^[51] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress. ^[52]

Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning. ^[53] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code. ^[54] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners are, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death. ^[55]

British Empire

See also: LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations

The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in the 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak. ^[56] As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates. ^[57]

Netherlands

In 2001, the Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize gay marriage. ^[58]

Global LGBT rights maps

Note that for simplicity the table below does not distinguish between 'legal' and 'lawful'. An action can only be legal or illegal where a specific law has been passed.

Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory

v t e Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:    Death   Prison; death not enforced   Death under militias   Prison, with arrests or detention   Prison, not enforced Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:    Marriage   Extraterritorial marriage    Civil unions    Limited domestic   Limited foreign   Optional certification   None   Restrictions of expression   Restrictions of association with arrest or detention Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

LGBT rights at the United Nations

Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members)   Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members after withdrawal of Fiji, Rwanda and Sierra Leone)   Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members)

Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory   Countries or territories that do not have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws   Fine   Unknown punishment   Imprisonment

Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory
1791–1850   1850–1945   1946–1989   1990–present   Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse   Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal   Still criminalized

Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory

1790–1829   1830–1839   1840–1859   1860–1869   1870–1879   1880–1889   1890–1929   1930–1939   1940–1949   1950–1959   1960–1969   1970–1979   1980–1989   1990–1999   2000–2009   2010–2019   2020–present   Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples   No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples   Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples   Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed or occupied territory, extending Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before the war: Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Poland (decriminalized in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). During World War II Germany did not consistently enforce anti-homosexual laws in all occupied countries. All countries and territories listed that were annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II were restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas.

Legal status of same-sex marriage

Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)   Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe   Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for   Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions   Civil unions or domestic partnerships   Limited legal recognition   Local certification without legal force   Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)   Country subject to an international court ruling that recognizes same-sex marriage   Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory
Joint adoption allowed   Second-parent adoption allowed   No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples and no same-sex marriage   Same-sex marriage but adoption by married same-sex couples not allowed

LGBT service in national militaries by country or territory [ citation needed ]
All LGBT people can serve   GBT men can serve   LGB people can serve   GB men can serve   Ambiguous/unknown policy   LGBT people are banned from serving   No military

Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation or gender identity by country or territory

Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment   Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment   Sexual orientation: all employment   Gender identity: all employment   Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors   Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment   Sexual orientation: public employment   No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation or gender identity

Anti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services   Sexual orientation and gender identity covered   Sexual orientation covered   Gender identity covered   No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services

Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity covered   Sexual orientation covered   Gender identity covered   No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity

LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws   Sexual orientation hate crime laws   No LGBT hate crime laws

Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory
Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited   Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited   No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity

Legal status on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory
Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity   De facto ban on conversion therapy   Case-by-case bans   Proposed ban on conversion therapy   No ban on conversion therapy

Immigration equality by country or territory [ citation needed ]
Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws   Unknown/ambiguous

Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory
No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions   Constitution bans same-sex marriage   Constitution establishes Islamic law or bans violations of "Islamic morality"

Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men   Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral   Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral   Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral   No Data

Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory
Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men   Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral   Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral   Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral   No Data

Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
Legal identity change, surgery not required   Legal identity change, surgery required   No legal identity change   Unknown/Ambiguous

Legal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender
Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in   Opt-in for intersex people only   Standard for third gender   Standard for intersex   Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data

Timeline

Decriminalization of homosexuality timeline

	Countries/Territories/States
Never been illegal	List Aruba, Netherlands Benin Burkina Faso Cambodia Central African Republic Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia Congo DR Congo Christmas Island, Australia Curaçao, Netherlands Djibouti Equatorial Guinea French Polynesia, France Indonesia [lower-alpha 1] Ivory Coast Laos Madagascar Mali Mayotte, France Micronesia New Caledonia, France Niger North Korea Rwanda Sint Maarten, Netherlands South Korea Philippines Poland Taiwan Vietnam Wallis and Futuna, France
18th century	List 1791: Andorra            Kingdom of France (includes Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion, San Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon)            Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 1793: Monaco 1794: Luxembourg 1795: Belgium 1798: Geneva, Switzerland            Ticino, Switzerland            Vaud, Switzerland            Valais, Switzerland
19th century	List 1811: Netherlands 1822: Dominican Republic            El Salvador 1830: Empire of Brazil 1832: Bolivia 1853: Argentina 1858: Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1864: San Marino 1869: Dutch Guiana (Suriname) 1871: Guatemala            Mexico 1882: Empire of Japan 1890: Kingdom of Italy            Vatican City 1899: Honduras
20th century	List 1924: Peru 1933: Denmark (includes Greenland and the Faroe Islands) 1934: Uruguay 1940: Kingdom of Iceland 1942: Switzerland (nationwide) 1944: Sweden 1951: Greece            Jordan            West Bank, Palestine 1956: Thailand 1961: Hungary 1962: Czecho slovakia            Illinois, United States 1967: England and Wales, United Kingdom 1968: Bulgaria            East Germany 1969: Canada            West Germany 1971: Austria            Connecticut, United States            Costa Rica            Finland 1972: Colorado, United States            Oregon, United States            Norway 1973: Delaware, United States            Hawaii, United States            Malta            North Dakota, United States 1974: Massachusetts, United States            Ohio, United States 1975: East Timor            New Hampshire, United States            New Mexico, United States            South Australia, Australia 1976: Australian Capital Territory, Australia            Bahrain            California, United States            Indiana, United States            Maine, United States            Washington, United States            West Virginia, United States 1977: Socialist Republic of Croatia            Socialist Republic of Montengro            Socialist Republic of Slovenia            South Dakota, United States            Vermont, United States            Wyoming, United States 1978: Guam, United States            Iowa, United States            Nebraska, United States            New Jersey, United States 1979: Cuba            Spain 1980: American Samoa, United States            New York, United States            Pennsylvania, United States 1981: Colombia            Scotland, United Kingdom            Victoria, Australia 1982: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 1983: Guernsey, United Kingdom            Northern Mariana Islands, United States            Northern Territory, Australia            Portugal            Wisconsin, United States 1984: New South Wales, Australia 1985: United States Virgin Islands, United States 1986: New Zealand 1988: Israel 1989: Falkland Islands, United Kingdom            Liechtenstein 1990: Jersey, United Kingdom            Paraguay            Western Australia, Australia 1991: Bahamas            Abkhazia            British Hong Kong            Queensland, Australia            South Ossetia            Ukraine 1992: Estonia            Isle of Man, United Kingdom            Kentucky, United States            Latvia 1993: District of Columbia, United States            Gibraltar, United Kingdom            Guinea Bissau            Ireland            Lithuania            Mongolia            Nevada, United States            Norfolk Island, Australia            Russia [lower-alpha 2] 1994: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija            Belarus            Bermuda, United Kingdom            Republic of Serbia 1995: Albania            Moldova 1996: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzgovina            Portuguese Macau            North Macedonia            Romania            Tennessee, United States 1997: China            Ecuador            Montana, United States            Tasmania, Australia            Venezuela 1998: Cyprus            Georgia, United States            Kazakhstan            Kyrgyzstan            Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina            Rhode Island, United States            South Africa            Tajikistan 1999: Chile            Maryland, United States 2000: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, United Kingdom            Azerbaijan            Georgia
21st century	List 2001: Anguilla, United Kingdom            Arizona, United States            Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina            British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom            Cayman Islands, United Kingdom            Minnesota, United States            Montserrat, United Kingdom            Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, United Kingdom            Pitcairn Islands, United Kingdom            Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom 2002: Arkansas, United States            Transnistria 2003: Armenia            Iraq [lower-alpha 3]            Tokelau, New Zealand            United States (nationwide) 2004: Cape Verde 2005: Marshall Islands 2007: Nepal            Vanuatu 2008: Nicaragua            Panama 2010: Fiji 2012: Lesotho            São Tomé and Príncipe 2014: Northern Cyprus            Palau 2015: Mozambique 2016: Belize            Nauru            Seychelles 2018: India            Trinidad and Tobago 2019: Botswana 2020: Gabon 2021: Angola            Bhutan 2022: Antigua and Barbuda            Barbados            Singapore            Saint Kitts and Nevis 2023: Cook Islands, New Zealand            Mauritius
	Notes Note that while this template lists several historical countries, such as the Kingdom of France, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, etc., for the sake of clarity, the flags shown are contemporary flags.

LGBT-related laws by country or territory

^{[lower-alpha 4]}

Africa

Main article: LGBT rights in Africa

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa

This table: view talk edit Northern Africa LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression No Anti-LGBT laws Algeria Illegal since 1966 Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment with fines up to 10,000 dinars. [61] Torture, [62] beatings, [63] or vigilante executions are also common. Canary Islands (Autonomous community of Spain) Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto unions legal since 2003 [65] Legal since 2005 [66] Legal since 2005 [67] [68] Spain responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [69] Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender [70] Ceuta (Autonomous city of Spain) Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto union since 1998 [71] Legal since 2005 [66] Legal since 2005 [67] Spain responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender [70] Egypt / Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [64] [72] Libya Illegal since 1953 Penalty: Up to 5 years in jail or vigilante execution. [73] [74] Madeira (Autonomous region of Portugal) Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto union since 2001 [75] [76] Legal since 2010 [77] Legal since 2016 [78] [79] [80] Portugal responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination. [69] Since 2011, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender [81] Melilla (Autonomous city of Spain) Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto union since 2008 [82] Legal since 2005 [66] Legal since 2005 [67] Spain responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender [70] Morocco (including Southern Provinces) Illegal since 1962 Penalty: Up to 3 to 6 years imprisonment with hard labour. [64] [84] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Disputed territory; excluding Southern Provinces) Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. [64] [85] [86] Sudan Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Penalty: Life imprisonment for a third offense of anal sex. [87] Tunisia Illegal since 1913 (as the French protectorate of Tunisia) Penalty: 3 years imprisonment. [64] [88] [89] Western Africa LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Benin Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); [64] [90] Age of consent discrepancy [64] Burkina Faso Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] Constitutional ban since 1991 Cape Verde Legal since 2004 + UN decl. sign. [64] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] Gambia Illegal since 1888 (as the Gambia Colony and Protectorate) Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment. [64] [91] [92] Forms of gender expression criminalized since 2013 [93] Ghana Male illegal since 1892 (as the Gold Coast) Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. (repeal disputed) [94] [95] Female illegal since 2024 [96] Guinea Illegal since 1988 Penalty: 6 months to 10 years imprisonment. [97] Guinea-Bissau Legal since 1993 [64] + UN decl. sign. Ivory Coast Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy [64] Liberia Illegal since 1976 Penalty: 1 year imprisonment. [64] [98] (repeal disputed) Mali Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] Constitutional ban since 2023 [99] [100] Mauritania Illegal since 1983 Penalty: Capital punishment for men, (not enforced); prison and a fine for women. [64] [101] Niger Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy [64] [102] Nigeria Illegal since 1904 (Northern Region only) Illegal since 1916 (Region-wide) Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. Death in the states of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara. (not enforced) [64] [103] [92] Constitutional ban since 2013 Forms of gender expression criminalized in Sharia provinces. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] Legal since 2017 Legal since 2017 [104] [105] Legal since 2017 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Senegal Illegal since 1966 Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment. [64] [106] Sierra Leone Male illegal since 1861 (as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate) Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced, repeal disputed). Female always legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Togo Illegal since 1980 Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment [64] (repeal proposed) [107] Central Africa LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Cameroon Illegal since 1972 Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment. [64] [92] or vigilante execution and torture, [108] (repeal disputed) Central African Republic Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] + UN decl. sign. Constitutional ban since 2016 [109] [110] Chad Illegal since 2017 Penalty: Between 3 months and 2 years in prison, with fines of 50,000 to 500,000 FCFA. (Penal Code, Chapter 2, Article 354) [111] [112] Democratic Republic of the Congo Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] Constitutional ban since 2005 Republic of the Congo Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy [64] [113] Equatorial Guinea Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] [114] Gabon Legal since 2020 [115] ; Age of consent discrepancy, + UN decl. sign. São Tomé and Príncipe Legal since 2012 + UN decl. sign. [64] Eastern Africa LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Burundi Illegal since 2009 Penalty: fine, and 3 months to 2 years imprisonment. [64] [116] (repeal disputed) Constitutional ban since 2005 Djibouti Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] [117] [118] Eritrea Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. [64] [119] or vigilate execution [120] Beatings and torture are also tolerated. [121] Ethiopia Illegal Penalty: Up to 15 years. [64] (repeal disputed) [122] Kenya Illegal since 1897 (as the East Africa Protectorate) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed) [64] [92] [123] Constitutional ban since 2010 [124] / Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [125] [126] Rwanda Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [64] + UN decl. sign. Constitutional ban since 2003 Somalia Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years prison. Jubaland Illegal. Penalty: Up to death in Jubaland.[ citation needed ] Somaliland (Disputed territory) Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years prison, sometimes death sentences. [127] South Sudan Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. (not enforced) [64] [92] Constitutional ban since 2011[ citation needed ] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. Tanzania Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar) Illegal since 1899 Penalty: Up to life imprisonment. [64] [92] Vigilante executions, beatings and torture [128] [129] are also tolerated. Uganda Male illegal since 1902 (as Protectorate) Female illegal since 2000 Penalty: Life imprisonment, Death penalty in some cases, Beatings, torture, or vigilante execution. [130] [131] Constitutional ban since 2005 Indian Ocean states LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Comoros Illegal since 1982 Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines. (not enforced) [64] [132] [133] [134] French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory of France) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory) [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999[ citation needed ] Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law Madagascar Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy [64] Mauritius Legal since 2023 [135] + UN decl. sign. Bans all anti-gay discrimination [136] [137] Mayotte (Overseas region of France) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region) [64] Civil solidarity pact since 2007 Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law Réunion (Overseas region of France) Legal since 1791 [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law Seychelles Legal since 2016 [138] + UN decl. sign. Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] Southern Africa LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Angola Legal since 2021 [139] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [140] May possibly change gender under the Código do Registro Civil 2015 [141] Botswana Legal since 2019 [142] (Only LGB) Bans all anti-gay discrimination Legal gender change recognized as a constitutional right since 2017 [143] Eswatini Male illegal since the 1880s (not enforced, repeal proposed) Penalty: Unknown Female always legal [64] [92] Lesotho Male legal since 2012 Female always legal [64] May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011 [144] Malawi Illegal since 1891 (as British Central Africa Protectorate) [92] Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment for men up to 5 years imprisonment for women (repeal proposed) [64] [145] [92] [146] [147] Mozambique Legal since 2015 [148] [149] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] [136] Namibia Male illegal since 1920 (not enforced; repeal proposed) [92] [150] Penalty: Unknown Female always legal [64] [151] [152] / Foreign same-sex marriages recognised. / Foreign same-sex marriages recognised. Bans some anti-gay discrimination. [153] Under the Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963 [154] South Africa Male legal since 1998 Female always legal; equal age of consent since 2007 + UN decl. sign. [64] Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; same-sex marriage since 2006 Legal since 2006 Legal since 2002 Since 1998 Constitution bans all anti-gay discrimination Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment [155] [156] Zambia Illegal since 1911 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed) [64] [92] Zimbabwe Male illegal since 1891 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed) Female always legal [64] [92] Constitutional ban since 2013 [157]

Americas

Main article: LGBT rights in the Americas

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas

Tables: view talk edit North America LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Bermuda (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1994; equal age of consent since 2019 + UN decl. sign. [64] Domestic partnerships since 2018 [158] Was legal between November 2018 and March 2022 and between May 2017 and June 2018 Legal since 2015 [159] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [160] Canada Legal since 1969; equal age of consent since 1987 + UN decl. sign. [64] [161] Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001); [162] Civil unions in Quebec (2002); [163] Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003); [164] Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004) [165] Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005 [166] Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011 [167] Since 1992 [168] ; Includes transgender people [169] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Ban on conversion therapy since 2022 nationwide Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017 [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] Greenland (Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.) [176] Legal since 2016 Stepchild adoption since 2009; [177] joint adoption since 2016 [178] The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy [179] [180] Mexico Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007), [181] Colima (between 2013 and 2016), [182] Campeche (2013), [183] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018), [184] Michoacán (2015), Tlaxcala (2017), and Veracruz (2020) Starting in 2010; nationwide since 2022 / Legal in Mexico City (2010), [185] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Aguascalientes (2018), San Luis Potosi (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Yucatán (2021), Nayarit (2022), Quintana Roo (2022), Baja California Sur (2022), Durango, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León (the latter three never had adoption bans) [186] [187] (ambiguous) Bans all anti-gay discrimination [188] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), México (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Colima (2021), Tlaxcala (2021), Oaxaca (2021), Yucatán (2021), Zacatecas (2021), Baja California (2022), Hidalgo (2022), Jalisco (2022), Puebla (2022), Sonora (2022), Nuevo León (2022), Querétaro (2023), Sinaloa (2023), Quintana Roo (2023), and Morelos (2023) / Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008), [189] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), México (2021), Morelos (2021), Sinaloa (2022), Zacatecas (2022), Durango (2023), and Yucatán (2024) [190] Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] United States Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [64] Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009). Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013). Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016 / Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021. [195] "Transvestites" are currently banned from the military since 2012. [196] Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites". [196] / Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020. More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities. Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities. Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. / Since April 11, 2022 by legal self determination - gender X became available and recognized formally on US passports. [197] Gender change is legal on birth certificates (under varying conditions by state), in 48 states + DC. Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC. Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020. More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities. Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. Federally / Status varies state to state Central America LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Belize Legal since 2016 [198] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [199] [200] [201] [202] Costa Rica Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign. [64] Unregistered cohabitation since 2014 [203] [204] Legal since May 2020 Legal since May 2020 [205] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] / Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018. Legal gender cannot be changed. Sex indicator removed from all ID cards issued since May 2018 [206] [207] [208] One-time sex change allowed for passports. [209] [210] [211] El Salvador Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign. [64] [212] [213] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [212] [214] Bans discrimination based on gender identity. Guatemala Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign. [64] Pending Bans some anti-gay discrimination [215] Honduras Legal since 1899 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005 Constitutional ban since 2005; [216] [217] court decision pending Constitutional ban since 2005 Bans all anti-gay discrimination [218] Nicaragua Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign. [64] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] Panama Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign. [64] Court decision pending Court decision pending Court decision pending Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination [219] [220] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006 [221] [222] / Caribbean Main article: LGBT rights in the Caribbean LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Anguilla (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. [64] UK responsible for defence Antigua and Barbuda Legal since 2022 Aruba (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2021 [223] / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized [224] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [225] Bahamas Legal since 1991; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. [64] [64] Barbados Legal since 2022. / Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp" [226] Civil Unions proposed. [227] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [228] Bonaire (a special municipality of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities) + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2012 [229] Legal since 2012 [230] [231] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [232] British Virgin Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [233] Cayman Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001; Age of consent discrepancy [64] + UN decl. sign. Civil partnerships since 2020 [234] Legal since 2020 UK responsible for defence Cuba Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign. [64] Legal since 2022 Legal since 2022 Legal since 2022 [64] [235] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [236] [237] [238] Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations [239] [240] [241] Curaçao (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign. [64] (Pending court ruling)/ Mariages performed in Netherlands recognized The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [242] Dominica Illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced). Legalization proposed [243] + UN decl. sign. [64] Dominican Republic Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 2010[ citation needed ] [244] Grenada Male illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (not enforced). [245] Legalization proposed [246] Female always legal [64] Has no military Guadeloupe (Overseas department of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] Haiti Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue) [64] Has no military Jamaica Male illegal Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed [247] Female always legal. [64] Constitutional ban since 1962 Martinique (Overseas department of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] Montserrat (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [248] Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States) Legal since 2003 Legal since 2015 Legal since 2015 [249] Legal since 2015 United States responsible for defense [250] [251] Bans some anti-gay discrimination Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery Saba (a special municipality of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities) + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2012 [229] Legal since 2012 [230] [231] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [232] [252] Saint Barthélemy (Overseas collectivity of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] Saint Kitts and Nevis Legal since 2022 Saint Lucia Male illegal Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed [253] Female always legal [64] Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination Saint Martin (Overseas collectivity of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Illegal Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). [64] Legalization proposed [254] Has no military Sint Eustatius (a special municipality of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities) + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2012 [229] Legal since 2012 [230] [231] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [232] Sint Maarten (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign. [64] / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized [224] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [255] Trinidad and Tobago Legal since 2018 [256] Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. [64] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] United States Virgin Islands (Territory of the United States) Legal since 1985 Legal since 2015 [257] Legal since 2015 [257] Legal since 2015 [257] United States responsible for defense [250] [251] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [258] Legislation enacted in 2022, also explicitly includes gender identity. [259] South America LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Argentina Legal since 1887 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003), [260] Río Negro Province (2003), [261] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009) Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015 [262] Legal since 2010 [263] Legal since 2010 Since 2009 [264] / Legal protection in some cities; [265] pending nationwide. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012 [266] Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [267] [268] [269] Bolivia Legal since 1832 + UN decl. sign. [64] Free unions officially recognised starting in 2020; nationwide since 2023. [270] Constitutional ban since 2009 [271] Same-sex couples in a free union are permitted to adopt [272] Since 2015 [273] [274] [275] ; Includes transgender people [169] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016 [276] [277] [278] Brazil Legal since 1830 + UN decl. sign. [64] "Stable unions" legal and all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011 [279] [280] Starting in 2011; nationwide since 2013 [281] [282] Legal since 2010 [283] Since 1969 [284] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. [285] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999 [286] [287] Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018. The sex reassignment surgery, hormonal and psychological treatment are offered free of charge by the Brazilian Unified Health System (UHS) [288] [289] [290] Chile Legal since 1999; equal age of consent since 2022 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions since 2015 [291] Legal since 2022 [292] Legal since 2022 [292] Since 2012 [293] ; Includes transgender people [294] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [295] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 Transsexual persons can change their registral sex and name since 1974. Transgender persons can change their registral sex and name, no surgeries or judicial order for adults above 18 years old since 2019. [296] Colombia Legal since 1981 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto marital union since 2007 [297] Legal since 2016 [298] Stepchild adoption since 2014; [299] joint adoption since 2015 [300] Since 1999 [64] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [301] Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notary, no surgeries or judicial order required [302] Ecuador Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto unions since 2009 [303] [304] Legal since 2019 [305] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [306] [307] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. [308] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014 Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required [309] [310] Falkland Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2006 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2017 [311] Legal since 2017 [311] Legal since 2017 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [312] French Guiana (Overseas department of France) Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [191] Legal since 2013 [192] Legal since 2013 [193] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [83] Under French law [194] Guyana Illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced). [64] Legalization proposed [313] [314] [315] Paraguay Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1992 [316] Constitutional ban since 1992 [317] [318] Bans some anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2022 Peru Legal since 1924; equal age of consent since 2012 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Limited recognition for same-sex partners of health-care workers since 2020. Since 2009 [319] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [320] [321] [322] [323] [324] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required. [325] [326] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. Legal since 2014 [327] Legal since 2014 [327] UK responsible for defence Suriname Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana); Age of consent discrepancy Bans all anti-gay discrimination [328] Transgender persons can change their legal gender since 2022. Court order required. [329] [330] [331] Uruguay Legal since 1934 + UN decl. sign. [64] Concubinage union since 2008 [332] Legal since 2013 [333] Legal since 2009 [334] Since 2009 [335] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. [336] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009. [337] Self-determination since 2018. Venezuela Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban on de facto stable unions since 1999 Constitutional ban since 1999 Since 2023 [338] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64]

Asia

Main article: LGBT rights in Asia

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia

This table: view talk edit North Asia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Russia Fully legal since 1993 [339] [64] Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. Constitutional ban since 2020 [340] [341] Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [342] Central Asia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Kazakhstan Legal since 1998 [64] Since 2022 [343] [344] Kyrgyzstan Legal since 1998 [64] Constitutional ban since 2016 [345] Requires sex reassignment surgery [346] [344] Tajikistan Legal since 1998 [64] Requires sex reassignment surgery [347] [344] Turkmenistan Illegal for Males since 1927 Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. Uzbekistan Illegal for Males since 1926 Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. West Asia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Abkhazia (Disputed territory) Legal Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2005 Legal since 2014 UK responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [348] Armenia Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 2015 [349] [350] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. [351] Azerbaijan Legal since 2000 [64] Bahrain Legal since 1976 [64] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [352] Cyprus Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil cohabitation since 2015 [353] [354] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [355] Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. [356] Gender change is not legal. / Egypt / Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [64] [357] Georgia Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect Bans all anti-gay discrimination [358] Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change [359] Iran Illegal Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation) [360] . For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. [64] Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [361] Iraq / Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed [362] Israel Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure) [363] + UN decl. sign. [64] [364] Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. / Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry Permitted by law since 2008, [365] but in practice not possible in nearly every case [366] Since 1993; Includes transgender people [367] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [368] [369] [370] Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ; [371] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity [372] [373] [374] [375] [376] Jordan Legal [64] Allowed since 2014 [377] Kuwait Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence. Female always legal [64] [378] Lebanon / Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal. [379] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place. Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced). Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required [380] Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory) Legal since 2014 [381] [382] [64] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [381] [382] Legal, requires surgery for change [383] Oman Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). [64] Laws against forms of gender expression. Palestine West Bank: Legal [64] Gaza: No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct [384] [385] [386] [387] West Bank: Gaza: Qatar Illegal Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment [64] Death penalty for Muslims. Saudi Arabia Illegal Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia. [64] Laws against forms of gender expression. South Ossetia (Disputed territory) Legal Syria Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended) [388] [64] Turkey Legal since 1858 [64] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change [389] United Arab Emirates Death, life in prison, floggings, [390] fines, deportation, chemical castration, [391] [392] forced psychological treatments, [393] honor killings, [391] vigilante executions, [394] [395] beatings, [396] [397] forced anal examinations, [398] forced hormone injections, [399] and torture. [396] [400] In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [401] [402] [403] Laws used to criminalize gender expression. Yemen Illegal (codified in 1994) Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention. [64] South Asia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Afghanistan Illegal Penalty: Death penalty [404] Bangladesh Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced). [64] [405] A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available [406] Bhutan Legal since 2021 [407] British Indian Ocean Territory (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2005 Legal since 2014 UK responsible for defense India Legal since 2018 [408] / symboic live-In relationships exist [409] / Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law. [410] [411] [412] A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention [413] [412] Maldives Illegal (codified in 2014) Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced) [414] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [415] Nepal Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign. [64] [416] [417] [416] [417] Since 2007[ citation needed ] / indirect protections under the category "gender minorities" / Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female [418] Pakistan Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced). [64] [419] Transphobia illegal Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment [420] Sri Lanka Illegal since 1885 Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines. [64] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention [421] East Asia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws China Legal since 1997 [64] / "Legal guardianship" since 2017 / (Open displays prohibited)[ citation needed ] / Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery [422] , which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women [423] . Hong Kong Legal since 1991 [64] / Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [424] The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong. [425] Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling [426] Japan Legal since 1882 + UN decl. sign. [64] * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. Proposed [427] The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist. [428] / No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination [64] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery Macau Legal since 1996 The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Bans some anti-gay discrimination Mongolia Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 1992 Bans some anti-gay discrimination Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery / North Korea / Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[ dubious ] Penalty: Unknown 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers. [429] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited. South Korea Legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Proposed [430] / Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery Taiwan Legal [431] [432] Legal since 2019 [433] [434] [435] Stepchild adoption since 2019 Joint adoption legal since 2023 [436] Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government [437] ; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment. [438] [439] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [lower-alpha 5] Southeast Asia LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) Illegal Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison [441] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Brunei Illegal since 1908 Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women. [442] Laws prohibit forms of gender expression. Cambodia Legal [64] / Partnerships recognized in certain cities There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 / Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place [443] East Timor Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign. [64] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009. [444] Indonesia Legal (except in Aceh) [64] [445] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [446] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. Laos Legal [64] Malaysia Illegal since 1871 Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings. [64] [447] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights [448] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. Myanmar Illegal since 1886 Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Occasionally enforced). [64] [449] Philippines Legal + UN decl. sign. [450] [64] [451] [452] (Pending) [450] (Pending) [453] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [454] [453] Since 2009 / Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces, [455] including the City of Manila, [456] Cebu City, [457] Quezon City, [458] and Davao City; [459] Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students. [460] Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines , allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male. Singapore Legal since 2022 Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate. [461] Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence [462] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery Thailand Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign. [64] Proposed [463] Proposed [463] [464] Since 2005 [465] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [466] Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [447] Vietnam Legal [64] + UN decl. sign. [64] LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples [467] Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Bans some anti-gay discrimination Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017 [468] [469]

Europe

Main article: LGBT rights in Europe

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe

Tables: view talk edit European Union Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression European Union Legal in all 27 member states [470] / Recognized in 24/27 member states / Legal in 16/27 member states / Stepchild adoption legal in 20/27 member states; joint adoption legal in 17/27 member states Legal in all member states Membership requires a state to ban discrimination based on person's sexual orientation in employment. 4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination / Legal in 24/27 member states [471] Central Europe LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Austria Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 2002 [64] + UN decl. sign. Registered partnerships since 2010 [472] Legal since 2019 [473] Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016 [474] [475] [476] Includes transgender people [477] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery [359] [478] [479] Czech Republic Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2006 [480] LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt [481] (Stepchild adoption pending) Includes transgender people [482] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation) [483] [484] [485] Germany Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969; equal age of consent since 1988 in East Germany and since 1994 in unified Germany + UN decl. sign. [64] [486] Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised) [487] [488] Legal since 2017 [489] Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017 [489] Includes transgender people [490] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [491] Gender change is legal; surgery not required [492] [493] [494] Hungary Legal since 1962; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2009 [495] Constitutional ban since 2012 [496] [497] [498] [499] Constitutional ban since 2020 [500] [497] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020. [501] [502] [503] Liechtenstein Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2011 [504] Pending [505] [506] [507] [508] [509] Stepchild adoption since 2022; joint adoption since 2023 [510] [511] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Gender change is not legal [483] [512] [513] Poland Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019 Constitutional ban since 1997 [514] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples [515] [516] [517] [518] [519] [520] ) [lower-alpha 6] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [522] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [355] Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people. [523] [524] Slovakia Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign. [64] / some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 (Proposed) Constitutional ban since 2014 LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [525] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [526] [527] / Allowed to change legal gender in theory. However because of lack of care and refusal by the state, de facto almost impossible since 2022. See LGBT rights in Slovakia § Gender identity and expression [528] [529] Slovenia Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered cohabitation since 2006 [530] ; Registered partnerships since 2017 [531] Legal since 2022 [532] Stepchild adoption since 2011; joint adoption since 2022 [533] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Gender change is legal [534] [535] [536] Switzerland Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798; equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign. [64] [537] Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001), [538] Zürich (2003), [539] Neuchâtel (2004) [540] and Fribourg (2005) [540] Nationwide since 2007 [541] Legal since 2022 [542] Stepchild adoption since 2018; joint adoption since 2022 [542] [543] Includes transgender people [544] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [545] Gender change is legal on simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required. [546] [547] [548] Eastern Europe LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Abkhazia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Armenia Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 2015 [549] [550] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. [551] Azerbaijan Legal since 2000 [64] Belarus Legal since 1994 [64] Constitutional ban since 1994 [552] / Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able [553] / (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.) [554] Georgia Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 2018 Bans all anti-gay discrimination [555] Requires sterilisation and surgery for change [483] Kazakhstan Legal since 1998 [64] [556] Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[ citation needed ] Moldova Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 1994 [557] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017 [483] Russia Male legal since 1993 Female always legal [339] [64] Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. Constitutional ban since 2020 [340] Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [558] South Ossetia (Disputed territory) Legal after 1991 Transnistria (Disputed territory) Legal since 2002 [559] Ukraine Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign. [64] Constitutional ban since 1996 [560] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [561] [562] [563] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [564] No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016 / [565] [566] Northern Europe LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Denmark Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1973 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [567] Legal since 2012 [568] [569] Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010 [570] [571] Includes transgender people [572] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy [573] [574] [575] Estonia Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign. [64] Cohabitation agreement since 2016 [576] Legal since 2024 [577] Stepchild adoption since 2016; joint adoption since 2024 [578] [ citation needed ] Includes transgender people [579] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required [483] Faroe Islands (Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977 + UN decl. sign. [64] Legal since 2017 [580] [581] Legal since 2017 The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [582] [583] [584] Finland (includes Åland) Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 1999 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [585] Legal since 2017 [586] Stepchild adoption since 2009; joint adoption since 2017 Includes transgender people [587] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Since 2023, by way of self-determination. [588] Iceland Legal since 1940; equal age of consent since 1992 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered cohabitation since 2006; [589] Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [590] Legal since 2010 [591] [592] Legal since 2006 [593] [594] No standing army Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required [595] [483] Latvia Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships from July 1, 2024 [596] Constitutional ban since 2006 [597] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption [598] [599] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [600] Legal change allowed [601] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval. [602] Sterilization required. [603] Lithuania Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [604] Civil unions proposed. Constitutional ban since 1992 [605] Only married couples can adopt [606] Since 2015 [607] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Effective from 2/2/2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available. [608] [609] Norway Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [610] Legal since 2009 [611] [612] Stepchild adoption since 2002; joint adoption since 2009 [613] [614] Includes transgender people [615] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [616] All documents can be amended to the recognised gender [359] Sweden Legal since 1944; equal age of consent since 1972 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [617] Legal since 2009 [618] Legal since 2003 [619] [620] [621] Includes transgender people [622] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] [623] Southern Europe LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2000; equal age of consent since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [64] [624] [625] Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces [626] Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces [627] UK responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [628] Albania Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign. [64] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] No legal recognition [483] Andorra Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign. [64] Stable unions since 2005 [629] ; Civil unions from 2014–2023, replaced by civil marriage [630] Legal since 2023 Legal since 2014 [631] [630] [632] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Since 2023, without SRS and sterilization - but with a mandatory 2-year waiting period. [633] [634] [635] Bosnia and Herzegovina Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [64] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Requires surgery for change [636] Bulgaria Legal since 1968; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 Constitutional ban since 1991 [637] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [638] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. [639] [640] Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017. [641] [642] Croatia Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1998 + UN decl. sign. [64] Unregistered cohabitation since 2003 [643] Life partnerships since 2014 [644] Constitutional ban since 2013 [645] Legal since 2022 [646] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] [647] Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. [648] / Cyprus Legal since 1998; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil cohabitation since 2015 [353] [354] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [355] Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. [356] Gender change is not legal. / Gibraltar; equal age of consent since 2012 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2014 [649] Legal since 2016 [650] Legal since 2014 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [651] Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment [651] Gender change is not legal Greece Legal since 1951; equal age of consent since 2015 + UN decl. sign. [64] Cohabitation agreements since 2015 [652] Legal since 2024 [653] Legal since 2024 Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017 [654] [655] Italy Legal since 1890 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions since 2016 [656] In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed) [657] / Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016 [658] [659] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [355] Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required [660] [661] Kosovo (Disputed territory) Legal since 1994 (as part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2004 [64] [662] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [663] [664] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [665] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. No legal recognition [483] Malta Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions since 2014 [666] Legal since 2017 Legal since 2014 Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015 [667] Montenegro Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign. [64] Life partnership from July 2021 [668] Constitutional ban since 2007 (Court decision pending) [669] [670] [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Requires sterilisation and surgery for change [359] [483] / North Macedonia Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign. [64] (Proposed) [ citation needed ] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. Gender change is legally recognized since 2021 / Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory) Legal since 2014 [381] [382] [64] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [381] [382] Legal, requires surgery for change [383] Portugal Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2007 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto unions since 2001 [671] [672] Legal since 2010 [673] Legal since 2016 [674] [675] [676] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011 [677] Romania Legal since 1996; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign. [64] / Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; [678] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [679] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory) [483] San Marino Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions since 2019 / Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Bans all anti-gay discrimination No legal recognition [359] Serbia Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860, [680] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2006 + UN decl. sign. [64] (Proposed) Constitutional ban since 2006 [681] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019 [682] Spain Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign. [64] De facto unions in Catalonia (1998), [683] Aragon (1999), [683] Navarre (2000), [683] Castile-La Mancha (2000), [683] Valencia (2001), [684] the Balearic Islands (2001), [685] Madrid (2001), [683] Asturias (2002), [686] Castile and León (2002), [687] Andalusia (2002), [683] the Canary Islands (2003), [683] Extremadura (2003), [683] Basque Country (2003), [683] Cantabria (2005), [688] Galicia (2008) [689] La Rioja (2010), [690] and Murcia (2018), [691] [692] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998) [693] and Melilla (2008). [694] Legal since 2005 [695] Legal since 2005 [696] [697] Includes transgender people [698] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal nationwide since 2023. [699] Since 2023, by way of self-determination [700] Turkey Legal since 1858 [64] Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change [701] Vatican City Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy) [64] Has no military Western Europe LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Belgium Legal nationwide since 1795; equal age of consent since 1985 + UN decl. sign. [64] Legal cohabitation since 2000 [702] Legal since 2003 [703] [704] [705] Legal since 2006 [706] [707] Includes transgender people [708] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery [709] [710] [711] France Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792; equal age of consent since 1982 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 1999 [712] Legal since 2013 [713] Legal since 2013 [714] Includes transgender people [715] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [355] Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery [716] Guernsey (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2012 + UN decl. sign. [717] [718] [64] Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012 [719] [720] Legal cohabitation since 2017 [721] Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark [722] [723] Legal since 2017 [724] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [725] [726] Legal gender changes since 2007 [727] [728] Ireland Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised) [729] Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum [730] Legal since 2017 [731] [732] [733] [734] [735] [736] Includes transgender people [737] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [738] [739] [740] Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015, by self-declaration. [741] Isle of Man; equal age of consent since 2006 (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2011 [742] Legal since 2016 [743] Legal since 2011 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [744] Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11) [745] [746] Jersey; equal age of consent since 2006 (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2012 [747] Legal since 2018 [748] [749] Legal since 2012 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination [750] Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010 [751] Luxembourg Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnerships since 2004 [752] Legal since 2015 [753] [754] Legal since 2015 [755] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [756] No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender [757] [483] Monaco Legal since 1793 + UN decl. sign. [64] Cohabitation agreements since 2020 (Proposed) France responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [64] Netherlands Legal since 1811; equal age of consent since 1971 + UN decl. sign. [64] Registered partnership since 1998 [758] Legal since 2001 [759] Legal since 2001 [760] [761] Includes transgender people [762] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [763] Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery [764] [765] United Kingdom Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982; equal age of consent since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil partnerships since 2005 [766] Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020 [767] [767] Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013 [768] [769] [770] Since 2000; Includes transgender people [771] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [772] [64] [773] Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

Oceania

Main article: LGBT rights in Oceania

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania

Tables: view talk edit Australasia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Australia (including territories of   Christmas Island, the   Cocos (Keeling) Islands and   Norfolk Island) Always legal for women. Male legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997. Tasmania was the last state to legalise male homosexuality; Equal age of consent in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 2016. + UN decl. sign. [64] Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009; Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004), [774] South Australia (2007), [775] Victoria (2008), [776] New South Wales (2010), [777] and Queensland (2012); [778] Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012) [779] Legal since 2017 [780] Legal nationwide since 2018 Gay men and lesbians since 1992 [781] ; Transgender and intersex people since 2010 [782] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. [783] Different regulations within each jurisdiction on change of sex. NSW explicitly legally requires sexual reassignment surgery to change sex on a birth certificate, since 1996. [784] [785] [786] [787] New Zealand Legal since 1986 + UN decl. sign. [64] Unregistered cohabitation since 2002; Civil unions since 2005 Legal since 2013 [788] Legal since 2013 [788] Since 1993; Includes transgender people [789] Bans all anti-gay discrimination Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993 ; From July 2023, change of sex on a birth certificate by self-determination. [790] [791] Melanesia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Fiji Legal since 2010 + UN decl. sign. [792] [64] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 Indonesia Legal (except in Aceh) [64] [793] Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [794] Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. New Caledonia (Special collectivity of France) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 2009 [795] Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law Papua New Guinea Male illegal Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed). Female always legal [64] Solomon Islands Illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed). [64] Has no military [796] Vanuatu Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed since independence [797] ) + UN decl. sign. [64] Bans some anti-gay discrimination Micronesia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws Guam (Unincorporated territory of the United States) Legal since 1978 Since 2015 Legal since 2015 Legal since 2002 United States responsible for defense [798] [799] Bans some anti-gay discrimination Allowed to legally change gender, but requires sex reassignment surgery Micronesia Legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination [800] Kiribati Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed). Female legal [64] Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination Marshall Islands Legal since 2005 + UN decl. sign. [64] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination [801] Nauru Legal since 2016 [802] [803] + UN decl. sign. Has no military Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 Northern Mariana Islands (Unincorporated territory of the United States) Legal since 1983 Since 2015 Legal since 2015 Legal since 2015 United States responsible for defense [798] [799] Bans some anti-gay discrimination [804] [805] Under the Vital Statistics Act of 2006 Palau Legal since 2014 + UN decl. sign. [806] Constitutional ban since 2008 Has no military United States Minor Outlying Islands (Unincorporated territories of the United States) Legal Legal Legal United States responsible for defense [798] [799] Polynesia LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws American Samoa (Unincorporated territory of the United States) [807] Legal since 1980 / Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022. / Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022. [808] United States responsible for defense [798] [799] [809] Cook Islands (Part of the Realm of New Zealand) Legal since 2023 + UN decl. sign. [64] New Zealand responsible for defence Bans some anti-gay discrimination [810] Easter Island (Special territory of Chile) Legal since 1999 + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil unions since 2015 [811] Since 2022 [292] Since 2022 [292] Chile responsible for defence [812] [813] Bans all anti-gay discrimination [814] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974. No surgeries or judicial order since 2019. [815] French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity of France) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign. [64] Since 2013 Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law Hawaii (Constituent state of the United States) Since 1972 Since 1997 Since 2013 Since 2012 United States responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Niue (Part of the Realm of New Zealand) Male illegal Penalty: 5-10 years imprisonment. (Not enforced, Legalization proposed). [816] Female legal + UN decl. sign. [64] New Zealand responsible for defence Pitcairn Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [64] Since 2015 Legal since 2015 [817] Legal since 2015 [818] UK responsible for defence Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination [819] Samoa Male illegal Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization proposed Female always legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination [820] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2007 Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the fa'afafine. They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs. / Tokelau (Dependent territory of the Realm of New Zealand) Legal since 2003 [821] + UN decl. sign. [64] New Zealand responsible for defence Tonga Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed). Female always legal [64] Tuvalu Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization proposed Female legal + UN decl. sign. [64] Consitutional ban since 2023 Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination Wallis and Futuna (Overseas collectivity of France) Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign. [64] Civil solidarity pact since 2009 Legal since 2013 Legal since 2013 France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination Under French law

See also

• Crime portal
• Law portal
• LGBT portal
• Geography portal
• World portal

• Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking
• Capital punishment for drug trafficking
• Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
• Capital punishment for non-violent offenses
• Criminalization of homosexuality
• Decriminalization of homosexuality
• Human rights
• Legal status of transgender people
• Legality of conversion therapy
• LGBT people in prison
• Minority rights
• Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

Notes

1. Legal nationwide, except in the province of Aceh
2. De facto illegal in Chechnya
3. De facto illegal
4. A country in this list is to be presumed to have equalized the age of consent at the same time as it decriminalized homosexual acts, unless otherwise noted
5. In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court ^[440] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
6. In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage. ^[521]

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520. • Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN   978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
     • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN   9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
     • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN   978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
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External links

• International Lesbian and Gay Association
  • State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
  • Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
• Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
• Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
• Pride Legal Archived 5 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine – information by country
• Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
• International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
• International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
• United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity , an annual report
• United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People , November 2016