LGBT rights in Lesotho

LGBT rights in Lesotho
Lesotho
Status	Legal since 2012 [1] [2]
Gender identity	Unknown
Military	No
Discrimination protections	None
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	No
Adoption	No

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Lesotho face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Lesotho does not recognise same-sex marriages or civil unions, nor does it ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

LGBT people face societal rejection and discrimination in Lesotho. Nevertheless, attitudes towards members of the LGBT community are slowly evolving and becoming more tolerant and accepting, in line with worldwide trends. In 2012, Lesotho legalised homosexuality, and on 18 May 2013, the first gay pride march took place in the country. ^{[3] [4]}

History

Homosexuality and same-sex relations have been documented in Lesotho for centuries. The Basotho had a tradition of young men (boukonchana or alternatively inkotshane, also known as boy-wife in English) who typically dressed as women, performed chores associated with women, such as cooking and fetching water and firewood, and had intercrural sex with their older husbands (numa). In addition, they were not allowed to grow beards or ejaculate. Upon reaching manhood, the relationship would be dissolved, and the boy-wife could take a boukonchana of his own if he so desired. These relationships, also known as "mine marriages" as they were common among miners in neighbouring South Africa, continued well into the 1970s. Nevertheless, it was quite common for the numa to also have a heterosexual wife. ^[5] Lesbian relationships also occurred in the form of motsoalle . This term refers to a committed long-term bond between two women, with various levels of physical intimacy. Over time, motsoalle relationships have begun to disappear in Lesotho.

In 1914, colonial officials tried to stop these practices, but to no avail. By 1941, boukonchana relationships, public cross-dressing and same-sex marriage ceremonies were commonplace in Lesotho and the Basotho community in South Africa. In recent years, however, officials have tried to suppress and censor discussions on this topic. Nowadays, there is widespread denial that these practices ever occurred, and Basotho men possess a strong "macho" reputation where heterosexual promiscuity is widely celebrated. ^[6]

Laws regarding same-sex sexual acts

In 2012, male same-sex activity was legalized in Lesotho. ^{[1] [2]}

Male same-sex activity had previously been illegal in Lesotho as a common law offence, ^[7] but had not been enforced. ^[8] Female same-sex sexual activity has never been outlawed. ^[7]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Lesotho

Under the Marriage Act No. 10 of 1974 and customary law of Lesotho, marriage is only permitted for opposite-sex couples. ^[7]

Discrimination protections

There is no specific protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. ^[7]

Adoption and parenting

The Child Welfare and Protection Act of 2011 governs adoptions in Lesotho. Under the act, only married couples may adopt a child jointly. Single men and same-sex couples are not permitted to adopt. ^[9]

Gender identity and expression

The National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011 outlines regulations for national identity cards in Lesotho. Section 8(1) states: "The Director shall take reasonable practicable steps to ensure that personal information entered into the Register is complete, accurate and updated where necessary". This section could be interpreted as allowing transgender people to change their legal gender on their identity documents. ^[10]

Living conditions

Societal discrimination

Similarly to other Southern African countries, reports of discrimination, family rejection, violence and harassment against LGBT people are not uncommon. ^[11]

LGBT Basotho may face discrimination in employment, access to health care, housing, access to education, and in other areas. As such, many LGBT people live secret lives and hide their sexual orientation. Additionally, they are at serious risk from HIV/AIDS infections (Lesotho has the second highest prevalence of HIV in the world, with reportedly 25% of the Basotho population being infected). LGBT activists have begun reaching out to HIV-positive people, and offering prevention strategies. ^[12]

Activism

On 18 May 2013, the first gay pride march took place in the country. It was held in the city centre of Maseru and was organised by the Matrix Support Group. ^{[3] [4]} According to the organisers, the event was very successful, with the authorities being supportive and providing an escort for the participants. ^[13]

The Matrix Support Group is an LGBT NGO. It strives "to build an environment where LGBT people can freely express their human rights, and contribute to the social, political and economical development of Lesotho". ^[14] It was established in 2009 and fully registered with the authorities the following year.

Pride marches and events have been held annually since then, attracting a few hundred people. ^[11]

2016 United States Department of State report

The U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 stated that: ^[15]

Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

The law prohibited consensual sexual relations between men, but authorities did not enforce it. The law is silent on consensual sex between women. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons faced societal discrimination and official insensitivity to this discrimination. LGBTI rights groups complained of discrimination in access to health care and participation in religious activities.

The law prohibits discrimination attributable to sex; it does not explicitly forbid discrimination against LGBTI. Matrix, an LGBTI advocacy and support group, had no reports of employment discrimination from its members. Same-sex sexual relationships were taboo in society and not openly discussed. While there were no assaults reported, LGBTI persons often did not report incidents of violence due to fear of stigma.

Matrix operated freely and had members in all 10 districts. It reported having a good working relationship with the LMPS. For instance, in December 2015 the brothers of a woman who identified herself as a lesbian forced her out of her home when they discovered her sexual identity. She took the matter to police, who intervened, and the brothers allowed her to return home.

Matrix engaged in public outreach through film screenings, radio programs, public gatherings, and social media. On 21 May, Matrix organized the third International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia march. Approximately 200 individuals, mainly family and friends of LGBTI persons, marched peacefully and without incident from Lakeside (city outskirts) to Central Park in Maseru. Matrix representatives noted police officers escorting the march were generally supportive, which they attributed to Matrix's previous outreach efforts to the LMPS. Matrix for several months also had an electronic billboard advertisement in central Maseru supporting LGBTI rights.

Addressing the media in June following the UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS, Deputy Prime Minister Mothetjoa Metsing said the government would look into decriminalizing same-sex relationships to stop the spread of HIV. This was the first pronouncement made by a high-level government official on the issue. However, an opposition movement led by vigilante Gomery Thompson responded with a series of violent riots.

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal	(Since 2012)
Equal age of consent (18)	(Since 2012)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages
Recognition of same-sex couples
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender	(May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011)
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

See also

• LGBT portal

• Human rights in Lesotho
• LGBT rights in Africa

References

1. "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF).
2. "Penal Code Act, 2010". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
3. "Lesotho IDAHO Report 2013". 17 June 2013.
4. "Small march is a big step for LGBTI in Lesotho". Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
5. "Boy-Wives and Female Husbands". www.willsworld.org.
6. WALKER, Liz and REID, Graeme, Men Behaving Differently. Juta and Company Ltd, 2005
7. ""Human Rights Violations in Lesotho", excerpt written by Motebo Ntabe, graduate of legal studies at the National University of Lesotho, submitted by the Matrix Support Group for the 2010 Universal Periodic Review of Lesotho, reprinted on the website of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
8. "LESOTHO 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
9. ""Intercountry adoption: Lesotho", Bureau of Consular Affairs, United States Department of State, December 2011". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013.
10. "Transgender Rights in Lesotho" (PDF).
11. "Lesotho: Celebrating LGBT pride in a homophobic nation". Erasing 76 Crimes. 31 May 2016.
12. "Gay Life in Lesotho". www.globalgayz.com.
13. SMALL MARCH A BIG STEP FOR LGBTI IN LESOTHO, Mambaonline, 3 June 2013
14. MATRIX SUPPORT GROUP
15. "LESOTHO 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).