Lamentations 4

Lamentations 4
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Image from "Book of Lamentations" of Francysk Skaryna (1517-1519)
Book	Book of Lamentations
Hebrew Bible part	Ketuvim
Order in the Hebrew part	6
Category	The five scrolls
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	25

Lamentations 4 is the fourth chapter of the Book of Lamentations in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, ^{[1] [2]} part of the Ketuvim ("Writings"). ^{[3] [4]}

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. The chapter is acrostic, divided into 22 stanzas or verses. The stanzas consist of triplets of lines each beginning with successive letters of the Hebrew alphabet, but with reversal of the 16th and 17th letters. ^[5]

Textual versions

Some early witnesses for the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008). ^{[6] [lower-alpha 1]} Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 5Q6 (5QLam^a; 50 CE) with extant verses 5‑8, 11‑16, 19‑22; ^{[8] [9] [10]} and 5Q7 (5QLam^b; 30 BCE‑50 CE) with extant verses 17‑20. ^{[9] [10] [11]}

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century). ^{[12] [lower-alpha 2]}

Verse 1

How is the gold become dim!

how is the most fine gold changed!

the stones of the sanctuary are poured out

in the top of every street. ^[14]

• "How" (Hebrew, Eichah): the title of the collection repeated here, and in Lamentations 2:1. ^[5]
• "Gold": the "splendid adornment of the temple" [Calvin] (Lamentations 1:10; 1 Kings 6:22; Jeremiah 52:19); or, the "principal men of Judea" [Grotius] (Lamentations 4:2). ^[5]
• "The stones of the sanctuary": These precious stones are the "sons of Zion", who are compared to "fine gold" in verse 2 and in Zechariah 9:16 (cf. Zechariah 9:13, "your sons, O Zion") to "the stones of a crown." They are called "stones of the sanctuary" in allusion, perhaps, to the precious stones used in the decoration of the temple as noted in 1 Chronicles 29:2 and 2 Chronicles 3:6, which are described as "costly" in 1 Kings 5:17. However, it was expressed in an earlier lamentation that the young children "fainted for hunger in the top of every street" (Lamentations 2:19). ^[15] The stones can also refer to the gems on the breastplate of the high priest; or, metaphorically, the priests and Levites. ^[5] The Jerusalem Bible also argues that both the gold and the stones "are the people of Jerusalem". ^[16]

Verse 2

The precious sons of Zion,

comparable to fine gold,

how are they esteemed as earthen pitchers,

the work of the hands of the potter! ^[17]

• "The precious sons of Zion": The whole nation was consecrated to God, and formed "a kingdom of priests" Exodus 19:6; in this respect, a type of the Christian Church 1 Peter 2:5. ^[18]
• "earthen pitchers" see Isaiah 30:14; Jeremiah 19:11. ^[5]
• "The work of the hands of the potter": as earthen vessels with respect to their bodies, "frail, weak, and mortal"; but they are the work of God's hands, particularly as new creatures, and are a piece of his workmanship, and so valuable to him (see Psalm 31:12). ^[19]

Verse 3

Even the jackals present their breasts

To nurse their young;

But the daughter of my people is cruel,

Like ostriches in the wilderness. ^[20]

"Daughter" in the Hebrew text but "daughters" in the Septuagint. ^[21]

Verse 6

For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people

is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom,

that was overthrown as in a moment,

and no hands stayed on her. ^[22]

• "And no hands stayed on her" (NKJV: "With no hand to help her!"): An alternative ending based on the Septuagint is "no time for a man to wring his hands". ^[23]

Verses 16–17

In verses 16–17, two initial letters, "Ayin" and "Pe", are transposed. ^[5] This is found is three instances in the whole book (Lamentations 2:16–17; 3:46–51; and here). ^[5] Grotius thinks the reason for the inversion of two of the Hebrew letters, is that the Chaldeans, like the Arabians, used a different order from the Hebrews; in the first Elegy (chapter), Jeremiah speaks as a Hebrew, in the following ones, as one subject to the Chaldeans, but Fausset thinks it is doubtful. ^[24]

See also

• Jacob
• Judah
• Jerusalem
• Zion
• Related Bible parts: Isaiah 30, Lamentations 1, Lamentations 2

Notes

1. Since 1947 the whole book is missing from Aleppo Codex. ^[7]
2. Only Lamentations 1:1–2:20 are extant in the Codex Sinaiticus. ^[13]

References

1. Collins 2014, pp. 365–367.
2. Hayes 2015, Chapter 20.
3. Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Keck, Leander E. 2001. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VI. Nashville: Abingdon.
5. Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible . "Lamentations 4". 1871. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
7. P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia , vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
8. Ulrich 2010, pp. 752–754.
9. "General Info". 5 January 2018.
10. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
11. Ulrich 2010, p. 753.
12. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
13.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
14. Lamentations 4:1 KJV
15. Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Lamentations 4". In: The Pulpit Commentary . First publication: 1890. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
16. Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote at Lamentations 4:1
17. Lamentations 4:2 KJV
18. Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - "Lamentations 4". James Murphy (ed). London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
19. Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. "Lamentations 4". Published in 1746-1763. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
20. Lamentations 4:3 NKJV
21. Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote at Lamentations 4:3
22. Lamentations 4:6 KJV
23. Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote at Lamentations 4:6
24. Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible . "Lamentations 1: Introduction". 1871.

Sources

• Collins, John J. (2014). Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. ISBN   9781451469233.
• Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN   9780802862419 . Retrieved February 15, 2019.
• Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0300188271.
• Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. ISBN   9789004181830 . Retrieved May 15, 2017.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   0-8028-0788-7 . Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

• Bible portal

Jewish

• Lamentations 4 Hebrew with Parallel English
• Lamentations 4 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary

Christian

• Lamentations 4 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate