Libertad Lamarque Bouza (Spanish pronunciation:[liβeɾˈtaðlaˈmaɾke]; 24 November 1908 – 12 December 2000) was an Argentine actress and singer, one of the icons of the Golden Age of Argentine and Mexican cinema. She achieved fame throughout Latin America, and became known as "La Novia de América" ("America’s Sweetheart"). By the time she died in 2000, she had appeared in 65 films (21 filmed in Argentina, 45 in Mexico and one in Spain) and six telenovelas, had recorded over 800 songs and had made innumerable theatrical appearances.
Libertad Lamarque was born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, Argentina to Gaudencio Lamarque (1874-1947),[1] an Uruguayan of French descent, and a widow of Spanish origin, Josefa Bouza (1863-1932).[2] She was named Libertad (which means "Liberty") because at the time of her birth, her father, an anarchist, was imprisoned and pleading for release.[1]
Early career
At the age of 7, Lamarque won first prize in a stage competition,[3] and participated with a group of street singers that made tours of nearby cities.[4] In 1923, she appeared in her first professional role, the stage show Madre Tierra.[3]
Her local acclaim convinced her parents that the family should relocate to Buenos Aires, where her chances of a career would be better. The family hung their hopes on a letter of introduction from a local journalist to the owner of the National Theatre, Pascual Carcavallo. It proved successful, as in 1926 Libertad was hired to sing in the choir and given a one-year contract. Her debut was in a play called La muchacha de Montmartre (The Girl from Montmartre) by José A. Saldías, where she sang as part of a trio with Olinda Bozán and Antonia Volpe, to the guitar accompaniment of Rafael Iriarte. Within a couple of months, she had begun singing on Radio Prieto, and was signed for record production with Victor Records, which released her first album, Gaucho Sol, on 26 September 1926, as well as the single Chilenito.[4]
In 1929, she began working in Alberto Vaccarezza's, El conventillo de la Paloma ("The Tenement of the Dove"), which was about the life of a girl Doce Pesos, living in an immigrant tenement house. After two years and 1,000 performances, Lamarque quit the show to focus on her music career. She traveled through several provinces of Argentina and through neighboring Paraguay accompanied by three.[4] In 1930,[5] following this tour she entered a competition held at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, won first prize for her performances of the tangos "La cumparsita" and "Tocaneando",[6] and earned the title "Queen of Tango".[4] She capped this cycle by performing Oscar Straus's Tres valses (Three Waltzes), an adaptation of the operetta, with Chilean singer Choly Mur.[4]
Libertad Lamarque and other actresses of her time at the Maipo Theater in 1933
In the mid-1930s Lamarque was accompanied by a trio of musicians including bandoneon player Héctor María Artola, violinist Antonio Rodio, and pianist, Alfredo Malerba, who would become her second husband. She shone in works that were painful and romantic, such as En esta tarde gris (In this gray afternoon), Sombras, nada más (Shadows, nothing else), Tristezas de la calle Corrientes (Sorrows of Corrientes Street) or Caserón de tejas (Mansion of Tiles), Canción desesperada (Desperate Song) and Sin palabras (Without words). Many of her best songs were by composer Enrique Santos Discepolo because they particularly suited her style.[5]
Legend has it that Lamarque left Argentina because she had been blacklisted by its First Lady Eva Perón.[1][3][6]Marysa Navarro and Nicholas Frasier, authors of Evita: The Real Life of Eva Perón, however, contend this is unlikely. They argue that Lamarque moved to Mexico, where she was adored by the audiences because Mexican cinema was in a better state during the 1940s and 1950s than Argentine cinema. The authors add that Lamarque traveled freely between Argentina and Mexico during the lifetime of Eva Perón and beyond, which does not support the blacklisting legend.[8]
Lamarque denied during her lifetime certain aspects of the legend, especially the reports that she had slapped Eva on the set of La cabalgata del circo. In her 1986 autobiography, she flatly denied the allegations and explained that she was simply mortified by Eva's lack of discipline during production of the film.[9]
According to Lamarque, Eva refused to take her work seriously and always arrived late or stalled the filming for trivial or personal reasons. Complaints to either the producer or the director produced no result as they were giving Eva preferential treatment as the girlfriend of Juan Perón.[10]
By 1946, Eva and Juan Perón were ensconced in the Presidential Palace,[11] rumors circulated that Evita had forbidden radio stations and film studios to play Lamarque's music or hire her,[6] and Lamarque's films, music and publicity in Argentina seemed to have come to an end.[3]
Relocation to Mexico
Lamarque, c.1947
Between January and February 1946, Lamarque appeared in her first tour of Cuba, which was listed as the artistic event of the season. On 7 January, she debuted in the Teatro América with a varied repertoire, but closed the show with "Facundo" by Cuban composer Eliseo Grenet to much applause. She performed shows daily, sometimes twice a day and on her final performance at Teatro América, 20 January, she held three performances. She performed at Camagüey, Ciego de Ávila, Santa Clara, Holguín, and Santiago de Cuba; visited hospitals and schools; and her farewell performance at the Municipal Amphitheatre of Havana was said to have been attended by 20,000 fans.[12] It was on this trip that the Cuban press first dubbed her "America's Sweetheart."[13]
Just before the Cuban trip, Hollywood had offered Lamarque a seven-year contract but she refused it as she did not speak English and was afraid she would be taken advantage of.[3][12] Despite her fears of working in the U.S., Lamarque sold out Carnegie Hall for a 1947 performance.[3][14] When Mexico, on the other hand, offered her a picture deal to appear with legendary Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel, she agreed,[15] and moved to Mexico in 1946.[6] The picture, Gran Casino, co-starring Jorge Negrete was a flop,[15] but other roles followed, such as Soledad (1947), La dama del velo (1948), Huellas de un pasado (1950), Mujeres sin lágrimas (1951), Nunca es tarde para amar (1952), Ansiedad (1952), and Rostros olvidados (1952).[16] Some of her best work during this period was in Otra primavera, filmed in 1949, La loca (1951) and Cuando me vaya (1953); for each of these she was nominated for an Ariel Award for Best Actress in 1951, 1953, and 1955, respectively.[17]
She returned to Argentina after Evita's death and was the first person to bring a Spanish version of Hello Dolly to Latin audiences[citation needed] at a 1967 performance at the Teatro Nacional in Buenos Aires,[13] which she also later performed in Mexico in 1968 staged by Manolo Fabregás.[21]
In 1982, she starred in the musical revue, Libertad Lamarque, ¿es una mujer de suerte? at the Teatro Lola Membrives in Buenos Aires. She wrote the script, which was adapted by Nicolás Carreras under the musical direction of Oscar Cardozo Ocampo. In 1988, Lamarque participated in the season at Mar del Plata's Teatro Opera with the musical A todo tango II under the direction of José Colángelo.[19]
In the 1960s she appeared in several episodes of a television show called Saturday Circular with Nicholas Mancera and in 1961, she filmed Así era mi madre, her only Spanish film. Her first venture into soap operas came in Venezuela, when she was offered a role in Esmeralda in 1972. That was followed by another Venezuelan production called Mamá.[19]
Lamarque in 1982
In 1980, she began the first of her Mexican telenovelas, Soledad, followed by her role in Carita de Angel at the age of 91 where she played a Mother superior. Her last role, as la abuela Piedad in La Usurpadora (The Usurper) was in 1998 – two years before her death.[citation needed]
Lamarque received an award in 1978 from Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez for her contributions to Latin American culture and in 1980 she shared a Critic's Choice Award with María Félix.[13] In 1985, she received the Konex Platinum Award for Best Tango Singer in Argentina. In 1988, she put her hand prints on the "Walk of Fame of the Hermitage Hotel".[citation needed]
In 1989, she was honored at the Festival of San Sebastián, Spain, for her film achievements and was recognized by the Caesar Awards given by the Association of American theater to Latin American artists in Los Angeles. That same year, a tile bearing her name was placed in the "Sidewalk of Latin Stars" in Miami and a tribute was held for her at the Autumn Festival of Paris.[citation needed]
She was appointed "Illustrious citizen of the city of Buenos Aires" in 1990 and on 15 November 1991, a few days before her birthday, the Municipal Council of Rosario granted her a similar distinction.[19] Lamarque was honored in 1993 by Celebrando Magazine, a Spanish-language publication which is nationally distributed in the U.S., for her 70 years in film, theater and music and her philanthropy.[3]
In 1998, she was appointed as Honorary Cultural Advisor and designated as a Cultural Legend in Buenos Aires.[22]
Last years and death
In 1996 Libertad moved to the United States and settled in her Coral Gables home in Miami, Florida. She often flew to Mexico City and Buenos Aires to attend her professional appointments as well. Her daughter, grandsons and great-grandsons lived in Argentina.
In 1998 Lamarque was featured in the soap opera La usurpadora, which was a huge success in Mexico and in many countries in Latin America. Her last role on TV was on the telenovela Carita de Ángel, where she played Mother Superior.
In early December 2000, Libertad Lamarque was rushed to Santa Elena Hospital in Mexico City, after feeling sick and experiencing breathing difficulties. She died aged 92 on 12 December 2000 in Mexico City, Mexico from pneumonia.[1] Her daughter, Mirtha Libertad Lamarque Romero Deluca, died on 19 October 2014, aged 86.[citation needed]
Personal life
In 1926, Lamarque married Emilio Romero and had a daughter, Mirtha, with him before divorcing in 1945. Divorce was not possible at that time in Argentina and although the marriage was quickly over, it took 12 years to officially be ended.[1] In 1935, she suffered several personal crises which led to a suicide attempt in Chile. She attempted to throw herself out of a hotel window, but an awning broke her fall. Shortly thereafter, her estranged husband kidnapped their daughter and took Mirtha to Uruguay. A group of friends, including Alfredo Malerba, and her attorney were able to help her regain custody.[4][23] Lamarque's second husband was Alfredo Malerba, with whom she was married for nearly 50 years, until his death.[12]
Awards
Best Foreign Actress, Puerta cerrada, 1940, Zagreb WON[12]
Best Actress, Otra primavera, 1951, Ariel nomination[17]
Lamarque, Libertad. Libertad Lamarque, Javier Vergara Publishing: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1986 (in Spanish) ( ISBN950-1-505-995)
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