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HRH The Dowager Duchess of Calabria
HRH The Duchess of Salerno |
Extended family HRH The Duke of Castro HRH The Duchess of Castro
HRH Princess Béatrice
HRH Prince Casimir
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Extended family HRH Princess Elisabeth
HRH Prince Casimir
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The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was unified with the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. The headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies has been disputed since the death of claimant Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria on 7 January 1960 between Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro and his descendants and Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria and his descendants. The two current claimants to the former realm of the Two Sicilies are Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro and Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, both descended in the male line from Charles III of Spain, who succeeded to the crowns of Naples and Sicily in 1734, reigning there until his succession to the throne of Spain with the death of his brother, Ferdinand VI of Spain on 10 August 1759. By the treaties of Vienna of 1738 and Naples of 1759 he was obliged to surrender the thrones of Naples and Sicily to preserve the European balance of power,
The treaties of Vienna and Naples required that King Charles separate the Spanish crown from the Italian sovereignties by designating Don Charles, his second surviving son (the eldest being severely mentally handicapped), as Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to Spain, [1] while his "Italian sovereignty" would pass immediately to his third son and his descendants in the male line, Infante Don Ferdinand, and then, in the event of the death of the latter without male heirs, to Charles's younger sons and their descendants, by primogeniture. This new semi-Salic, succession law of the defunct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was laid out by Charles III in the Pragmatic Decree of 6 October 1759, and established a secondogeniture similar to that governing the successions to Tuscany and Modena in the House of Austria. It further stipulated that heirs male of the body of Charles III or, failing males, the female nearest in kinship to the last male in his descent or, that lineage also failing, the heirs male of Charles III's brothers, would inherit the Italian sovereignty (which meant the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily) but always separate from the Spanish crown and never combined in the same person. [1] Should the male line descended from Charles III's younger sons fail, the Italian Sovereignty was always to be transferred to the next male dynast in the order of succession who was neither the monarch of Spain nor his declared heir, the Prince of Asturias. [1] Even if Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, whose mother was Princess of Asturias had inherited the Spanish Crown and if he had then succeeded in 1960 as head of the Two Sicilies Royal House, the Pragmatic Decree of 1759 would have still not applied as it refers to the Italian sovereignty and was designed to preserve the balance of power, a concept that no longer existed in the twentieth century.
The succession to the Sovereignty of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George is a separate dignity that descends to the heirs of the Farnese family and is not tied to any sovereignty; it was only held by the reigning Dukes of Parma from 1698 to 1734 and the Kings of Naples and Sicily from 1734-1860. The Apostolic Brief Sincerae Fidei and Imperial diploma of 1699 invested the grand mastership in Francesco Farnese and his family and this was confirmed in the Papal bull Militantis Ecclesiae of 1718, so when Francesco's brother Antonio died childless in 1731 it was inherited along with Parma by Infante Don Charles of Bourbon and Farnese. When, however, he surrendered Parma to the Emperor in 1736 he retained the grand mastership and control of the Order, and his rights as Grand Master were recognised by his brother Philip who became Duke of Parma in 1748, in several decrees, as did the latter's son, Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. On 8 March 1796 King Ferdinand IV and III of Naples and Sicily issued a decree which stated that “In his (the king's) royal person there exists together two very distinct qualities, the one of Monarch of the Two Sicilies, and the other of Grand Master of the illustrious, royal and military Constantinian order, which though united gloriously in the same person form nonetheless at the same time two separate independent Lordships." [2] Numerous royal and papal acts, declarations by the government of the Order, the statutes of the Order including those of 1934 which governed the succession in 1960, and expert texts written before 1960, were unanimous in confirming that the grand mastership was not united with the crown but a separate dignity, with a different system of succession (absolute Salic law, whereas the Two Sicilies was governed by semi-Salic law). Hence no act concerned only with the succession to the Two Sicilies could have any bearing on the succession to the Constantinian grand mastership, an ecclesiastical office governed by canon law.
Name Reign | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) Issue | Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Francis II 20 March 1861 – 27 December 1894 | 16 January 1836 Naples, Two Sicilies Son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Maria Cristina of Savoy | Maria Sophie of Bavaria Bari Cathedral 3 February 1859 1 daughter | 27 December 1894 Aged 58 Arco, Trentino, Austria-Hungary | Son of Ferdinand II Deposed king of the Two Sicilies | |
Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (Alphonse I) 27 December 1894 – 26 May 1934 | 28 March 1841 Caserta, Two Sicilies Son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Maria Theresa of Austria | Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Church in Rome 8 June 1868 12 children | 26 May 1934 Aged 93 Cannes, France | 4th son of Ferdinand II Half-brother of Francis II | |
Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria (Ferdinand III) 26 May 1934 – 7 January 1960 | 25 July 1869 Rome, Papal States Son of Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies | Maria of Bavaria Munich Frauenkirche 31 May 1897 6 children | 7 January 1960 Aged 90 Lindau, Bavaria, Germany | 1st son of Alfonso, Count of Caserta |
Name Reign | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) Issue | Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (Alphonse II) 7 January 1960 – 3 February 1964 | 30 November 1901 Madrid, Spain Son of Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Mercedes, Princess of Asturias | Alicia of Bourbon-Parma St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 13 April 1936 3 children | 3 February 1964 Aged 62 Madrid, Spain | Grandson of Alfonso, Count of Caserta Nephew of Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria | |
Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (Charles I) 3 February 1964 – 5 October 2015 | 16 January 1938 Lausanne, France Son of Alfonso, Duke of Calabria and Alicia of Bourbon-Parma | Anne of Orléans St's Peter Church, Dreux 12 May 1965 5 children | 5 October 2015 Aged 77 Retuerta del Bullaque, Ciudad Real, Spain | 1st son of Alfonso, Duke of Calabria | |
Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria (Peter I) Since 5 October 2015 | 16 October 1968 Age 48 Madrid, Spain Son of Carlos, Duke of Calabria and Anne of Orléans | Sofia Landaluce y Melgarejo Almudena Cathedral 30 March 2001 7 children | 1st son of Carlos, Duke of Calabria |
Name Reign | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) Issue | Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro (Rainier I) 7 January 1960 – 13 January 1973 | 3 December 1883 Cannes, France Son of Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies | Maria Carolina Zamoyska Church in Vyšné Ružbachy, now Slovakia 12 September 1923 2 children | 13 January 1973 Aged 89 Lacombe, France | 5th son of Alfonso, Count of Caserta Brother of Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria Claim based on documents reputed invalid | |
Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro (Ferdinand IV) 13 January 1973 – 20 March 2008 | 28 May 1926 Maciejowice, Poland Son of Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro and Maria Carolina Zamoyska | Chantal de Chevron-Villette Church in Giez, Switzerland 23 July 1949 3 children | 20 March 2008 Aged 81 Draguignan, France | Son of Ranieri, Duke of Castro | |
Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (Charles I) Since 20 March 2008 | 23 February 1963 Age 54 Saint-Raphaël, France Son of Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro and Chantal de Chevron-Villette | Camilla Crociani Saint-Charles Church, Monaco 31 October 1998 2 daughters | Son of Ferdinand, Duke of Castro |
On 25 January 2014, representatives of the two rival branches, Prince Carlo (Castro line) and Prince Pedro, then Duke of Noto (Calabria line), jointly signed a solemn pledge of partial reconciliation in a ceremony in Naples on the occasion of the Beatification of Maria Cristina of Savoy, Queen of the Two Sicilies. [4] The document recognised both branches as members of the same house and royal princes and princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, committed both to pursue further reconciliation and concord, meanwhile recognising the titles then claimed by each branch for the present holders and their descendants. [5]
At the Holy Mass in Saint Peter's Basilica celebrated in Rome on 14 May 2016, during the International Pilgrimage of the Franco-Neapolitan Constantinian Order of Saint George to Rome and Vatican City, Prince Carlo made public his decision to change the rules of succession. This purported change was made in order to make the rules of succession compatible with international and European law, prohibiting any discrimination between men and women, although this law has never applied to royal successions (and has not been applied by any former reigning house, nor by the Spanish or Liechtenstein reigning houses). He declared that the rule of absolute primogeniture would henceforth apply to his direct descendants, his elder daughter being declared heiress apparent. [3] Prince Pedro publicly protested that Prince Carlo's declaration not only violated the terms of their reconciliation agreement but that he had no powers to alter the system of succession which was governed by two international treaties as well as by the Pragmatic Decree of Charles III and the last valid Constitution of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Prince Carlo's response was that further "destabilisation" could lead to termination of the 2014 pact. [6]
In September 2017 Prince Carlo announced his second daughter Princess Maria Chiara, recognised as Duchess of Capri in the reconciliation document, would henceforth hold the additional title of Duchess of Noto. [7] In the reconciliation agreement the respective titles used by each branch were recognised and at the time the Noto title was used by Prince Pedro and following the death of his father by his son Prince Jaime.
Francis I of the Two Sicilies was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830 and regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1806 to 1814.
The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood founded by Charles VII of Naples in 1738. It was the last great dynastic order to be constituted as a chivalric fraternity, with a limitation to Roman Catholics and a direct attachment to the dynasty rather than the state. The founder of the order, Charles VII of Naples, ruled from 1734 until 1759.
The Royal Order of Francis I was an extinct order of merit of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies which was annexed in 1861 by the King of Italy. It has been revived by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, as an award for services to charity and inter-religious understanding and includes a number of non Roman Catholic statesmen and stateswomen among its membership.
Carlos Maria Alfonso Marcelo de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y de Borbón-Parma, Infante of Spain, Duke of Calabria was, at his death, the last infante of Spain during the reigns of his cousins King Juan Carlos I and King Felipe VI.
Duke of Calabria was the traditional title of the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Naples after the accession of Robert of Naples. It was also adopted by the heads of certain Houses that had once claimed the Kingdom of Naples in lieu of the royal title.
Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria, was head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and pretender to the throne of the extinct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1934 to 1960.
Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta was the third son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.
The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family that ruled Southern Italy and Sicily for more than a century in the 18th and 19th centuries. It descends from the Capetian dynasty in legitimate male line through Philippe de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, a younger grandson of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) who established the Bourbon dynasty in Spain in 1700 as Philip V (1683–1746). In 1759 King Philip's younger grandson was appanaged with the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, becoming Ferdinand IV and III (1751–1825), respectively, of those realms. His descendants occupied the joint throne until 1860, claimed it thereafter from exile, and constitute the extant Bourbon-Two Sicilies family.
Prince Ranieri Maria Gaetano, Duke of Castro was a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, The Duke of Castro was a claimant to the headship of the former Royal House of the Two Sicilies.
The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, also historically referred to as the Imperial Constantinian Order of Saint George and the Order of the Constantinian Angelic Knights of Saint George, is a dynastic order of knighthood of the Catholic Church. Currently, the grand magistry of the order is disputed among the two claimants to the headship of the former reigning House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies as heirs of the House of Farnese, namely Prince Pedro and Prince Carlo. The order was confirmed as a religious-military order in a 1718 papal bull owing to a notable success in liberating Christians in the Peloponnese. Alongside the Sovereign Military Order of Malta it is the sole international Catholic Order which still has this status today. Although it is not an order of chivalry under patronage of the Holy See, membership is restricted to practising Catholics.
Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro is one of the two claimants to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
Don Carlos, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infante of Spain was the son of Prince Alfonso of the Two Sicilies, Count of Caserta and his wife Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and nephew of the last King of the Two Sicilies, Francis II.
Princess Anne of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Dowager Duchess of Calabria is the widow of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria. She is the third daughter and fifth child of Prince Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999), Orléanist claimant to the defunct French throne, and his wife Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza (1911–2003).
Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria, is the only son of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015) and his wife, Princess Anne of Orléans. He is a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, which ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies before the unification of Italy.
Princess Maria Ludwiga Theresia of Bavaria was a daughter of the last King of Bavaria, Ludwig III, and his wife, Maria Theresia of Austria-Este. Her husband, Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria, became the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies on 26 May 1934, thus she was titular queen consort of the Two Sicilies.
Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies which ruled the defunct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1860. By profession he was an engineer specializing in radar technology.
Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies.