List of Category 5 Australian region severe tropical cyclones

Last updated

Cyclone Marcus at peak intensity on 21 March 2018, over the Indian Ocean to the west of Australia. Marcus 2018-03-21 1812Z.jpg
Cyclone Marcus at peak intensity on 21 March 2018, over the Indian Ocean to the west of Australia.

Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are tropical cyclones that reach Category 5 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale within the Australian region. They are by definition the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth. A total of 48 recorded tropical cyclones have peaked at Category 5 strength in the Australian region, which is denoted as the part of the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E and 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Pam which was classified as a Category 5 between February 3 – 5, 1974, as it moved through the Coral Sea. The latest system to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Ilsa, which was classified on 13 April 2023 off the coast of Western Australia.

Contents

Background

The Australian region tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 90°E and 160°E and is officially monitored by the Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG), Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service. [1] Other meteorological services such as New Zealand's MetService, Météo-France as well as the Fiji Meteorological Service and the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center monitor the basin. [1] Within the basin a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 107 knots (198 km/h; 123 mph) or greater on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. [1] [2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 5 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph) on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [1] [3] Within the basin this scale is not officially used, however, systems are commonly compared to the SSHWS using 1-minute sustained wind speeds from the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [1] [4] [5] On both scales, a Category 5 tropical cyclone is expected to cause widespread devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity. [2] [3]

20th century

NameDurationPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRefs
Wind speedPressure
Trixie15–22 February 1975205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Western Australia$3.71 millionNone [6] [7]
Beverley 27–28 March 1975205 km/h (125 mph)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Western Australia>$1 million [8] [9]
Joan 5–7 December 1975215 km/h (130 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Western Australia$25 millionNone [10] [11]
Alby 27 March – 5 April 1978205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Western Australia10 million5 [12] [13] [14]
Amy 9–10 January 1980215 km/h (130 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Indonesia, Western Australia [15]
Dean 31 January–1 February 1980205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Indonesia, Northern Australia [16]
Enid 17 February 1980205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Western Australia [17]
Carol 16–17 December 1980205 km/h (125 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Indonesia [18]
Mabel 18–19 January 1981205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Western Australia [19]
Dominic 7 April 1982215 km/h (130 mph)950 hPa (28.05 inHg)Northern Australia, New Guinea [20]
Elinor 25 February 1983205 km/h (125 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)QueenslandMinor [21] [22]
Kathy 16–24 March 1984220 km/h (140 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory$12 million1 [23] [24]
HarryFebruary 8–19, 1989205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Vanuatu, New Caledonia [25]
Aivu31 March – 5 April 1989205 km/h (125 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)Queensland$90 million1 [26] [27]
Orson 17–24 April 1989240 km/h (150 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)Western Australia$16 million5 [28] [29]
Alex 19–20 March 1990220 km/h (140 mph)927 hPa (27.37 inHg)Indonesia, Christmas Island [30]
Graham 5–6 December 1991205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Sumatra, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island [31]
Neville 9 April 1992205 km/h (125 mph)945 hPa (27.91 inHg)Northern Territory [32] [33]
Rewa 26 December 1993 - 23 January 1994205 km/h (125 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
Queensland, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu		Unknown22 [34]
Theodore 25 February 1994215 km/h (130 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Norfolk Island, New Zealand		 [35]
Chloe7 April 1995220 km/h (140 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Timor, Western AustraliaNoneNone [36] [37]
Pancho-
Helinda 		21–22 January 1997215 km/h (130 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Sumatra, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Madagascar [38]
Thelma 3–15 December 1998220 km/h (140 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaN/A1 [39]
Frederic–
Evrina 		31 March 1999205 km/h (125 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)NoneNoneNone [40] [41]
Vance 16–23 March 1999220 km/h (140 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Northern Territory, Western Australia$303 millionNone [42]
Gwenda 6 April 1999220 km/h (140 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg)Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia [43]
John 14 December 1999205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia196 millionNone [44] [14]

21st century

NameDurationPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRefs
Wind speedPressure
Paul 10 – 21 April 2000205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)NoneNoneNone [45] [46]
Rosita 14 – 21 April 2000220 km/h (140 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Indonesia, Western Australia, Northern TerritoryUnknownUnknown [47] [48]
Sam 28 November – 14 December 2000205 km/h (125 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [49] [50]
Chris 2 – 7 February 2002205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [51] [52]
Inigo 30 March – 8 April 2003230 km/h (145 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg)Eastern Indonesia, Timor, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [53] [54]
Fay 16 – 28 March 2004215 km/h (130 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Northern Territory, Timor, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [55] [56]
Ingrid 4 – 16 March 2005230 km/h (145 mph)924 hPa (27.29 inHg)New Guinea, Northern AustraliaUnknownUnknown [57] [58]
Glenda 28–29 March 2006205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [59] [60]
Monica 16 - 27 April 2006250 km/h (155 mph)916 hPa (27.05 inHg)New Guinea, Northern AustraliaUnknownUnknown [61]
George 27 February - 12 March 2007205 km/h (125 mph)902 hPa (26.64 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [62]
Hamish 5 - 12 March 2009215 km/h (130 mph)924 hPa (27.29 inHg)QueenslandUnknownUnknown [63]
Laurence 8 – 23 December 2009205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaUnknownUnknown [64]
Yasi 31 January – 3 February 2011205 km/h (125 mph)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Australia$2.5 billion1 [65] [14]
Gillian 6 – 27 March 2014220 km/h (140 mph)927 hPa (27.37 inHg)New Guinea, Indonesia, Queensland
Northern Territory, Christmas Island		UnknownUnknown [66] [67]
Ita 5 – 15 April 2014220 km/h (140 mph)922 hPa (27.23 inHg)Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, QueenslandUnknownUnknown [68]
Marcia 15 – 21 February 2015205 km/h (125 mph)932 hPa (27.52 inHg)Queensland, New South WalesUnknownUnknown [69]
Ernie 4 – 12 April 2017220 km/h (140 mph)924 hPa (27.29 inHg)NoneNoneNone [70]
Marcus 14 – 25 March 2018250 km/h (155 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)Northern Territory, Western AustraliaUnknownNone [71]
Veronica 18 – 28 March 2019215 km/h (130 mph)928 hPa (27.40 inHg)Western Australia [72]
Niran 27 February – 6 March 2021205 km/h (125 mph)936 hPa (27.64 inHg)Queensland, New CaledoniaUnknownUnknown [73]
Darian 13 – 30 December 2022230 km/h (145 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)NoneNoneNone [74]
Herman 28 March – 5 April 2023215 km/h (130 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)NoneNoneNone [75]
Ilsa 6 April – 15 April 2023230 km/h (145 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Indonesia, East Timor, Northern Territory, Western Australia>$2.7 million8 [76] [77] [78]

Other systems

In addition to the 44 tropical cyclones listed above, three other tropical cyclones are considered by the BoM to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region. [79] These are Cyclone Mahina of 1899 and two tropical cyclones that struck Innisfail and Mackay during 1918. [79] Severe tropical cyclones Erica (2003) and Harold (2020) became Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they moved out of the Australian region and into the South Pacific basin. [80] [ citation needed ] Severe Tropical Cyclones Fran (1992) and Beni (2003) were Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, before they moved into the Australian region from the South Pacific basin. [81] [82] Severe Tropical Cyclone Ului weakened into a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, as it moved across 160°E into the Australian region. [83]

The BoM estimates that Severe Tropical cyclones Viola–Claudette (1979), Jane–Irna (1992), Daryl–Agnielle (1995), Bruce (2013) and Freddy (2023) peaked as Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they had moved out of the Australian region and into the South-West Indian Ocean. [84] [85] [86]

Operationally Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle was estimated to have peaked as a category 5 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph). However, during the post-storm analysis process, it was downgraded to a Category 4 system, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). [87]

During December 21, 2022 Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian moved into the South-West Indian Ocean as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, where it was immediately classified as a Very Intense Tropical Cyclone.

Impacts

Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are expected to cause widespread devastation if they significantly impact land. [2] [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989–90 Australian region cyclone season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1969–70 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994–95 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 2017/2018 Tropical Cyclone Season Summary of Alerts and Warnings Procedures for Fiji (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. October 23, 2017. pp. 3 & 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thrum, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (January 2, 2019). The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  4. ↑ Hoarau, Karl; Chalonge, Ludovic; Pirard, Florence; Peyrusaubes, Daniel (March 2018). "Extreme tropical cyclone activities in the southern Pacific Ocean". International Journal of Climatology. 38 (3): 1409–1420. Bibcode:2018IJCli..38.1409H. doi:10.1002/joc.5254. S2CID   133864648.
  5. ↑ Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (February 19, 2016). "Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston". Weather Underground.
  6. ↑ "1975 Severe Tropical Cyclone Trixie (1975046S17124)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  7. ↑ Courtney, Joe B (13 August 2009). Tropical Cyclone Trixie (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "1975 Severe Tropical Cyclone Beverley (1975081S12116)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  9. ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/beverley.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  10. ↑ "1975 Severe Tropical Cyclone Joan (1975334S11128)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  11. ↑ "Cyclone Joan December 1975" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1979. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  12. ↑ "1978 Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby (1978086S14115)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  13. ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1979. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database" . Université catholique de Louvain.
  15. ↑ "1980 Severe Tropical Cyclone Amy (1980005S14120)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  16. ↑ "1980 Severe Tropical Cyclone Dean (1980027S11129)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  17. ↑ "1980 Severe Tropical Cyclone Enid (1980043S16131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  18. ↑ "1980 Severe Tropical Cyclone Carol (1980348S111164)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  19. ↑ "1981 Severe Tropical Cyclone Mabel (1981012S12110)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  20. ↑ "1982 Severe Tropical Cyclone Dominic (1982095S11138)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  21. ↑ "1983 Severe Tropical Cyclone Elinor (1983042S11158)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  22. ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/elinor.shtml [ bare URL ]
  23. ↑ "1984 Severe Tropical Cyclone Kathy (1984077S12149)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  24. ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Kathy". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  25. ↑ "1989 Severe Tropical Cyclone HARRY (1989037S16164)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  26. ↑ "1989 Severe Tropical Cyclone Aivu (1989089S11158)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  27. ↑ "Report on Severe Tropical Cyclone Aivu" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. pp. 6–27. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  28. ↑ "1989 Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson (1989106S11128)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  29. ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  30. ↑ "1990 Severe Tropical Cyclone Alex (1990074S12115)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  31. ↑ "1991 Severe Tropical Cyclone Graham (1991335S04095)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  32. ↑ "1992 Severe Tropical Cyclone Neville (1992096S08132)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  33. ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/neville.shtml [ bare URL ]
  34. ↑ "1993 Severe Tropical Cyclone Rewa (1993360S04171)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  35. ↑ "1994 Severe Tropical Cyclone Theodore (1994053S08155)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  36. ↑ "1995 Severe Tropical Cyclone Chloe (1995089S09131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  37. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Chloe (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  38. ↑ "1997 Severe Tropical Cyclone Helinda:Pancho (1997013S08101)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  39. ↑ "1998 Severe Tropical Cyclone Thelma (1998335S12138)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  40. ↑ "1999 Severe Tropical Cyclone Evrina:Frederic (1999084S12119)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  41. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Frederic (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  42. ↑ "1999 Severe Tropical Cyclone Vance (1999074S13132)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  43. ↑ "1999 Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda (1999092S11131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  44. ↑ "1999 Severe Tropical Cyclone John (1999343S11123)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  45. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  46. ↑ "2000 Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul (2000102S13128)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  47. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  48. ↑ "2000 Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita (2000105S09127)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  49. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Sam (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  50. ↑ "2014 Severe Tropical Cyclone Sam (2000333S11140)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  51. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Chris (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  52. ↑ "2002 Severe Tropical Cyclone Chris (2002033S13121)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  53. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Inigo (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  54. ↑ "2003 Severe Tropical Cyclone Inigo (2003088S07131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  55. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Fay (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  56. ↑ "2004 Severe Tropical Cyclone Fay (2004072S11146)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  57. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Ingrid (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  58. ↑ "2014 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ingrid (2005063S12141)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  59. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Glenda (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  60. ↑ "2006 Severe Tropical Cyclone Glenda (2006081S14129)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  61. ↑ "2006 Severe Tropical Cyclone Monica (2006106S10153)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  62. ↑ "2007 Severe Tropical Cyclone George (2007058S12135)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  63. ↑ "2009 Severe Tropical Cyclone Hamish (2009064S13148)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  64. ↑ Paterson, Linda A (19 May 2010). Severe Tropical Cyclone Laurence (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  65. ↑ "2011 Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi (2011028S13180)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  66. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Gillian (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  67. ↑ "2014 Severe Tropical Cyclone Gillian (2014065S10139)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  68. ↑ "2014 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita (2014092S11159)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  69. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Marcia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  70. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Ernie (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  71. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Marcus (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  72. ↑ Paterson, Linda A (May 2019). Severe Tropical Cyclone Veronica (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  73. ↑ Earl-Spurr, Craig (2 September 2022). Severe Tropical Cyclone Niran (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  74. ↑ Boterhoven, Matthew; Prasad, Vikash (7 June 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  75. ↑ Conroy, Adam (22 August 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Herman (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  76. ↑ Boterhoven, Matthew; Paterson, Linda A (6 June 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Ilsa (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  77. ↑ Murphy, Hannah; Barker, Anne; Brann, Matt; Bieundurry, Tallulah (3 May 2023). "Roadhouse at centre of Cyclone Ilsa estimates damage at more than $4 million". The Age. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  78. ↑ "Indonesian fishermen who survived cyclone that killed eight off WA coast won't face charges". ABC News. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  79. 1 2 "Cyclone Marcia to make landfall as category 5". Courier Mail. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  80. ↑ "2003 Tropical Cyclone Erica (2003061S21148)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  81. ↑ "1992 Tropical Cyclone Fran (1992064S10184)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  82. ↑ "2002 Tropical Cyclone Beni (2003021S10163)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  83. ↑ "2010 Tropical Cyclone Ului (2010070S15168)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  84. ↑ 1980 Intense Tropical Cyclone Viola-Claudette (1979343S08093) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  85. ↑ 1992 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Irna:Jane (1992096S05101) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  86. ↑ "1996 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Daryl:Agnielle (1995319S05092)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  87. ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. January 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
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