List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin

According to the specialist Ion I. Russu  [ ro ], there are supposedly over 160 Romanian words of Dacian origin, representing, together with derivates, 10% of the basic Romanian vocabulary. ^[1]

Below is a list of Romanian words believed by early scholars to be of Dacian origin, which have also been attributed to other origins. The list does not include the Dacian plant names collected by Dioscorides and Pseudo-Apuleius, since these words were not retained in Romanian.

Table

• The Notes column contains information found in various dictionaries. "Not in current use" indicates words not found in dictionaries of contemporary Romanian.

Word / Name	English	Sources	Notes - Alternative etymologies
abeș	really, for sure!	Hasdeu, Vraciu, Paliga	dialectal Banat; a+beș < IE *bhend(s)- 'to bind', cf. Albanian besë [2] ‘word of honor; faith’, besabesë ‘on my honor!’
Abrud	Abrud River	Hasdeu	older Obruth (12th century), from Latin Abruttus; a Slavic form, with a > o (Slavic) and o > a (Hungarian), and non-native preservation of -br- (vs. cibrum > Romanian ciur)
abțigui	to get drunk; to beat someone gently; fig. to forge or illegally modify an original product	Paliga [3]	prefix ab- + root țic-, tig- 'small' cf. Romanian Țic, Țicu, Țega, țic, țînc 'small; a child'
Abud	Abud, village in Mureș County	Paliga [2]	related to Thracian Aba, Abantes, Abro-lebas. Cf. Romanian Abrud, abur, Pre-Indo-European ultimately from *AB- 'elevated, prominent'
abur(e)	steam, vapour	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu, Paliga [2]	Aromanian abur(ã); cf. Albanian avull Proto-Albanian *abulā ‘steam, vapour’; cf. Romanian boare. Ultimately from Pre-Indo-European *AB- 'prominence, elevation'
aburca	'to climb up'	Paliga [4]	Prefix ab (see above) + urca: ultimately from Pre-Indo-European *OR- / *UR- 'big, huge, giant' related with Greek ouranizo 'to go up, to climb' derived from Ouranos 'sky'.
Abuş	Abuș, in Mureș County	Paliga [4]	Probably related to Abud, Abrud, abur(e)
-ac	suffix of nouns and adjectives	Paliga [4]	seems indigenous in some substratum forms in -ac, eg. Fel-eac, în-tun-ec-a (probably from a prototype *în-tumn-ec-a), mald-ac/măld-ac (cf. Spart-ac-us etc.), ber-c, mel-c, mel-eag, pel-eag-ă/pel-eg (cf. Pel-eş), Per-eg, pis-c, plis-c, prun-c, Semen-ic (cf. semeţ), ţar-c, miş-c-a, muş-c-a.
acăța, agăța	to hang up, hook up; accost, seize	Russu	Aromanian cățari ‘to snatch’, Istro-Romanian (a)coț ‘id.’; from Latin *ad + captiāre ‘to snatch’; pt > t rare but attested; cf. Latin baptizare > boteza. Acăț "acacia" used in Transylvania.
ad-, at-		Paliga [5]	Pre-Indo-European, spread across whole Europe. Inherited via Thracian.
adaru	I make; I set up, I set an ornament	Paliga [5]	Aromanian; from Indo-European *der-, dra- 'to work'; cf. Greek δράω, Lithuanian daraù, Latvian darît ‘to make’
adămană	gift, bribery	Paliga [5]	related to ademeni
Adea	Adea, Arad county	Paliga [5]
ademeni	to tempt, lure; deceive	Hasdeu Paliga [5]	dial. adimeni; from older ademană ‘(old) gift, temptation; (Trans.) usury, interest’, from Transylvanian adămană ‘gift’, from Hungarian adomány ‘gift, grant’. [6] , Haşdeu also compared it to Phrygian adamein. Paliga finds it more likely that it is a local derivation from Latin ad + manus or adă/adu mâna 'give (me) your hand'. He considers the Transylvanian dialect form was possibly borrowed into Hungarian and not the reverse.
adia	to breeze gently; to whisper, touch lightly	Russu Paliga	older adiia, West Transylvanian aduĭ, aduĭa, Aromanian adil’u ‘to breathe’; Paliga thinks that the proposed Latin *adiliare is improbable. [7] [5]
adulmeca	'to sniff, to smell'	Paliga	probably *ad-ul-m-ec-a. Substatum root -ulm- related to olm'smell'; derivative suffix -ec also indigenous. Similar construction to adămană, ademeni. The Thracian root must be *olm-, *ulm- 'smell, to smell; to sniff; to track an animal for hunt' or dul-, dol- 'dog', see dulău, dolcă. [5]
afin	Vaccinium myrtilus; billbery	Paliga	Obscure. [5]
ag-	archaic 'to get to a thorn'	Paliga	Cf. agănău, agăţa.Related to Thracian names Aga-thyr-soi, Aeg-issus (Tulcea). agăţa is seemingly derived from the same root. [5]
Agaua	Agaua village, Brăila county	Paliga	related to Agnita, Agăş, Agriş/agriş, cf. Agay, Provence, and Aigai, Greece. See ag-. [5]
agănău	a kind of folk dance	Paliga	related to root ag-. [5]
Agăş	Agăş, Bacău county, Bihor county	Paliga	Today extinct. The village in Bihor is near a hill called Acăţel which can be used to reject an etymology from agas 'crossroad, branched out'. Cf. Thracian Aegissus; the spelling -ss- might stand for an original š in Thracian. Also place names Egeria, Egirca, Egeta, Aegeta and in Hungary Ágasvár seems related, in which case it could be Pre-Magyar. [5]
aghiuță	devil	Hasdeu	from Greek ágios (άγιος) ‘holy’ + -uță. [6] [8]
aidoma	alike, identical	Hasdeu	variant avidoma; from a + Slavic vidomŭ ‘visible’. [6]
alac	einkorn (Triticum monococcum); spelt (Triticum aestivum spelta)	Hasdeu	Old Romanian alacu; from Latin alica ‘spelt’ (cf. Sardinian alighe, Spanish álaga).
ală (Oltenia)	a monster that unleashes storms	Hasdeu	Transylvanian hală; from Bulgarian/Serbo-Croatian dialect ála, hála, [9] from Turkish hala.
aldea	?	Hasdeu
ameți	to drug, anesthetize, stupefy	Russu	from Latin *ammattīre; cf. Old French amatir. [6]
andrea	knitting needle	Russu	Muntenian/Transylvanian undrea; from Andrea, Undrea ‘December’, from Greek Andréas ‘St. Andrew’s Day’ (Nov. 30th); from the tradition of knitting socks on St. Andrew's Day. Similar to Alb. shëndreu ‘November’, after Shën Ndreu ‘St. Andrew’.
anina	to hang up, hook; accost	Russu	from Latin *annināre ‘to rock’; cf. Italian ninnare, Sardinian anninnare, Romansh niner, Provençal nina ‘to fall asleep’
aprig	fiery, hot-blooded; harsh	Russu	variants apric, apreg; from Latin aprīcus ‘sunny, exposed (to the sun)’; cf. Calabrian apricari ‘to warm’, Spanish ábrego ‘southwest wind’, Occitan abrigar ‘to shelter’.
argea	loom	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	plural argele; from Greek argaleiós; also Albanian dial. argali ‘small, wooden loom’ (< Gk)
Argeș	Argeș River	Hasdeu	Arghiș (1427), Argyas (1369); from Pecheneg argiš ‘high ground’ [10]
arunca	to throw	Russu	Aromanian aru(n)cu; from Latin eruncāre ‘to weed out’; cf. Italian arroncare, Abruzzese arrongá
azugă	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use (see also Azuga, a town in Prahova County)
baci	chief shepherd, cheese-maker	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Aromanian baciu, Megleno-Romanian bač, Istro-Romanian bațe; from Turkish baş ‘leader, chief’; also Serbo-Croatian bač, Albanian baç, Hungarian bacs (all < Turkish)
baier	thread, band, strap, string; coin necklace; talisman	Russu	Transylvanian baieră, Moldavian baieri, Muntenian băieri, Aromanian bairu; from Latin bājulus, bājula; cf. French baille ‘pail, bucket’
baligă	dung, manure	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian baligă, Megleno-Romanian balig, Istro-Romanian bålege; from Old Albanian baljëgë (modern bajgë, dial. balgë, balëg, balëgë); also Serbo-Croatian bȁlega (< Alb)
baltă	pool, puddle	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian/Megleno-Romanian baltă, Istro-Romanian bote; from Albanian baltë ‘swamp’, from Slavic; cf. Serbo-Croatian blȁto ‘mud’, Czech blato; alternatively, directly from Slavic.
bară (Banat)	marsh, morass	Hasdeu	from Serbo-Croatian bȁra ‘puddle, pool; swamp’ [9]
barză	stork (Ciconia ciconia)	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu, Olteanu	Oltenia bardăș, bardoș ‘stork’, Transylvanian/Aromanian/Megleno-Romanian bardzu ‘white’; feminine of barz ‘whitish (of birds)’, from Albanian bardhë ‘white’, bardhosh, bardhash ‘whitish’
bască	beret	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.)	from French basque
batal	wether (castrated ram)	Hasdeu	from Turkish battal ‘useless’, [6] itself from Arabic baṭṭāl (بطّال) ‘vain, useless, worthless’ (> Spanish balde ‘in vain’); also Albanian batal, Serbo-Croatian dial. bàtāl, Bulgarian batal (батал), Greek batálikos (μπατάλικος) ‘rude, boorish’ (all < Turk).
bălaur, balaur	dragon, monster	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	from Serbo-Croatian blȁvor (variants blavur, blaor) ‘scheltopusik’, from Albanian bullar (var. buljar, bollar). [11]
băga	to insert, thrust	Russu	Aromanian bagu ‘to put’, Megleno-Romanian bagari; from Byzantine Greek bázo (βάζω) ‘to put in or on, set down’
băiat	boy; servant, page	Russu	variant băiet;
băl, bălan, bălaș	fair-haired, blond (person); white-haired (animal)	Hasdeu	from Albanian bal(ë) ‘white-haired; starred forehead’, balosh, balash ‘white-marked, piebald; dappled; hoary, white-haired’
bâr	call to a sheep	Vraciu	from Albanian berr ‘sheep or goat; small livestock’; cf. Czech beran ‘ram’, Polish/Ukrainian/Russian baran (< Romanian); Canavese berro ‘ram’, Piemontese bero ‘id.’ (< Alb)
bârsă	sheth, standard (part on a plow)	NODEX [12]	variant bârță; from Slavic; cf. Slovenian brdče ‘beam holding a trawl net’, Czech (Moravian) brdče ‘thill, draft-pole’
beregată	Adam's apple; gullet, windpipe	Russu	dialectal bereglej, Istro-Romanian biricuată; from Hungarian beragad "to stick, get stuck"; [13] also Serbo-Croatian berikat (< Hung)
boare	breeze	Russu	variant bore, Aromanian boră, Megleno-Romanian boari; from Latin boreas "north wind" (< Greek Boreas 'god of the north wind')
bordei	sunken-floor cottage	Hasdeu, Russu	older bordeiu "cottage; whorehouse" (1595); from Hungarian bordély, German Bordell, or Italian bordello, all "brothel".
bortă	hole, hollow	Hasdeu	also borti, borteli "to bore"; from Ukrainian bort "hole", bortyty "to bore"
brad	fir (Abies)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Aromanian brad; from Proto-Albanian *brada (modern bredh).
brândușă	meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale)	Russu	from Serbo-Croatian brnduša; akin to Bulgarian brenduška [6]
brânză	cheese	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	Aromanian brîndzã, Megleno-Romanian brǫnză; from Albanian brëndës ‘intestines; rennet bag (made of stomach)’, identical to rânză (< rrëndës) (see below); Romanian lent Transylvanian German Pränz, Slovak/Polish bryndza , which gave Austrian Brimsen . [9] [14]
brâu	belt, waist	Russu (Alb.)	dialectal brân, colloquial brână, Aromanian brãnu, Megleno-Romanan brǫn, Istro-Romanian brĕne; from Old Albanian *bren (modern brez ‘belt; waist’, mbrej ‘to buckle’); replaced Transylvanian/Bucovina balț ‘loop, eye(let), ring (of iron)’ (cf. Aromanian balțu), from Latin balteus ‘belt’.
brusture	burdock (Lappa)	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian broștur, brușturã; from Albanian brushtull ‘heather’
bucura	to be glad	Russu (Alb.)	also bucuros ‘glad’; from Albanian bukuroj ‘to beautify’, bukurosh ‘beautiful’, both from bukur ‘nice, lovely’ [lower-alpha 1]
buiestru	ambling, ambling gait (of horse)	Russu	from Slavic *bujestĭ ‘boldness, arrogance’ + suffix -estru [15]
bunget	dense, dark forest	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	from Albanian bung [6] ‘chestnut oak’ + Romanian -et ‘grove’.
burghiu	drill bit	Hasdeu	Aromanian burghie, Megleno-Romanian burghijă; from Turkish burgü ‘auger, gimlet’; also Bulgarian/Serbo-Croatian burgija ‘drill, gimlet’, Albanian burgi (all < Turk)
burlan	spout, water pipe	Russu	from Italian borlone ‘rolling cylinder’, from North Italian borlare ‘to roll’ [16]
burtă	belly, stomach	Russu	dialectal borț ‘pregnant woman’s belly’
burtucă	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
burtuș	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
butuc, butură	stump, log; trunk	Russu	from dialectal Bulgarian butuk, butur ‘freshly-chopped tree stump’, from bútam ‘to beat, knock’.
buză	lip; edge	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian budzã "lip; brim"; from Albanian buzë "lip; edge"
caier	tow; hemp bundle; (arch.) distaff-full of wool, etc. to be spun	Russu	Aromanian cairu "distaff-full of wool, etc. to be spun"; from Vulgar Latin *cajulus, diminutive of caia, caiæ "stick"
cață	shepherd's rod, crook	Russu	also descăța "to unhook"; See acăța above.
cârlan	sheep or goat weanling; 2- or 3-year-old colt	Russu
cârlig	sheep hook	Russu	from Bulgarian kărlik (кърлик) [6]
căciulă	high fur cap	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian kaçule, itself from Latin casula
căpușă	sheep louse ( Melophagus ovinus )	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian këpushë [6] ‘tick’, derivative of kap ‘to grip, snatch’
căpută	toe (of shoe); low boot	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian këputë "sole (of shoe)", këpucë "shoe"; unrelated to Slavic kopyto "hoof" > Romanian copită
cătun	hamlet	Russu (Alb.)	probably from Serbo-Croatian dial. kàtūn ‘herdsmen community; summer pasture’, from South Slavic katunъ ‘camp, military encampment’, from Byzantine Greek katoûna (κατοῦνα) ‘tent camp’, from Italian cantone; cf. Albanian katund (dial. katun, kotun) ‘village; herdsmen community; widely spread-out village", Romani katúna ‘Gypsy tent’ (< Gk), Bulgarian katun(in) ‘nomadic Gypsy’. [17]
cioară	crow	Sala, Hasdeu, Vraciu	Aromanian țoarã, Megleno-Romanian čoară; from Old Albanian *corrë (mod. sorrë) [6]
cioc	beak	Sala, Hasdeu, Vraciu	also ciocârlie ‘skylark’; from Serbo-Croatian čok; also Albanian çok ‘hammer; knuckle’ (< Slavic).
ciomag	club, cudgel	Hasdeu	Aromanian ciumac, Megleno-Romanian čămugă; from Turkish çomak; also Albanian çomage ‘big hammer’ (< Turk)
ciut	hornless, poll; one-horned	Russu (Alb.)	dialectal șut; from Slavic; cf. Bulgarian/Serbo-Croatian šut; also Albanian shyt ‘hornless’ (connected to "sutë" (a doe, female deer) (an albanism in the other Balkan languages)
codru	wide old forest	Hasdeu, Vraciu	also Aromanian codru ‘public square; hilltop; forest’; from Vulgar Latin *codrum, from Latin quadrum ‘square’; cf. Albanian kodër ‘hill; angular stone, cornerstone’
copac	tree	Sala, Russu (Alb.)	older copaci, Aromanian cupaciu, Megleno-Romanian cupač, Istro-Romanian copaț ‘thicket, brush’; from Albanian kopaç ‘knot in wood, stump, trunk’, itself from Bulgarian kopačĭ ‘sapper’, a derivative of kopája ‘to hollow out, dig out’.
copil	child	Russu	Aromanian cochil(u); from Serbo-Croatian kȍpile, Bulgarian kópele, both "bastard" (whereas other Slavic languages have sense "hoe" as in: Lower Sorbian koṕeło ‘corral hoe’, Polab ťüpål ‘hoe’, Russian kopyl ‘stake; hoe’); cf. Albanian kopil (< Slav)
creț	curly; curly-haired	Russu	Old Romanian creçu; from Slavic; cf. Serbian/Bulgarian krečav "curly", Polish kręty "curly", Slovenian kèrč, Czech krč
cruța	to pardon, spare	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian kursej ‘to spare; save money’ (var. kurcoj), from *kurt (modern shkurt), from Latin curtus ‘short’
culbec	snail	Hasdeu	variant cubelc
curma	to stop abruptly, interrupt	Russu (Alb.)	older curmez, from Byzantine Greek kormázein (κορμάζω); cf. Albanian kurmua
curpăn	vine, twining stem	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian kurpën, kurpër ‘clematis’, from kurp ‘traveller's joy, old man's beard (Clematis vitalba)’; related to below.
cursă	trap, snare	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	from Albanian kurth(ë), contraction of dial. kurpth, diminutive of kurp; related to above.
custură	blade, knife edge, knife	Russu	variants custure, cusutură, cuțitură, from cuțit "knife' + suffix -tură
darari	?	Russu	Not in current use.
daș	ram	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian dash
dărâma	to tear down, demolish, destroy	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian dãrîmu; from Latin dērāmāre; cf. Albanian dërmoj ‘to cut into pieces; plummet’
deh	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
deretica	to tidy up	Russu	variants derăteca, derdica, dereteca; from Latin *deradicare "to root out"
dezbăra	to break a habit, to rid	Russu	probably from French débarasser "to rid, get rid of"
dezgauc	?	Hasdeu
doină	lamenting folksong	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Transylvanian daină; from Lithuanian dainà ‘folksong’ (cf. Latvian daĩn̨a ), derivative of Proto-Baltic *deî- (cf. Latvian diêt, dìet ‘to dance, hop; sing’)
don	?	Hasdeu
dop	cork, plug	Russu	from Transylvanian German Dop. [6]
droaie	crowd, multitude; a lot	Russu	back-formation from the plural droi, from Albanian droe, droje [6] ‘fear’; same sense development in Rom. groază ‘horror’ > o groază de ‘a lot of’.
dulău	mastiff	Hasdeu, Vraciu	from Polish dolow
fărâmă	crumb, morsel, bit	Russu (Alb.)	variant sfărâmă, Aromanian sîrmã; from Albanian thërrime, from ther ‘to stab, slaughter, snip’
gard	fence	Russu (Alb.)	Istro-Romanian gård "wattle gate to a pen"; from Albanian gardh; unrelated to Slavic gradŭ > Alb gradë
gata	ready, done	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian gat(i) "ready", from gatuaj ‘to ready, prepare; cook’, from Slavic *gotovati; [18] cf. Serbo-Croatian gotov "ready", Polish gotowy.
gâde	executioner; tyrant	Hasdeu	plural gâzi; from Bulgarian gidija ‘crazy, extravagant, reckless’, Serbian gad "scoundrel"
gâdila	to tickle	Hasdeu	var. gâdili, gâdeli, ghidili, Aromanian gádil, gădilare; from Bulgarian gădel me e (гъдел ме е) ‘it tickles’, [6] from gădeličkam (гъделичкам), [19] from Turkish gıdıklamak.
gălbează	liver rot ( fascioliasis ), sheep pox	Russu (Alb.)	variant călbează; from Albanian gëlbazë, këlbazë, klëbacë ‘sheep pox’, itself from the Albanian word "kalb" (to rot, to go bad) with a diminutive suffixe -zë, commonly seen in disease names.
genune	depth, abyss	Hasdeu, Russu	dialectal gerune, Old Romanian gerure; from Latin gyrō, gyrōnem
gheară	claw, talon	Russu	from Arabic garaf ‘grasp’
ghes	a poke, a goad	Russu	dialectal ghies, ghios; from Hungarian gyűszű ‘thimble’
ghimpe	thorn	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian gjemb (dialectal Tosk gjëmp, Arvanite gljimp, Gheg glëmp)
ghiob (Transylvanian)	cheese vat	Hasdeu	from Hungarian döböny ‘cylindrical, wooden, lidded crockery for honey and the like’ [20] [6]
ghionoaie	woodpecker	Sala, Russu (Alb.)	dialectal ghionoi, ghin, Aromanian ǵionu ‘tawny owl’; from Albanian gjon ‘scops owl’, from Gjon ‘John’; Albanian also has qukapik ‘woodpecker’ (< qukë ‘owl’ + pik ‘woodpecker’)
ghiont	nudge, poke	Russu
ghiuj	gaffer, old fogey	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Aromanian ghiuș; from Albanian gjysh "grandfather"
gordin	kind of grapes used in winemaking	Hasdeu	variants gordean, g(o)ardină, gorgan, gordan; from Russian gordina "currant"
gorun	durmast oak ( Quercus petraea )	Russu	from Bulgarian gorun (горун)
grapă	harrow	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian grep (var. grap) ‘hook’.
gresie	sandstone, whetstone	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian greasă; from Albanian gërresë (var. grresë) ‘rasp, scraper; drawing knife’, from gërryej ‘to scrape, scour’
groapă	hole, pit	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian/Megleno-Romanian groapă, Istro-Romanian gropă; Albanian gropë, Montenegrin grȍp, variant of Serbo-Croatian grȍb
grui	hilltop, hillock	Russu	variant gruńu, Aromanian gruñiu ‘chin’; from Latin grunnium; cf. French groin ‘pig snout’, Italian grugno ‘snout’, Romansh grugn ‘chin’.
grumaz	neck	Russu (Alb.), NODEX	Aromanian grumadz, gurmadz; from Albanian gurmaz ‘gaping maw, wide-open jaws; esophagus’ (variants gurmac, grumas, gërmaz), itself from kurm ‘trunk (of the body), torso’ (> Romanian dial. curm ‘short rope’, curmei ‘vine shoot’)
grunz	lump, clod	Russu (Alb.)	variants (s)grunț, Aromanian grundã (plural grundz) ‘lump’, grundzã ‘bran’; from Albanian krunde ‘coarse bran; sawdust’ (var. grundë), derivative of kruaj ‘to scratch’
gudura	to fawn, cajole	Russu	from Albanian gudulis ‘to tickle; pleasure’; unrelated to Romanian gâdila ‘to tickle’ (see above).
gușă	a bird's crop; goiter	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian gușe "neck, goiter"; from Late Latin geusiæ (Marcellus, 5th c.); cf. Italian gozzo, Friulian gose, French gosier; also Albanian gushë, Bulgarian/Serbian guša (all < Rom).
hojma (Moldova, Bucovina)	repeatedly, continuously	Hasdeu, Vraciu	from Ukrainian hožma [6]
iazmă (Banat)	ugly and evil apparition, ghost	Hasdeu	western aiazmă, eastern agheazmă; from Greek agíasma (αγίασμα) ‘holy water; sacred spring’.
iele	(mythology) white lady, Dames Blanches , who bewitch men with song and dance	Hasdeu	variant ele; from Romanian ele, feminine form of el "they". Euphemism of Romanian word dînsele 'ghost, soul of the dead' (= Latin lemures) [9]
încurca	to tangle, to mix up	Russu	from Vulgar Latin *incolicare, from colus "distaff"; also descurca "to untangle"
înghina	to assemble, to put together	Russu	variant of îmbina, from Latin imbinare; cf. Friulian imbinâ; likewise dezbina ~ desghina "to take apart, disassemble"
îngurzi	to wrinkle the edge of a fabric or the sole of a shoe with a thread	Russu	variant îngruzi; from în + gurgui
însăila	to stitch, to sew temporarily	Russu	variant înseila; from dial. saia "stitch" (Muntenia, Moldavia sailă), from Transylvanian German Seil "cord, rope".
întrema	to recover after illness or fatigue	Russu	variants întrăma, (Moldavia, Bucovina) întrarma, back-formation from destrăma ‘unweave, unravel, break up’.
jeț	tall-backed (arm)chair	Hasdeu, Vraciu	variants jețiu, jățiu; from Transylvanian German Sätz "seat"; but older and dialectal variants jilț, jelț may have been influenced by Slavic; cf. Czech židlice "stool; seat", Serbo-Croatian sjedalo
leagăn	cradle, swing	Russu	variants leangăn, leagănă; Istro-Romanian leagăr; back-formation of legăna "to rock, swing" (cf. Aromanian leagînu "to swing", Megleno-Romanian legăn), from Byzantine Greek liknon "cradle"
lepăda	to drop; to take off (clothes)	Russu	dialectal lăpăda; Aromanian aleapidu "to throw, abandon"; from Latin lapidare "to throw stones"
lespede	plat, slab, flagstone, gravestone	Russu	from Rusyn lepest "page, sheet", dialectal lespet(ok), from lepestitj "to shed"
leșina	to faint	Russu	from Serbo-Croatian lešina "corpse"
mal	lakeside shore, riverbank; coast	Sala, Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	from Albanian mal "mountain" [21]
maldac, măldac	a small load (of wood, hay, etc.)	Hasdeu	from Greek mandákis
mazăre	pea (Pisum sativum)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu, Olteanu	Aromanian madzãre; also Romanian măzăriche ‘vetch’, Aromanian mãdziricl’e; from Albanian modhull(ë) ‘yellow vetchling’, diminutive of modhë ‘rye-grass, brome’
mânz	foal, colt	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian mîndzu, Megleno-Romanian mǫndz; from Old Albanian manz (modern Tosk mëz, Gheg mâz). Also mânzat ‘steer’, from OAlb. *manzat (mod. Tosk mëzat, Gheg mâzat ‘yearling calf; bullock’). [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]
măceș	sweetbrier (Rosa eglanteria)	Russu
mădări	to pamper, to spoil (a child)	Russu	from Transylvanian German maddern
măgură	hill, knoll	Sala, Russu (Alb.)	dialectal Romanian and Aromanian măgulă; from Albanian magulë, a metathesis of gamulë; likewise Serbo-Croatian gòmila ~ mògila 'heap'.
mălai	cornflour; dial. millet (flour)	Hasdeu	Moldavian malai; from Albanian miell "flour" (var. mjell, mill) or mel "millet", from Latin milium
mămăligă	polenta, cornmeal mush ( mămăligă )	Hasdeu	Aromanian mumalig; from Bulgarian mamuli[ citation needed ], metathesis of Turkish muhlama "pudding-like dish of cornmeal cooked in butter and water"
mărcat (Aromanian)	rancid milk	Russu
mătură	broom	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian metură, Megleno-Romanian mietură, Istro-Romanian meture; from Vulgar Latin *metula (cf. Albanian netull ‘mullein’, used in broommaking), from early Slavic; cf. Serbo-Croatian mètla, Bulgarian metlá ‘broom’
Mehadia	Mehadia	Hasdeu	1614; from Hungarian Mihald (1323), Myhold (1349), from Mihály "Michael" + -d
melc	snail	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	older melciu, Aromanian zmelciu; from Bulgarian melčev (мелчев), melčov (мелчов), melčo (мелчо) ‘snail’ [26]
mieriu	sky blue; bluish, whitish	Russu	from dial. mier ‘blue’, from Latin merus
mire	bridegroom	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	from Albanian mirë [6] ‘good’; replaced Old Romanian măritu (still used in Muntenia).
mistreț	wild boar	Russu	from Latin mixtīcius ‘mixed, crossbred, hybrid’; cf. Spanish mestizo ‘half-breed’; also Albanian mistrec ‘runt; brat, trouble-maker’ (< Romanian).
mișca	to move, stir	Russu	Megleno-Romanian micicari; from Vulgar Latin root *miscicāre, from Latin miscīre ("to agitate, mix") or from a derivative of miscēre.
morman	pile, heap	Russu
moș	old man	Russu (Alb.)	back-formed from moașă ‘midwife’ (cf. Aromanian moașe, Megleno-Romanian moașă ‘old woman’), from Albanian moshë ‘age’, moshëm ‘old, aged’; replaced Old Romanian auș (still in Oltenia), from Latin avus.
moț	tuft, crest	Hasdeu	from Slavic; cf. Czech/Slovak moc ‘power, clout’, Serbo-Croatian mȏć ‘id.’
mozoc	large shepherd dog	Hasdeu	variant mosoc
mugure	bud	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian mugull "bud, sprout"
munună, murună	hilltop	Russu
murg	dark-bay horse	Sala, Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian murgu, Megleno-Romanian murg; also amurg 'twilight, dusk'; from Albanian murg "dark".
mușat	handsome	Russu	Aromanian mușeat, Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian mușat; clipped form of *frumușat, from frumos
năpârcă	common adder, viper ( Vipera berus )	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian năpîrtică; from Albanian nepërtkë (standard nepërkë, dial. nëpërkë), from Slavic *nepŭrŭtkŭ; cf. Bulgarian neprătăk ‘buttercup’.
năsărâmbă (Transylvania, Oltenia)	prank, mischief	Hasdeu	from sărâmb "head"
nițel	a little	Russu	from Old Romanian nișchițel, diminutive of nișchit, neșchit "tiny", from niște, (Oltenia) nește "some, a few", from Latin nescit
noian	multitude, heap; (arch.) abyss, immense sea	Sala, Russu	from Albanian ujanë "ocean", from ujë "water"
ortoman	rich (of a shepherd); handsome (of an outlaw); quick (of a horse)	Hasdeu	variants iortoman, hartoman; from Turkish yortman "to run, flee" [27]
păstaie	pod, capsule, hull	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian păstăl'e; from Vulgar Latin pistālia, from pistāre "to pound"; cf. Albanian bishtajë "pod, hull; string bean"
pânză	cloth, linen, fabric, textile	Russu	Aromanian pîndzã, Megleno-Romanian pǫndză, Istro-Romanian pănzę; from Vulgar Latin *pandia, from pandere
pârâu (pl. pâraie)	brook, creek	Russu (Alb.)	dial. (North) pârău, Megleno-Romanian păroi; from Albanian përrua (def.sg. përroi) ‘torrent, rushing stream’, from Bulgarian poroj (порой) ‘torrent’, from *po-rojĭ (cf. Macedonian roj (рој) ‘swarm’, Polish zdrój ‘spring, waters’); ending influenced by Romanian râu "river; stream", from Latin rivus
păstra	to keep up	Russu	older păstrez; Aromanian spăstrescu, Megleno-Romanian păstres; from Greek pastrevo (παστρεύω) ‘to clean, cleanse’, from Byzantine Greek spastréuō; cf. Bulgarian pastrja (< Greek) [9]
prunc	toddler, infant	Russu	from early Serbo-Croatian *prǫtče ‘small rod’ (modern Serbian prutka, Croatian pritka), variant of *prątče (Bulgarian prăčka), diminutive of *prątŭ ‘rod’ (Serbo-Croatan prût ‘rod, withe, switch’)
pupăză	hoopoe	Sala	Aromanian pupăză, Megleno-Romanian pupează; from Albanian pupëz(ë), diminutive of pupë, from Latin upupa [28]
pururi	always, forever	Russu (Alb.)	variant purure, pururea; from d(e-a) pure(a)
rață	duck	Hasdeu, Vraciu, Sala	from Serbo-Croatian dial. rȁca, race (also Bulgarian rĕca), from Old Albanian *roça (mod. rosë) [29]
râmf (Transylvanian)	birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis)	Hasdeu	variants rimf, remf, rempf; from Transylvanian German Rämp ‘birthwort’ ~ Rimf ‘tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)’ [30]
rânză	abomasum (rennet stomach)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Aromanian arîndzã ‘rennet’; from Albanian rrëndës ‘rennet’.
răbda	to suffer, endure, tolerate	Russu	older/Transylvanian rebda, Aromanian aravdu, arăvdare; from Latin *rigidare [31]
reazem	support, backing, prop	Russu	variants razăm, reazăm, reazim; back-formation from rezema (dial. răzima) "to lean against, prop up"
ridica	to raise, lift	Russu	older aridica, dialectal radica, Aromanian ardic(ari); from Latin eradicare "to uproot"
Sarmisegetuza	Sarmizegetusa	Hasdeu	refers to a pre-Roman Dacian archaeological site; did not survive into Romanian
sâmbure	kernel; pip, core	Russu (Alb.), NODEX, Olteanu	dialectal simbure, sumbure, Aromanian sîmbure, sumbur; from Albanian sumbull "push button; bud"
sâmvea	(?)	Hasdeu
scăpăra	to strike fire; sparkle, lighten	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian ascăpirare, Megleno-Romanian scăpirari; from Albanian shkrep "to strike fire", shkrepës "flint"
scrum	ashes	Russu (Alb.)	older scrumb; from Albanian shkrumb; also Bulgarian скрум (< Romanian)
scula	to get up (out of bed), wake up	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian sculare, Megleno-Romanian sculari, Istro-Romanian scolu; back-formed from (se) răscula "to rise up, revolt, rebel", from South Slavic raskoliti; [32] cf. Serbo-Croatian raskòliti ‘to split, cleave, rive’.
scurma	to scrape or dig (with snout, claws, beak, tools)	Russu	from Vulgar Latin *excorrimāre; although rimāre > Romanian râma.
searbăd	insipid	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	older sarbăd, Aromanian sarbit; from Albanian tharbët "sour" (standard thartë, dialectal tharptë)
spânz	purple hellebore	Russu (Alb.)	variants spânț, spunz, Aromanian spingiu; from Albanian shpendër (variants shpindër, spindër, spinër) [33]
stână	sheepfold	Hasdeu, Vraciu, NODEX	variants stan, stean, Aromanian stînă, stane; from Slavic; cf. Bulgarian/Serbo-Croatian stan "shepherd's hut" [34] [35] [36]
stăpân	master, owner	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Megleno-Romanian stăpǫn; from Slavic stopanŭ; [6] cf. Macedonian stopan, Serbo-Croatian stopanin; also Albanian (Gheg) shtëpâ ‘cheese-making shepherd’.
strănut	with a white spot on nose (of animals)	Russu	variants strenut, stărnut; back-formation from strănuta, [6] from Latin sternūtāre "to sneeze"
stejar	oak	Hasdeu, Vraciu	variants stăjer(iu), st(r)ăjar, strejar; from Bulgarian stežer (стежер); [6] doublet of steajer, from Serbo-Croatian stežer "trunk"
steregie	soot caked in a chimney; scum; dross, waste; wine tartar	Russu	variants stirigie, stirighie, etc.; from variants tereghie, tirghie, etc. "wine tartar", from Greek trugiá, blended with Serbo-Croatian striješ (Chakavian striš) "wine tartar" [37]
sterp	barren, infertile	Russu (Alb.)	eastern stărp, Aromanian sterpu; from Byzantine Greek stérifos (στέριφος; mod. stérfos (στέρφος)); cf. Albanian shterpë, Slovene stirpa, Venetian sterpa (all < Gk).
străghiață	cottage cheese	Russu	variant stereghiață, Banat străghiată, Aromanian strãgl’atã, Megleno-Romanian strigl’ată; from Bulgarian strigle (стригле), literally ‘clipped, sheared’, preterit/past participle of striža (стрижа) ‘to shear, clip’; cf. Greek éstriglos (ἔστριγλος) ~ strigária (στριγάρια) ‘gleanings’ (< Bulg); also Serbo-Croatian strigljata, Greek stringléta (στριγκλέτα) (< (Ar)Romanian)
strepede	cheese maggot (larva of the cheese fly, cheese skipper; Piophila casei)	Russu (Alb.)	Aromanian streapit "cheese mite", Megleno-Romanian strepij; from Albanian shtrep "maggot, larva"
strugure	grape; (arch.) bunch	Russu, NODEX	Aromanian strugur ‘sliver, gleanings’; singularized plural, from dialectal (Basarabia) strug, deverbative of dial. strugi, struji ‘to shave or scrape off; chisel’; [38] replaced Old Romanian auă, from Latin ūva
strungă	sheepfold; narrow passage, canyon	Russu (Alb.), NODEX	from Albanian shtrungë ‘milking enclosure’, from shtroj ‘to spread’
sugruma	to strangle, to burke	Russu	from sub "under" + grumaz "throat" (see above).
sugușa	to strangle, to burke	Russu	from sub "under" + gușă "neck; goiter" (see above).
șale	loins, small of the back	Russu (Alb.)	Aromaian șali ‘loins’; from Albanian shalë ‘saddle; inner thigh’, from Latin sella ‘saddle’; cf. inherited Romanian șa (Muntenia șea, pl. sele), Aromanian șeauã, șelã, both ‘saddle’
șir	row, line	Hasdeu, Russu	also șiră "spine"; from Greek sirá (σειρά) ‘line, row; cord, rope’
șopârlă	wall lizard (Lacerta muralis)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	variant șopirlă, Aromanian ciupilar (recent jabilu, şapic, japie); from Albanian zhapi (plural zhapinj) ‘lizard’ (var. xhapi, xhzpik).
șorici	bacon skin, pork rind	Russu	Moldavian cioric; from Slavic; cf. Serbo-Croatian čvarak, Czech škvarek, Polish skwarek
tare	hard	Russu	Aromanian tari ‘some, certain’, Megleno-Romanian tari, Istro-Romanian tore; from Latin talis ‘such’; [6] cf. Albanian tallë
traistă	bag	Hasdeu	older taistră, tainstră, traistră, Bassarabia/Maramarus straistă, Transylvanian straiță; cf. Albanian trastë, trajstë, strajcë.
tulei	(young) whiskers	Hasdeu	from Serbo-Croatian tulaj, Ukrainian tulij. [6]
țap	he-goat; buck	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian cjap (var. cap, cqap, sqap).
țarc	pen, fold	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	from Albanian thark (var. cark) ‘enclosure (esp. for milking)’.
țarină	country, land	Russu	from Serbo-Croatian carina.; [6] alternatively and possibly from țară + suffix -ină.
țăruș	pole, pale, picket	Russu	from Ukrainian taraš "post, pile, pillar" [39]
țumburuș	small, round knob, nub	Olteanu	older țâmburuș; from Albanian thumbull ‘button; pin’; nearly identical to sâmbure (< sumbull) (see above).
țurcă	traditional Romanian game	Hasdeu	from Ukrainian curka [6]
(a se/ a) uita	respectively: to look, to forget	Russu	Banat/Maramus zăuita, Aromanian ultare, Megleno-Romanian ul’t(ari), Istro-Romanian utu; from Latin oblitare "to forget"; [6] cf. Occitan/Catalan oblidar, French oublier
urca	to mount, ascend; increase	Russu, Paliga [40]	Either from Vulgar Latin *oricāre, [6] frequentative of orior "to rise" or ultimately from Pre-Indo-European *OR- / *UR- 'big, huge, giant' related with Greek ouranizo 'to go up, to climb' derived from Ouranos 'sky'.
urcior	stye	Russu	variant ulcior, Aromanian ulcior, urcior; from Latin hordeolus; [6] cf. Italian orzaiolo, Old French orgeoul, Spanish orzuelo
urdă	cottage cheese	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	from dialectal Albanian urdhë (standard udhos, dialectal urdhos)
urdina	to go frequently, visit; have diarrhea	Russu	from Latin ordināre "to put in order"; [6] cf. Spanish ordeñar
urdoare	bleariness; eye snot	Russu	from Latin horridus; cf. Old French ord ‘foul’.
vatră	hearth, fireplace; home	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb).	from Albanian vatër ; [lower-alpha 4] also Serbian vatra "fire" (< Alb)
vătăma	to hurt, to injure	Russu	from Latin victimare "to sacrifice" [6]
vătui	yearling kid (goat); hare	Russu (Alb.)	older vătuiu, Aromanian/Megleno-Romanian vitul’u; from Byzantine Greek *vitoúlion (*βιτούλιον; modern Lefkada vitũli (βιτοῦλι)); [41] also Albanian ftujë (Cham ftulë, Arbëresh vëtulë) ‘female kid’ (< ByzGk)
viezure	badger	Sala, Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	older viedzure, Aromanian yedzurã, yedzãre; from Albanian vjedhull, from vjedh "to steal"
viscol	snowstorm, snow squall	Russu	from Hungarian *veszkölni ~ viszkol, as in veszködni ‘to agitate’, from visz, vesz ‘to take; bear’.
zară	buttermilk	Russu	from *dzară, from Albanian dhallë; also Aromanian dhală (recent loan; < Alb)
zâmbru	Swiss pine, Arolla pine (Pinus cembra)	Hasdeu, Vraciu	from Italian cembro (or Lombardo zémbro)
zârnă	black nightshade, sunberry ( Solanum nigrum )	Hasdeu	from Slavic *zĭrno ~ zarno ‘grain; berry’; [6] cf. Serbo-Croatian zȑno, (Hvar) zȃrno, Bulgarian zărno
zburda	sport, frolic, frisk about	Russu	variant sburda; from Byzantine Greek spyrthizein ‘to frolic, lark (of animals)’
zer	whey	Russu, Olteanu	older zăr, Moldavian/Banat/Aromanian dzăr, masculine back-formation from zară (see above).
zestre	dowry	Russu	from Latin dextræ "solemn vow" [6]
zgardă	dog collar	Russu (Alb.)	from Albanian shkardhë [6] ‘dog chain; (dial.) wicker gate in fence’, from sh- + gardhë ‘fence’.
zgâria	to scratch	Russu (Alb.?)	Megleno-Romanian zgair, zgăirari; from Latin *scaberare (< scaber "itchy"). [6]
zgîrma, zgrîma, sgrîma (Aromanian)	to scratch, scrape	Russu	cf. Romanian scurma above
zimbru	wisent	Hasdeu, Vraciu	from Old Slavic *zǫbrъ; [6] cf. Ukrainian zubr (зубр), Slovak zubor, Bulgarian zúbǎr (зу́бър)

Sources

The Sources column indicates the linguist(s) or the works who suggested including the words in the list:

• "Sala": Marius Sala, De la latină la română (1998)
• "Hasdeu": Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae, 1894.^{[ better source needed ]}
• "Russu": Ion I. Russu  [ ro ], Limba traco-dacilor, Editura Ştiințifică, 1967. The words that have been identified by I. I. Russu to have cognates in Albanian are marked with (Alb.).
• "Vraciu": Ariton Vraciu, Limba daco-geților, Timişoara: Editura Facla, 1980.
• "NODEX": Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române [The New Dictionary of the Romanian Language], Litera Internațional, 2002. In this dictionary substratum words are labeled cuvînt autohton "native word".
• "Olteanu": Sorin Olteanu, "The TDM Palatal". ^[42]
• "Ciorănescu": Alexandru Ciorănescu, Diccionario etimológico rumano, Tenerife: Universidad de la Laguna, 1958–1966.
• Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006.

See also

• Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship
• List of Dacian plant names
• List of Dacian names
• Dacian language
• Thracian language
• Thraco-Illyrian
• Origin of the Albanians

Footnotes

1. See also: E Bukura e Dheut ('The Beauty of the Earth'), Albanian mythological character.
2. The Messapic word menza ('foal') and Gaulish manduos ('foal') are also considered cognates. ^{[22] [23] [24]}
3. An obscure deity called Jove or Juppiter Menzanas is attested in relation to the Messapians of Sallentini. ^[25]
4. See also: Nëna e Vatrës, Albanian goddess of the hearth fire.

Notes

1. Lucian Boia, Romania: Borderland of Europe, Reaktion Books, ISBN   1861891032, p.57
2. Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006, p. 26.
3. Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006, p. 25.
4. Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006, p. 27.
5. Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006.
6. I. Coteanu et al., eds. Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, 2nd edn. (Bucharest: Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică “Iorgu Iordan” / Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1996; reprint 1998).
7. Rupprecht Rohr, Kleines rumänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: 1. Band: A-B, s.v. "adia" (Frankfurt am Main: Haag + Herchen, 1999), 16.
8. Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică din Bucureşti, Dicționarul limbii române moderne (Editura Academiei, 1958).
9. Alexandru Ciorănescu, Diccionario etimológico rumano (Tenerife: Universidad de la Laguna, 1958-1966).
10. Laurenţiu Rădvan, At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities (Brill, 2010), 243.
11. Draucean, Adela Ileana (2008). "The Names of Romanian Fairy-Tale Characters in the Works of the Junimist Classics". In: Studii și cercetări de onomastică și lexicologie, II (1-2), p. 28. ISSN   2247-7330
12. Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Entry for bîrsă
13. Rupprecht Rohr, KlRuEW, s.v. “beregată”, 160.
14. Lazăr Șăineanu, Dicționar universal al limbii române (Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, 1896).
15. Rupprecht Rohr, KlRuEW, s.v. “buiestru”, 239.
16. Rupprecht Rohr, KlRuEW, s.v. “burlan”, 251.
17. Bardhyl Demiraj, Albanische Etymologien (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997), 214–5.
18. Vladimir Orel, Albanian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 111.
19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-01-29.^{[ failed verification ]}
20. German original: “ein cylindrisches, hölzernes Geschirr aus einem Stücke, mit Deckel, zum Honig und dergleichen”; Gregor Dankovszky, Kritisch-etymologisches Wörterbuch der magyarischen Sprache... (Bratislava [Pozsony]: Belnays Erben, 1833), 270.
21. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (p. 145 )
23. ISBN   978-90-04-11024-3.
26. Maček, Slavia 28 (1959): 273.
27. Tiktin; Ovid Densuşianu, GS, VI, 313-18.
28. Orel, AED, p. 350.
29. Orel, AED, p. 374.
30. Malwine Dengel, ed. Siebenbürgisch-sächsisches Wörterbuch: Q – R, 2nd edn. (Cologne-Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 2006), 48.
31. Delphine Seigneur & Claudine Pagliano, "On the Rumanian kt >pt Shift: Coda Lenition or Melodic Contamination?", Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2003 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005), 327.
32. Kim Schulte, “Loanwords in Romanian”, Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2009).
33. Roger Bernard, “VI. Bulgare карп « ellébore », стрáтур « amarante »”, Revue des études slaves 23 (1947): 161.
34. Lazăr Șăineanu, Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th edn. (Editura “Scrisul românesc”, 1929).
35. August Scriban, Dicționaru limbii românești (Institutu de Arte Grafice “Presa Bună”, 1939)
36. Lambrior, Cihac, Densuşianu, Tiktin, Rosetti, Conev, cf. DER; DEX
37. Olga Mladenova, Grapes and Wine in the Balkans: An Ethno-Linguistic Study (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998), 547.
38. Alexandru de Cihac, Dictionnaire d’étymologie daco-romane, vol. 2: Éléments slaves, magyars, turcs et albanais (Frankfurt: Ludolphe St. Goar, 1879), 375–6.
39. Schulte, "Loanwords in Romanian", p. 254.
40. Sorin Paliga, Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian, Bucharest: Editura Evenimentul, 2006, p. 200.
41. Guillaume Bonnet, Les mots latins de l'albanais (Paris-Montreal: L'Harmattan, 1998), 369.
42. (in English and Romanian) Sorin Olteanu, "The TDM Palatal" Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

• (in Romanian) Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. Columna lui Traian, 1876.
• (in Romanian) Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae: Dicționarul limbei istorice și poporane a românilor, 3 vols. Bucharest: Socec şi Teclu, 1887–1895 (reprint ed. Grigore Brâncuș, Bucharest: Minerva, 1972–1976).
• (in Romanian) Ion. I. Russu. Limba traco-dacilor, 2nd edn. Bucharest: Editura Științifică, 1967 (1st edn. Acad. Rep. pop. Romîne 1959; reprint Dacica 2009).
• (in Romanian) Ion. I. Russu. Elemente autohtone în limba română: Substratul comun româno-albanez. Bucharest: Editura Academiei RSR, 1970 (reprint Dacica 2013).
• (in Romanian) Ion. I. Russu. Etnogeneza românilor. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1981.
• (in Romanian) Ariton Vraciu. Limba daco-geților. Timișoara: Editura Facla, 1980.
• (in Spanish) Alexandru Ciorănescu. Diccionario etimológico rumano. 3 vols. La Laguna, Tenerife: Biblioteca Filológica, Universidad de la Laguna, 1958–1966 (reprint: Madrid: Gredos, 1966).
  • Romanian translation: Dicționar etimologic român. Translated by Tudora Șandru Mehedinți & Magdalena Popescu Marin. Bucharest: Saeculum, 2001 (in part available online at DEX online).
• (in Romanian) George Pruteanu. “Limba traco-dacilor”, transcript of a TV show broadcast March 25 and 26, 1996, on PRO TV; the transcript is followed by a "List of words considered by specialists as most probably belonging to the Dacian language".
• (in Romanian) DEX online: a collection of Romanian dictionaries
• Albanian <-> English Dictionary