Canonization is usually divided into two categories: local and church-wide. The church-wide canonization is always performed by the highest church organ, that is the Metropolitan or Patriarch above the Council of Eparchs, the chief member above the Most Holy Synod in the synodal period, or the Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia above the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in contemporary Russia. The local canonization is performed in either one church or monastery, or in one eparchy, by the local episcope with the approval of the Metropolitan or Patriarch and the highest church organ, to honour one person or people who are better known in a particular region. In cases when the local canonization was performed without the blessing of the highest church organ, the previous canonization process won't be annulled but will be performed again as it should be. Sometimes the Head of the Church himself or the metropolitanate accomplishes the local canonization. Both local and church-wide canonizations are honoured the same way; they should not be expressed as higher and lower canonizations. A saint can be both local and church-wide, and in very rare cases he or she can be de-canonized. Canonization takes place under different time and reason; for example in the same day when the translation of the relics is accompanied by a wonder, or only several centuries later.
Church historians name either five or seven periods of canonization in Russia; those who state there were five periods typically merge the Nicholas II-period with the Synodal-period and the post-revolutionary with the post-Soviet era. However, the seven period-system is used here for a better understanding of the Russian canonization history. Those are the following: 1) 9th century – 1547, 2) 1547 and 1549 (Macarius Councils), 3) 1550–1721 (pre-Petrine period), 4) 1721–1894 (Synodal-period), 5) 1894–1917 (Nicholas II-period), 6) 1917–1987 (post-revolutionary period), 7) from 1988 (post-Soviet period).[1]
Early history of Christianity in the Rus' lands
Christianity came to the Slavs already in the 1st century. According to early church historians, Apostle Andrew preached Christianity to Slavs and Scythians, in the area between Eastern Europe in the west, and Caucasus and at the Black Sea coast in the south and east,[2] particularly in Scythia within the autocephalous Scythian eparchy. Other active eparchies included the Gothian, Sourozhian, Fullian and the Bosporian. In this period Christianity began to rise within this area.[3] Christianity was spread in the 9th century by crucial happenings that are often characterized as baptisms; if excluding the first baptism of the Rus under Apostle Andrew, those are the preachings and enlightenings of Slavs by Cyril and Method, the baptism of and by Askold and Dir,[4] the baptism of and by Olga[5] and finally the actual baptism under Vladimir I in 988.[6]
The hagiology in the first period was particularly influenced by the Greek tradition. The Russian Church was one of several metropolitanates of the Constantinople Orthodox Church (i.e. the Greek Church), and almost all of the Metropolitans were of Greek origin (exceptions include Hilarion and Kliment).[7] Following several Mongol-Tatar raids on Kiev in the mid-13th century, the cathedra was eventually moved to Vladimir in 1283[8] and to Moscow in 1325.[9]
The Russian Church became less depended by the Constantinople Orthodox Church over the years. After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 the wish for autonomity gradually increased.[10] For example, under Jonah the Russian Church factually became autocephalous. The formation of the Russian Tsardom under Ivan IV in 1547 and Metropolitan Macarius' Menologion made way for two so-called Macarius Councils in 1547 and 1549. The first one began on 1 February 1547 and includes both local and church-wide canonizations. Information about the following 1549 Council is less detailed – it is basically based on two sources; a mention of it by Ivan IV on the Stoglavy Council and the list of canonized people from the Lives of Saints of Metropolitan Jonah. Whether those were local or church-wide canonizations is not exactly known. Altogether 39 saints were canonized on those Councils. They were ideal models for the upcoming canonizations, and had a positive influence on the church and civic society.[11]
The majority of saints were canonized in the period between 1550 and 1721, including around 123 local and 23 church-wide saints. Some were included in Synaxes (собор), groupings of saints of a region, such as Synaxis of All Saints of Novgorod or Synaxis of All Saints of Moscow. That period was marked by the happenings of the Schism of the Russian Church, caused by Patriarch Nikon's reforms, which resulted to de-canonizations (and later re-canonizations) of some saints, such as of Anna of Kashin and Maxim the Greek.[12]
Following Peter I's western-influenced church reforms and centralization of the state in 1721 the Russian Church partially lost its independence from the state. The highest church organ was now the Most Holy Synod, a type of Council of Church Affairs, featuring non-clergical officials. In that period, from 1721 to 1894, the local canonization was completely removed as the tradition of honouring relics of local saints was seen as superstitious according to the Spiritual Regulation of 1721,[13] and the church-wide canonizations greatly decreased. On the other hand, some of the most important saints were canonized in that period, such as the vast majority of Kiev Caves monks or Metropolitan Michael I.[14]
A separate period within the Synodal period were the last years of the Russian Empire, ruled by Emperor Nicholas II (1894–1917). Nicholas II re-established the local canonization, and tried to recover the pre-Petrine format. For the first time since the last local canonization two centuries ago, the tradition has been reawaken in 1900, when 222 Orthodox believers led by St. Metrophanes were martyred during the anti-Christian Boxer Rebellion by the Yihetuan. A high point was the ceremonial canonization of Seraphim of Sarov, where the Emperor personally carried the coffin and thousands of people came to that celebration from all of over Russia. Another factor in the rapid growth of canonizations was the progressed hagiological and hagiographical researches between the 2nd half of the 19th century and the early 20th century in Russia.[15] Furthermore, a future Council was expected to address questions regarding the gradual change to the traditional pre-Petrine system, but the date was always postponed until the revolutions. The church life flourished and reached records; for example, around 95,000 monks lived in Russia in 1914, while before that the number lied between 44,554 in 1894 and 25,207 in 1724.[16]
The council from 1917 to 1918 also reviewed the practique of canonization, and can be viewed as a continuation of de-bureaucratization of the Synod. On the other side, the post-revolutionary years saw a radical secularization of the state. The new Soviet regime was even more hostile towards the Church and religion than the Russian Provisional Government. In the 1960s, when the Church strengthened inter-religious affairs, it canonized saints of other local churches, such as John the Russian and Herman of Alaska. Logically, the Russian Church overlept the myriad of martyrs died during severe Christian persecutions. Instead of local canonizations, the saints were often grouped into synaxes, to avoid conflicts with the atheist government. Between 1978 and 1979, the second and third volumes of the Reference Book of the Clergy allowed researching the pre-revolutionary hagiography.[17]
A new era in church life started from 1988, during the Millennium of the Baptism of the Rus', when another Council was opened. In the following years canonizations that were previously unimaginable in the Communist regime were now performed, most notably of New Martyrs. Important canonizations include that of Dmitry Donskoy and Patriarch Tikhon.[18]
A traditionally practique in the Orthodox canonization is to add saint titles before the name of the saint. In the first Christian years, those were mainly martyrs. In the late 10th century, before the Great Schism, canonization of hierarchs became possible, which made way to new saint titles, such as Enlightener and Equal-to-apostles. In the course of the years more titles were added, sometimes special titles were created after influential events (e.g. New Martyr).[19]
The following list of saints include the saint title in italics. Saint titles including Wondermaker and Holy Unmercenaries are commonly not included next to the name of the saint as such qualities are obvious for the most saints. The following titles are listed here and in the sister page:[20][21]
Blessed (блаженный) – one who aspires keep a righteous life
Equal-to-apostle (равноапостольный) – one who acts like the Apostles
Great Martyr/megalomartyr (великомученик) – one who died of a particularly violent martyrdom (none in this list)
Hieromartyr (священномученик) – a member of the clergy who died for his faith
Hieroconfessor (священноисповедник) – a confessor who is also a clergyman
Right-Believing (благоверный) – a monarch who did much for the church
Righteous (праведный) – one who lives righteous within the secular world
Unmercenary (бессребреник) – one who did not accept payment for good deeds
Venerable (преподобный) – one who lives outside the secular world, such as hermits or monks
Chronological list
The following list includes saints from the early years until the 15th century. Most of these are Russians in the most different sense[clarification needed], while others are essential and important people in the Russian history. The period in which the saint was canonized is listed in the Number (#) column. The Portrait column typically illustrates the saint on icons or frescos, next to it are the name of the saint and his title, repeated just below in Russian. The following column describes in abbreviated form the saint's life and legacy. Name dates are listed in both old and new style dates, following a more precise date description. The Canonization column may list both local and church-wide canonizations; a question mark means an unknown date, but definite canonization, and a simple date without the type of canonization in brackets means a doubtful type of canonization.
Apostle Andrew preached in the Eastern lands (Caucasus, Eastern Europe) to Scythians and Slavs. Legend has it that Apostle Andrew raised a cross where the city of Kiev would one day be; patron saint of Russia and its Navy[22]
30 November 13 December 27th Week after Pentecost Седмица 27-я по Пятидесятнице
Ephraim and Basilius were sent to Chersonesos to spread Christianity; Ephraim was beheaded by Scythian pagans; Basilius resumed enlightening people, but was expelled and cloistered himself into a cave, when once he made alive a person with blessed water and the people there took baptism; he was stoned to death by Jews
Eugenius, Elpidius and Agaphodorus were episcopes in the Dardanelles, who moved to Chersonesus, but were martyred the same way as Basilius; Epherius moved to Chersonesus, and living in peace under Constantine's rule, built a church there
Capiton was sent by Constantine to help Epherius, but on the way to Constantinople his ship was eventually looted and he was drowned by pagans
7 March 20 March 3rd Week of the Great Lent Седмица 3-я Великого поста
11 May 24 May 5th Week after Pascha Седмица 5-я по Пасхе
1
Equal-to-apostles, Great Princess Olga, baptized Elena (☦ 969) Равноапостольная великая княгиня Ольга, во святом крещении Елена
The first woman ruler of Rus' (regent); the first Christian among the Russian rulers; while she could not baptize her country, her grandson Vladimir resumed her Christianization
11 July 24 July 7th Week after Pentecost Седмица 7-я по Пятидесятнице
First known martyrs on the Rus'; Theodore baptized after raid on Byzantine; after he and his son John were chosen as sacrifices for a pagan ritual by the order of then-pagan Vladimir I, they were brutally murdered by the raving crowd after preaching Christianity
12 July 25 July 7th Week after Pentecost Седмица 7-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believingmartyrs Princes Boris and Gleb, baptized Roman and David (☦ 1015) Мученики Благоверные князья Борис и Глеб, во святом крещении Роман и Давид
Children of Vladimir the Great, the first saints canonized in the Rus', the first Russians canonized by the Constantinople Orthodox Church; killed by insidious and power-seeking Sviatopolk
24 July 6 August 9th Week after Pentecost Седмица 9-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Nikon, abbot of the Caves (☦ 1088) Преподобный Никон, Игумен Печерский
Monk and hegumen from the Caves; captured and enslaved by nomads until miraculously released
23 March 5 April 5th Week of the Great Lent Feast of the Annunciation (Sunday of the Akafist) Седмица 5-я Великого поста. Похвала Пресвятой Богородицы (Суббота Акафиста)
Venerable Hilarion, schema-monk of the Caves (11th century) Преподобный Иларион, схимник Печерский
Strict ascetic, associate and student of ven. Theodosius († 1074). Prayed night and day with tears, keeping a strict fast. His contemporaries knew him as a copyist, who toiled both day and night over copying of books in the cell of ven. Theodosius. Hilarion was buried in the Far Caves.
28 August 10 September 14th Week after Pentecost Седмица 14-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable, hieromartyrsKuksha and Pimen the Faster of the Caves (☦ between 1114 and 1123) Преподобные священномученик Кукша и Пимен Постник, Печерские; wondermakers
Hieromonks; Kuksha could cast out demons, reduce rain and dry out lakes, beheaded by Vyatichi pagans; Pimen was a faster, healer
27 August 9 September 14th Week after Pentecost Седмица 14-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Mark the Grave Digger, John and Theophilos the Weepy of the Caves (☦ until 1125) Преподобные Марк Гробокопатель, Иоанн и Феофил Плачливый, иноки Печерского монастыря
Henochs of the Caves
29 December 11 January 31st Week after Pentecost, after Christmas Седмица 31-я по Пятидесятнице, по Рождестве Христовом
Venerable Prince Constantine of Murom (☦ 1129) and his sons Michael and Theodore Благоверный князь Константин и чада его Михаил и Феодор, Муромские чудотворцы
Konstantin and his sons brought Christianity to the pagans of Murom; built churches, opened a faculty for episcopes; Michael was killed by pagans; Theodore survived and helped his father; wondermakers
21 May 3 June 7th Week after Pascha Седмица 7-я по Пасхе
Right-Believing Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev, baptized Theodore (☦ 1132) Благоверный Великий князь Киевский Мстислав I, во Святом Крещении Феодор, Владимирович
15th Grand Prince of Kiev; benevolent, devout, magnanimous
15 April 28 April 2nd Week after Pascha Седмица 2-я по Пасхе
Venerable Nikola the Pietist, Prince of Chernigovsk, wonderworker of the Caves (☦ 1143) Преподобный Никола Святоша, князь Черниговский, Печерский чудотворец
Prince of Chernigov, before baptism Svyatoslav, baptized Panсratius, then took the name Nikola after tonsure to monkhood; healer; known for his benevolence; wondermaker
14 October 27 October 21st Week after Pentecost Седмица 21-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believing Grand Prince Rostislav I of Kiev and Smolensk, baptized Michael (☦ 1168) Благоверный великий князь Ростислав (во святом крещении Михаил) Киевский и Смоленский
Prince of Smolensk, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev; known for his benevolence and unselfishness
14 March 27 March 4th Week of the Great Lent Седмица 4-я Великого поста
At age twelve Predslava took monastic vows and became henochness; opened the Saviour-Euphrosyne Nunnery; owner of the Cross of Saint Euphrosyne; became known both throughout Russia and outside, once Byzantine king Manuel I Komnenos presented her the Icon of the Mother of God of Chersonesus, one of three written by Luke
23 May 5 June 7th Week after Pascha Седмица 7-я по Пасхе
Right-Believing Prince Mstislav Rostislavich the Brave of Novgorod and Smolensk, baptized Georgy (☦ 1180) Благоверный князь Мстислав, во святом крещении Георгий, Храбрый, Новгородский и Смоленский
Prince of Belgorod, Novgorod and Smolensk; known for his devoutness and benevolence, well-doer and enlightener
14 June 27 June 3rd Week after Pentecost Седмица 3-я по Пятидесятнице
VenerableIlia Muromets of the Caves (☦ 1188) Преподобный Илия Муромец, Печерский
Henoch; travellers seeing his relics spotted on his left hand a wound perforated by a spear, and on his right hand a Sign of the Cross; thought to have been the bylina hero Ilya Muromets
19 December 1 January 30th Week after Pentecost Седмица 30-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Gregory the Icon Painter, wonderworker of the Caves (11th–12th century) Преподобный Григорий иконописец, чудотворец Печерский, Сподвижник Преподобного Алипия
Venerable Alfanov brothers: Clement, Cyrill, Nicephorus, Nicetas and Isaac (11th–12th century) Преподобные братья Алфановы: Климент, Кирилл, Никифор, Никита И Исаакии
Posadniks, builders and ktitors of the Sokolnitsky Monastery in Novgorod
4 May 17 May 4th Week after Pascha Седмица 4-я по Пасхе
Enlightener Simon, bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal (☦ 1226) Святитель Симон, епископ Владимирский и Суздальский
Episcope of Vladimir and Suzdal, monk of the Caves, then hegumen and episcope of the Nativity Monastery of Vladimir; chronicler, author of the Kiev Caves Lavra Patericon
10 May 23 May 5th Week after Pascha Седмица 5-я по Пасхе
Right-BelievingPrince Peter and Princess Fevronia of Murom (☦ 1228) Благоверные князь Петр, в иночестве Давид, и княгиня Феврония, в иночестве Евфросиния, Муромские чудотворцы
Prince and Princess of Murom, tonsured David and Euphrosynia; saintly married couple, an ideal of the family love and fidelity; wondermakers
25 June 8 July 5th Week after Pentecost Седмица 5-я по Пятидесятнице
(1553) (church-wide) 1st half of the 16th century (local)[12]
Princess; founded the John the Baptist Monastery and became first hegumeness; killed by her stepson; a wonder happened when from an icon above her grave scattered myron
16 October 29 October 21st Week after Pentecost Седмица 21-я по Пятидесятнице
Martyrs and confessors, Right-Believing Prince Michael and his boyar Theodore, of Chernigov (☦ 1246) Мученики и исповедники: благоверный князь Михаил и болярин его Феодор, Черниговские чудотворцы
Prince of Chernigov killed by Mongol-Tatars for his adherence to the Christian faith; the same destiny faced his boyar Theodore; wondermakers
20 September 3 October 17th Week after Pentecost Седмица 17-я по Пятидесятнице
before the 1270s (church-wide)[19] 1246 (local)[134]
MonkmartyrEliseus of Lavrishevo (around died 1250) Преподобномученик Елисей Лавришевский
Prince Rimund of Litovsk, baptized Lavr, or Lavrentius, then monk after persecutions by his blood-and-guts pagan father, king Traidenis; founded the Lavrishevsk Monastery
23 October 5 November 22nd Week after Pentecost Седмица 22-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal (☦ 1250) Преподобная Евфросиния Суздальская
Theoduliya was Princess of Chernigov, elder daughter of Miсhael Vsevolodovich; after tonsure took the name Euphrosynia, then hegumeness of the Intercession Monastery, which soon became the leading nunnery in Russia
25 September 8 October 18th Week after Pentecost Седмица 18-я по Пятидесятнице
1st half of the 16th century[138]or (1572–81)[139]
Right-Believing Prince Svyatoslav of Yuryev, baptized Gavriil, and his son Dimitry (☦ 1253) Благоверный князь Святослав, во святом крещении Гавриил, Юрьевский и сын его Димитрий
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of other principalities, son of Vsevolod Yuryevich
3 February 16 February Sunday of the Prodigal Son Седмица о блудном сыне
Henoch of the Khutyn Monastery, founded by Barlaam; after his death and refused succession after Anthony became third hegumen, then founded the Robeika Monastery
28 June 11 July 5th Week after Pentecost Седмица 5-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believing Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky (☦ 1263) Благоверный Великий Князь Александр Невский
Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Vladimir; military hero famous for the Battle of Neva and the Battle of the Ice; patron saint; known for his resistance against the Catholic West; the unification with Mongol-Tatars froze war conflicts and Russia was able to build a world power after the step by step conquers; shortly before his death took monastic vows as Aleksy; Metropolitan Cyril III after the service saw his soul being carried by an angel
23 November 6 December 26th Week after Pentecost Седмица 26-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believingmartyr Prince Roman Olgovich of Ryazan (☦ 1270) Мученик Благоверный Князь Роман (Ольгович) Рязанский
Prince of Ryazan; tortured by Muslim Mongols after he refused to convert from his "pagan" belief to Islam, Muslims cut out his tongue and slowly other parts, then skinned his head and stuck it on a spear
19 July 1 August 8th Week after Pentecost Седмица 8-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Ignatius, bishop of Rostov (☦ 1288) Святитель Игнатий, епископ Ростовский
In his early years became henoch, then episcope of Rostov; founded the Trinity Monastery in Beloozero and the Boris and Gleb Church in Rostov; enlightened pagan Finnish tribes; conciliated princes
28 May 10 June 1st Week after Pentecost, fast-free week Седмица 1-я по Пятидесятнице, сплошная
1474 (church-wide) (from the 14th century) (local)[19]
EnlightenerBasil of Ryazan (☦ 1295) Святитель Василий, епископ Рязанский
As episcope of Murom he helped people, but after calumny he had to fly to Ryazan, which he arrived by swimming the Oka on his cloak and using his rod as a paddle
3 July 16 July 6th Week after Pentecost Седмица 6-я по Пятидесятнице
VenerableJoasaph of Snetogorsk and Basil of Mirozha, of Pskov (☦ 1299) Память Псковских угодников: преподобных Иоасафа Снетогорского и Василия Мирожского и дружины их
Hegumens who together with 27 henochs, women and children died by fire in the two monasteries, which were set on fire by Germans as a revenge of the unsuccessful raid on Pskov
4 March 17 March 3rd Week of the Great Lent Седмица 3-я Великого поста
Right-Believing Princes Theodore (☦ 1299) and his sons David (☦ 1321) and Constantine (14th century) of Yaroslav Благоверные князья Феодор и чада его Давид и Константин, Ярославские чудотворцы
Prince Theodore Rostislavich the Black of Yaroslav, Mozhaisk and Smolensk was given the poor town Mozhaisk, which he significantly restored; at the time he fought alongside the Khan Mengu-Timur; opened churches on the 36 towns presented by the Khan, after the death of his elder son, Mikhail, Theodore returned to Yaroslav and built churches there, for a time ruled over Smolensk; at the end of his life was monk, and deeply repented his alliance with Mongol invaders
Constantine and David were sons of Theodore and Anna, daughter of the Khan who became his wife after the death of Thedore's previous one; wondermakers
19 September 2 October 17th Week after Pentecost Седмица 17-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believing Prince Vladimir and Princess Agrippina of Rzhev (13th century) Благоверный князь Владимир и благоверная княгиня Агриппина, Ржевские чудотворцы
Wondermakers
15 July 28 July 8th Week after Pentecost Седмица 8-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Athanasius and Theodosius of Cherepovets (14th century) Преподобные Афанасий и Феодосий Череповецкие
Athanasius "The Iron Staff" and Theodosius were students of Sergius of Radonezh; settled at the edge of Novgorod, in Cherepovets, where they built the Holy Trinity church and founded the Resurrection Monastery
25 September 8 October 18th Week after Pentecost Седмица 18-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Martha of Pskov (☦ 1300) Преподобная Марфа Псковская
Maria Dmitrievna of Pskov, granddaughter of Alexander Nevsky and daughter of his son Dmitri Aleksandrovich, wife of Daumantas; shortly before her death took the monastic vows at the John the Baptist Nunnery
8 November 21 November 24th Week after Pentecost Седмица 24-я по Пятидесятнице
10th episcope of Vladimir, 27th Metropolitan of Kiev (Moscow cathedra), Metropolitan of all Rus Maximus ruled in a time when weak Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII established a uniate with the Catholics, resulting to conflicts and persecutions of Orthodox; after the death of predecessor Kirill III the residence was moved from Kiev to Vladimir (Suzdal), that town became subsequently capital of Russia
6 December 19 December 28th Week after Pentecost Седмица 28-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Metropolitan Peter of Moscow (☦ 1326) Святитель Петр, митрополит Московский и всея России, чудотворец
11th episcope of Vladimir, 28th Metropolitan of Kiev (Moscow cathedra), Metropolitan of all Rus; stern and talented orator who achieved some privileges for the clergy by the Horde; foresaw the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita; wanted to move the cathedra to Moscow, and so the Dormition Metropolitan Cathedral was built there; wondermaker
21 December 3 January 30th Week after Pentecost. Sunday before Christmas Седмица 30-я по Пятидесятнице. Суббота перед Рождеством Христовым
Venerable Cyrill and Maria, parents of ven. Sergius of Radonezh (☦ around 1337) Преподобные схимонах Кирилл и схимонахиня Мария, родители Преподобного Сергия Радонежского
Schema-monks and parents of Sergius of Radonezh
28 September 11 October 18th Week after Pentecost Седмица 18-я по Пятидесятнице
VenerableAnna of Kashin (☦ around 1337) Преподобная Анна Кашинская
Princess of Tver, her ancestors include the martyrs Mikhail of Chernigov and Vasilko of Rostov, wife of Michael of Tver; was twice canonized as a holy protectress of women who suffer the loss of relatives, having lost almost all her relatives due to wars with the Golden Horde
2 October 15 October 19th Week after Pentecost Седмица 19-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Moses of Novgorod (☦ 1362) Святитель Моисей, архиепископ Новгородский
12th archbishop of Novgorod, at early age escaped from home and took the monastic vows at the Adolescent Monastery of Tver; after recommendation of his parents moved to Yuriev Monastery of Novgorod; ruled in a difficult period of black plague, Mongol terror and robberies; made benevolencies, founded churches and monasteries, rewrote liturgical books, fought against the heresystrigolniki, enlightened pagan Novgorodians; Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople once presented him a cross robe which only he and his exarchates wore, and Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos an ecclesiastical letter missive; cloistered himself at the Resurrection Wooden Monastery, but then had to return; in late years retired at the Nikolo-Skovorodian Monastery
At an early age went to the Antoniev Monastery in Novgorod; then settled into a cave in Kargopol, built a chapel and kellion (chapel cell); preached Christianity to the Chuds, built for them the Epiphany Church and for the henochs a monastery
8 December 21 December 28th Week after Pentecost Седмица 28-я по Пятидесятнице
Student of Sergius; known for his meekness; after becoming hieromonk moved to Kostroma, at the border of the towns Galich and Chukhloma, and opened some monasteries; enlightened baptized, but amoral and superstitious, people; built a kellion after hearing a voice which gave him the Mother of God icon of Galich; founded a skete and then the Dormition Monastery; after rising community, built the Deposition of the Virgin's Girdle Church; founded another two cloisters after searching for a better place to live reclusively, the Synaxis Monastery and the Intercession Monastery
20 July 2 August 8th Week after Pentecost Седмица 8-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Metropolitan Alexius (☦ 1378) Святитель Алексий, митрополит Московский и всея России, чудотворец
4th episcope of Suzdal, 30th Metropolitan of Kiev (Moscow cathedra), Metropolitan of all Rus; boyar Fyodor Byakont after a dream was tonsured at the Epiphany Monastery in Moscow, met there Stephen, elder brother of Sergius of Radonezh; regent during Prince Dmitry Donskoy's minority; spiritual tutor of Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir the Bold; saved the country from a Tatar raid by miraculous curing of Taydulla, wife of Khan Jani Beg of the Golden Horde; wondermaker
12 February 25 February Cheese-fare Week Седмица cырная (масленица) – сплошная
Venerable Theodoria of Nizhny Novgorod (☦ 1378) Преподобная Феодора, в миру Анастасия (Васса), Нижегородская
Anastasia (Vassa), daughter of a Tverian boyar; since her early years wished to become a nun, so after the death of her rich husband freed serfs, gave her property to the church and the poor, and took the vows at a nunnery in Galich
16 April 29 April 2nd Week after Pascha. Day of Rejoicing. Commemoration of the Departed Седмица 2-я по Пасхе. Радоница. Поминовение усопших
Student of Sergius of Radonezh; recluse on the banks of the Obnora River to whom people came after a visit of a man; moved to Moscow and was given antimension and blessing for the future monastery and church
25 April 8 May 3rd Week after Pascha Седмица 3-я по Пасхе
Jakob Ignatyev took the monastic vows at the Nativity Monastery; became hegumen as Pachomius at the restored Tsar Konstantin Monastery outside Vladimir; then founded a new monastery in Nerekhta, near Kostroma; once during blessing of the water cured a man suffering drinking bout; several wonders happened after his death
15 May 28 May 6th Week after Pascha Седмица 6-я по Пасхе
Enlightener Metropolitan Dionysius I (☦ 1385) Святитель Дионисии, архиепископ Суздальский
Archbishop of Suzdal, 34th Metropolitan of Kiev (Moscow cathedra), Metropolitan of all Rus; in his early years lived in a cave at a high coast of the River Wolga, outside Nizhny Novgorod; later founded the Ascension Monastery; fought against the heretic sect Strigolniki and defeated it in Pskov with the power of his words; after his return from Constantinople was detained by Vladimir Olgerdovich in Kiev, where he died
26 June 9 July 5th Week after Pentecost Седмица 5-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believing Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy (☦ 1389) Благоверный Великий Князь Димитрий Донской
Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir; war hero; the first Prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia, famous for the Battle of Kulikovo
19 May 1 June 7th Week after Pascha, Sunday of the Holy Fathers Седмица 7-я по Пасхе, святых отцев I Вселенского Собора
Student of Sergius of Radonezh; cloistered himself into an oak forest, where he built a kellion on the fens, then a monastery, and became hegumen; known for his benevolence
4 June 17 June 2nd Week after Pentecost Седмица 2-я по Пятидесятнице
late 17th century – early 18th century (local)[192]
Venerable Demetrius of Priluki (☦ 1392) Преподобный Димитрий Прилуцкий, Вологодский
Son of a rich merchant, tonsured in his early years at a monastery; companion of Sergius of Radonezh; founded the St. Nicholas Monastery in Pereslavl and the Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery in place Priluki (now suburb of Vologda); known for his benevolence
11 February 24 February Cheese-fare Week Седмица cырная (масленица) – сплошная
late 15th century (church-wide) (from 1409) (local)
VenerableSergius of Radonezh, all of Russia wondermaker (☦ 1392) Преподобный Сергий, игумен Радонежский, всея России чудотворец
Bartholomew, son of boyars; patron saint of Russia, spiritual and monastic reformer; became hermit and built the Holy Trinity Church amidst wood in Makovets; ate only prosphora, most of it gave to bears; gradually more henochs came to him, and so the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius was founded, the "Heart of Russia"; blessed Dmitry Donskoy for the Battle of Kulikovo; made numerous wonders; "Unifier of Russian earth"; one of the most important Russian saints, influenced the political and religious life of Russia; numerous of his later canonized students built hundreds of monasteries and churches[194][195]
25 September 8 October 18th Week after Pentecost Седмица 18-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Jakob of Rostov (☦ 1392) Святитель Иаков, Епископ Ростовский
Episcope of Rostov; known for his erudition and elocution, fought against Marcian's heretic iconoclasm; saved a woman from execution, which resulted him being expelled from Rostov; swam on his mantia a river until the coasts and founded the Conception Church and the Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery
27 November 10 December 27th Week after Pentecost Седмица 27-я по Пятидесятнице
1549 (church-wide) 1st half of the 16th century (local)[11]
Venerable Lazarus and Athanasius of Murmansk (Murom) (14th – 15th centuries) Преподобные Лазарь и Афанасий Мурманские (Муромские)
Lazarus was Greek from Constantinople; student of Athanasius and archbishop Basil; came to Novgorod, after the latter's death moved to Murmansk near Lake Onega; preached Christianity to the pagan Sami; after healing a chieftain's son, people began to convert to Christianity; founded a monastery
8 March 21 March 3rd Week of the Great Lent Седмица 3-я Великого поста
Venerable Cornelis and Abraham of Paleostrov (15th century) Преподобные Корнилий и Авраамий Палеостровские
Cornelis was henoch of the Valaam Monastery; preached Christianity to the pagans by the White Sea; built a church on the island Paley within Lake Onega; in late years hegumen and hermit; Abraham was his student
19 May 1 June 7th Week after Pascha, Sunday of the Holy Fathers Седмица 7-я по Пасхе, святых отцев I Вселенского Собора
Venerable Athanasius (the older) of Vysotsky (☦ around 1401) Преподобный Афанасий (Старший), Игумен Высоцкий
Son of a Novgorodian cleric; student of Sergius of Radonezh; cook of a monastery, then writer; per the recommendation of Vladimir the Brave, founded the Vysotsky Monastery and became hegumen there; when his namesake became his successor, went to the Constantinople Monastery, while resuming work and helping at the Vysotsky Monastery, such as directing henochs to that monastery
12 September 25 September 16th Week after Pentecost Седмица 16-я по Пятидесятнице
Right-Believingmartyrness Juliana of Vyazma, wonderworker of Torzhok (☦ 1406) Мученица благоверная княгиня Иулиания Вяземская, Новоторжская чудотворица
Wife of Simeon, Prince of Vyazemsk; he and Juliana were murdered by Yuri, Prince of Smolensk, during a banquet; after escaping and returning, he repented for his sins; wonders happened near her grave
21 December 3 January 30th Week after Pentecost. Sunday before Christmas Седмица 30-я по Пятидесятнице. Суббота перед Рождеством Христовым
VenerableSabbas of Storozhi (of Zvenigorod) (☦ 1407) Преподобный Савва Сторожевский, или Звенигородский
One of the first students of Sergius of Radonezh; hegumen of the soon-to-be lavra; after persuasion of Prince Yuri of Zvenigorod moved near his town and founded the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery on Mount Storozhy and built a Nativity Church and a kellion; clairvoyanced a well; made several wonders
3 December 16 December 28th Week after Pentecost Седмица 28-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Grand Princess Euphrosyne of Moscow (☦ 1407) Преподобная Евфросиния, в миру Евдокия, Великая Княгиня Московская
Grand Princess Eudoxia of Moscow, tonsured Euphrosyne; after the death of Dmitry Donskoy built in his palace the Ascension Convent; most of her life lived a luxurious, yet ascetic double life, shortly before her death took the monastic vows
17 May 30 May 6th Week after Pascha Седмица 6-я по Пасхе
EnlightenerArsenius of Tver (☦ 1409) Святитель Арсений, епископ Тверской
Episcope of Tver; born to a rich family, after their death gave the estate to the poor, freed his serfs; went to the Kiev Caves; known for his deep silence and his virtue, wondermaking, healing; became archdeacon of Metropolitan Cyprian, then episcope of Tver; founded the Zhyoltikov Monastery
2 March 15 March 2nd Week of the Great Lent. Commemoration of the Departed Седмица 2-я Великого поста. Поминовение усопших
Student of Sergius of Radonezh; was sent to the Vysotsky Monastery in Vysotsky; then moved back to Radonezh and after Sergius' death became hegumen; restored the monastery after Edigu's invasion; laid the first stone of the Trinity Cathedral; invited icon-writers Andrey Rublev and Daniel Chorny
17 November 30 November 25th Week after Pentecost Седмица 25-я по Пятидесятнице
1547 (church-wide) mid-15th – early 16th century (local)[11]
VenerableCyril of Beloozero (☦ 1427) Преподобный Кирилл, игумен Белоезерский (Белозерский)
Kosma; hegumen of Beloozero; went to the Simonov Monastery and took the monastic name Cyril, became cook; for a short time archimandrit and the successor of Theodore, then returned to the Simonov Monastery; founded the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery
9 June 22 June 2nd Week after Pentecost. All Russian Saints Day Седмица 2-я по Пятидесятнице, Всех святых в земле Российской просиявших
Venerable Paul of Komel (Obnora) (☦ 1429) Преподобный Павел Комельский или Обнорский
Student of Sergius of Radonezh; took monastic vows at the Nativity Monastery on the Wolga, then moved to the Trinity Monastery; after searching a place for isolation finally stayed by the River Nurma, where he built a kellion; built the Pavlo-Obnorsky Church
10 January 23 January 31st Week after Pentecost Седмица 31-я по Пятидесятнице
1547 (church-wide) 1st half of the 16th century (local)[11]
Venerable Euthymius, enlightener of Karelia, and righteous Anthony and Felix (☦ 1435) Преподобный Евфимий, просветитель Карелии, и праведные Антоний и Феликс, местно чтимые
Euthymius founded the St. Nicholas Monastery; Anthony and Felix were righteous and devout posadniks of Novgorod
18 April 1 May 2nd Week after Pascha Седмица 2-я по Пасхе
Enlighteners Gerasimus (☦ 1441), Pitirim (☦ 1456) and Jonah (☦ 1471) of Perm Святители Герасим, Питирим и Иона, епископы Пермские
3rd, 4th and 5th episcopes of Perm; enlightened wild Mansi people, helped victims of raids; Gerasimus and Pitirim were eventually killed, final peace under Jonah
29 January 11 February Fast-free week Седмица сплошная
Venerable Gregory of the River Pelshma (☦ 1442) Преподобный Григорий Пельшемский
Henoch and pastor; after the death of his parents gave his property to the poor, freed serfs and went to the Nativity Monastery near Lake Galichskoye; ghostly father of Yuri of Zvenigorod; for a short time hegumen of the Saviour Monastery, moved to the woods of Vologda, went to the Sosnovetsky Monastery, where he met Dionysius of the River Glushitsa; founded the Pelshema Monastery by the Pelshma River; tried to conciliate Yuri of Zvenigorod and Vasily II; in very old age cloistered himself by the Pelshma and built kellions; died at age 127
30 September 13 October 19th Week after Pentecost Седмица 19-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Jakob of the Iron Pinery (☦ 1442) Преподобный Иаков Железноборовский
Became monk at Sergius of Radonezh's Monastery; cloistered himself into the Zhelezny Borok (Iron Pinery) forest; founded the John the Baptist Monastery; restored it after Mongol-Tatar raids, helped victims; in late years hegumen; foretold birth of Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow
11 April 24 April Bright Week Светлая седмица – сплошная
Venerable Barnabas of the River Vetluga (of Kostroma) (☦ 1445) Преподобный Варнава Ветлужский (Костромской)
Cleric of Veliky Ustyug and Vologda; became hermit and settled on the coast of the River Vetluga; self-discipline when taking food, ate grass and rarely bread
11 June 24 June 3rd Week after Pentecost Седмица 3-я по Пятидесятнице
VenerableArsenius of Konevets (☦ 1447) Преподобный Арсений Коневецкий (Коневский)
Henoch of the Valaam Monastery; when travelling to the Athon opened a monastery at the North; after storm moved to the Konevets Island, cast out demons and founded the Konevsky Monastery there
12 June 25 June 3rd Week after Pentecost Седмица 3-я по Пятидесятнице
Enlightener Euthymius of Novgorod (☦ 1458) Святитель Евфимий, архиепископ Новгородский
Archbishop of Novgorod; John at early age went to the Vyazhishchsky Monastery and became Euthymius; built churches in Novgorod, helped the poor, enlightened people
11 March 24 March 4th Week of the Great Lent Седмица 4-я Великого поста
Enlightener Metropolitan Jonah of Moscow and all Rus (☦ 1461) Святитель Иона, митрополит Московский и Всея России, Чудотворец
38th and last Metropolitan of Kiev (cathedra based in Moscow), Metropolitan of all Rus; at early age became monk at a monastery at the village Unorozh, near Galich, then moved to the Simonov Monastery, where he became baker; episcope of Ryazan and Murom; during his term the Russian Church became factually autocephalous
31 March 13 April 6th Week of the Palm Week (Palm Sunday, Fig Sunday) Седмица 6-я ваий (цветоносная, Вербное воскресенье)
Enlightener Jonah of Novgorod (☦ 1470) Святитель Иона, архиепископ Новгородский
Archbishop of Novgorod; hegumen of the Otinskaya Monastery; restored the Dmitriev Monastery of Novgorod; prevented assassination of Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow by conspirators; founded and built several churches
5 November 18 November 24th Week after Pentecost Седмица 24-я по Пятидесятнице
Monk of the Kamenny Monastery; hermit by the Kushta River, when meeting Alexander of the Kushta River moved to the coast of the River Syanzhemki; after students came to him founded the Feast of Ascension Monastery
20 January 2 February 32nd Week after Pentecost Седмица 32-я по Пятидесятнице
Parfeny took the monastic vows and became Paphnutius; spiritual son of Nikita of Serpukhov, who was student of Sergius of Radonezh; hegumen of the Intercession Monastery; left to the forest where the Paphnutius of Borovsk Monastery was founded; known for his benevolence
1 May 14 May 4th Week after Pascha Седмица 4-я по Пасхе
Hermit of Belomorye near a chapel; once wanted to be stranded on the Solovetsky Islands, met Zosima of Solovki and built there a kellion, churches and a monastery on the Solovetsky Islands; one of the founders of the Solovetsky Monastery
30 July 12 August 10th Week after Pentecost Седмица 10-я по Пятидесятнице
VenerableAlexander Osheven (☦ 1479) Преподобный Александр Ошевенский
Monk; known to the world Alexey, took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery; founder and first hegumen of the Alexandro-Oshevensky Monastery
20 April 2 May 2nd Week after Pascha Седмица 2-я по Пасхе
Enlightener Bassian I of Rostov (☦ 1481) Святитель Вассиан I, Архиепископ Ростовский
Archbishop of Rostov and Yaroslav; relative of Joseph Volotsky, favourite student of Paphnutius of Borovsk; henoch of the St. Sergius Trinity Monastery, archmandrite of the Novospassky Monastery; didactive, built churches in Rostov
23 March 5 April 5th Week of the Great Lent. Feast of the Annunciation (Sunday of the Akafist) Седмица 5-я Великого поста. Похвала Пресвятой Богородицы (Суббота Акафиста)
Hegumen, Matthew to the world; took monastic vows at the Nikolayevsky Klobukovsky Monastery; founded the Trinity Kalyazinsky Monastery, named after boyar and future henoch Ivan Kolyaga; built churches
17 March 30 March 4th Week of the Great Lent Седмица 4-я Великого поста
VenerableMartinian of Beloozero (☦ 1483) Преподобный Мартиниан Белоезерский (Белозерский)
Hegumen; took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, follower of Kirill of Belozersk; in late years founded the Bozheozersky Saviour Monastery; once when Vasily II visited the monastery, Martinian blessed him and foresaw his great rule, became his personal priest; became hegumen of the St. Sergius Trinity Monastery
12 January 25 January 31st Week after Pentceost. Sunday after the Holy Manifestation Седмица 31-я по Пятидесятнице. Суббота пo Богоявлении
Enlightener Metropolitan Gerontius of Moscow (☦ 1489) Святитель Геронтий, митрополит Московский
41st Metropolitan of all Rus, 3rd Metropolitan of Moscow; hegumen of the Simonov Monastery and episcope of Kolomensk; helped to build and reconstruct religious buildings, including the Metropolitan House and the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin
28 May 10 June 1st Week after Pentecost, fast-free week Седмица 1-я по Пятидесятнице, сплошная
Venerable Tikhon of Medyn (Kaluga) (☦ 1492) Преподобный Тихон Медынский, или Калужский
Henoch of Moscow; hermit in the area around Medyn, near Kaluga; ate only grass and drank water from a well; several students came to him, including Photius and Gerasim; wondermaker
16 June 29 June 3rd Week after Pentecost Седмица 3-я по Пятидесятнице
Venerable Ephraim of Perekom (☦ 1492) Преподобный Ефрем Перекомский
Ephraim, known to the world Eustathius; became monk at the Kalyazinsky Monastery; took monastic vows at the Savvo-Vishersky Monastery and cloistered himself by the Ilmen Lake, where he founded the Perekamsky Monastery
16 May 29 May 6th Week after Pascha Седмица 6-я по Пасхе
1549 (church-wide)[74] 1st half of the 16th century (local)[11]
Once when hearing a voice by the Yakhroma River and seeing a Dormition of the Mother of God icon on a tree, became monk at the Kiev Caves Monastery; returned and founded the Kosma of Yakhroma Monastery
18 February 3 March 1st Week of the Great Lent Седмица 1-я Великого поста
Blessed John of Ustyug (☦ 1494) Блаженный Иоанн, Христа ради Юродивый, Устюжский Чудотворец
At early age, influenced by his mother and future nun, moved to Veliky Ustyug and stayed near the Dormition church; Fool for Christ, wondermaker; healed Maria, wife of Prince Theodore the Red
29 May 11 June 1st Week after Pentecost, fast-free week Седмица 1-я по Пятидесятнице (сплошная)
Venerable Sabbas of the Lake Krypets (Pskov) (☦ 1495) Преподобный Савва Крыпецкий (Псковский)
Serbian henoch who moved to Russia; became monk at the Snetogorsky Monastery in Pskov, then moved near the Tolva River with assistance of Euphrosyne of Pskov and finally near the Krypets Lake; built the St. John church; healed voivode Yaroslav Vasilyevich Obolensky's wife
28 August 10 September 14th Week after Pentecost Седмица 14-я по Пятидесятнице
Hieromartyr Metropolitan Macarius of Kiev (☦ 1497) Священномученик Макарий, Митрополит Киевский
Metropolitan of Kiev; became archimandrite of the Holy Trinity Monastery of Vilnius; shortly before another one of the seemingly endless Tatar raids stayed in Kiev and ordered the people to secure themselves; they found him near the altar headless
1 May 14 May 4th Week after Pascha Седмица 4-я по Пасхе
↑ Translation of the relics, by the order of Elizabeth I
↑ From 12–21 February 1677 Patriarch Joachim ordered to investigate the sainthood of Anna of Kashin, particularly the fact of healing from her relics; her following de-canonization was supported by the 1678–1679 Councils, but services were allowed. Thirteen errors were found in documents like her Lives of Saints, including her supposed ancestry from "glorious boyars". However, local honourings of Anna of Kashin did not stop, and several healings were recorded.
↑ On 7 November 1908, the Most Holy Synod recovered her church-wide canonization.
↑ Macarius (Bulgakov). История Русской Церкви – Предисловие[History of the Russian Church – Introduction] (in Russian). Азбука веры (The Faith Alphabet).
↑ Московская Епархия[Moscow Eparchy] (in Russian). Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "Drevo-Info". Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
↑ Macarius (Bulgakov). "История Русской Церкви – Глава I"[History of the Russian Church – Chapter I] (in Russian). Азбука веры (The Faith Alphabet).
↑ Taisia (Kartsova). Собор Владимирских святых[Synaxis of All Saints of Vladimir]. Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия" (in Russian). Sedmitza – Church-Scientific Centre "The Orthodox Encyclopedia". Retrieved 14 June 2014.
↑ Андроник Московский, Спасский[Andronikos of Moscow, Spassky] (in Russian). Православная Энциклопедия (The Orthodox Encyclopedia). Retrieved 15 June 2014.
1 2 Taisia (Kartsova). Собор Ростово-Ярославских святых[Synaxis of All Saints of Rostov and Yaroslav]. Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия" (in Russian). Sedmitza – Church-Scientific Centre "The Orthodox Encyclopedia". Retrieved 14 June 2014.
↑ Taisia (Kartsova). Собор Тверских Святых[Synaxis of All Saints of Tver]. Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия" (in Russian). Sedmitza – Church-Scientific Centre "The Orthodox Encyclopedia". Retrieved 14 June 2014.
Cyril Lucaris or Kyrillos Loukaris was a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete. He later became the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I. He has been said to have attempted a reform of the Eastern Orthodox Church along Calvinist Protestant lines. Attempts to bring Calvinism into the Orthodox Church were rejected, and Cyril's actions, motivations, and specific viewpoints remain a matter of debate among scholars. Cyril is locally venerated as a hieromartyr in the Alexandrian Orthodox Church; the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria glorified Loukaris on 6 October 2009, and his memory is commemorated on 27 June.
September 30 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 2
September 5 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – September 7
June 9 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 11
June 13 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 15
July 23 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - July 25
July 29 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 31
Alexander Svirsky or Alexander of Svir (1448–1533) was an Eastern Orthodox saint, monk, and hegumen of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The Catacomb Church as a collective name labels those representatives of the Russian Orthodox clergy, laity, communities, monasteries, brotherhoods, etc., who for various reasons, have moved to an illegal position since the 1920s. In a narrow sense, the term "catacomb church" means not just illegal communities, but communities that rejected subordination to the acting patriarchal locum tenens Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) after 1927, and adopted anti-Soviet positions. During the Cold War the ROCOR popularized the term in the latter sense, first within the Russian diaspora, and then in the USSR by sending illegal literature there. The expression "True Orthodox church" is synonym for this latter, narrower sense of "catacomb church".
Alexander Leonidovich Dvorkin is a Russian anti-cult activist. From 1999 to 2012 he was professor and head of the department of the study of new religious movements (cults) at Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University. He is currently professor of department of missiology at that university.
Abraham of Galich was an abbot of the Russian Orthodox Church. He was a disciple of Sergius of Radonezh, and later went on to found four monasteries on Lake Chukhloma, in the region of Galich in present-day Kostroma Oblast. His feast day is on 20 July.
October 9 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 11
November 15 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - November 17
The Kórmchaia Book, also known as the Books of the Pilot (Russian: Ко́рмчая книга, Ко́рмчая from кормчий, Church Slavonic: кръмьчии 'helmsman, ship's pilot'; Pidalion or Nomocanon, are collections of church and secular law, which constituted guide books for the management of the church and for the church court of Orthodox Slavic countries and were also the transmission of several older texts. They were written in Old Church Slavonic and Old East Slavic.
The Orthodox Encyclopedia is a specialized encyclopedia, published by the Church Research Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" under the general editorship of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia since 2000. As of February 2024, 71 alphabetical volumes has been released.
Archbishop Nestor is Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archbishop of Madrid and Lisbon.
Decanonization or de-canonization – exclusion of a person's name from the list, catalog; the opposite of canonization. The list or catalog is the calendar of the saints or the church calendar. Decanonization, the exclusion of the saint's name from the calendars, was carried out in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Catholic Church and in the Anglican Church.
The Rock of Faith, a.k.a. The Stone of Faith is a major anti-Protestant treatise written by archbishop Stefan Yavorsky in 1713–1715. Its full title The Stone of faith: for the sons of the holy Orthodox Church — for affirmation and spiritual creation; for those who stumble over a block of stumbling and temptation — for getting up and correcting, Church Slavonic: Камєнь вѣры: православнымъ цєрквы святыѧ сыномъ на утвєрждєнїє и духовноє созиданїє. Прєтыкающымсѧ жє ω камєнь прєтыканїѧ и соблазна. На востанїє и исправленїє. Later it was also published under the title The Stone of Faith of the Orthodox Catholic Eastern Church, Russian: Камень веры православно-кафолическия восточныя Церкви...
References
Golubinsky, Yevgeny Yevsigneyevich (1903). Исторiя канонизацiи святыхъ въ Русской церкви[History of the Canonization of Saints by the Russian Church] (in Russian). Императорское общество исторiи и древности Россiйскихъ при Московскомъ университетѣ (Imperial Community of Russian History and Ancientry of the Moscow University).
Dmitry of Rostov (1684–1705). V. Osmak (ed.). Житiя святыхъ[Lives of Saints] (in Russian and Church Slavic).
Kabludovsky, A.P. (1902). Очерки по исторіи древнерусской литературы житій святыхъ[Essays about the History of Old Russian Literature of Lives of Saints] (in Russian). Warsaw.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich (1871). Древнерусскiя житiя святыхъ какъ историческiй источникъ[The Old Russian Lives of Saints as an Historical Source] (in Russian). Moscow: K. Soldatenkova.
Kovalevsky, I. (1902). Юродство о Христѣ и Христа ради юродивые Восточной и Русской Церкви: Ист. очеркъ и житія сихъ подвижниковъ благочестія[Folly for the Sake of Christ and Fools-for-Christ of the Eastern and Russian Churches] (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Nikodim (Kononov) (1903). Къ вопросу о канонизаціи святыхъ въ Русской Церкви[On the Question of Canonization of Saints in the Russian Church] (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Serebryansky, Nikolay Ilyich (1915). Древнерусскія княжескіе житія[Lives of Old Russian Monarchs] (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Taisia (Kartsova) (2001). Русские святые[Russian Saints] (in Russian). Азбука-классика.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
Vasilyev, V.P. (1893). Очерки по исторіи канонизаціи русскихъ святыхъ[Essays about the History of the Canonization of Russian Saints] (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Yakhontov, Ivan Andreyevich (1881). Жiтия св. сѣвернорусскiхъ подвижниковъ Поморскаго края, какъ историческiй источникъ[The Lives of Saints of Ascetics of the Pomorian Krai, as an Historical Source] (in Russian). Kazan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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