List of states by adjusted per capita personal income estimates the per capita personal income of residents of U.S. states adjusted by differences in the cost of living, called "regional price parities" by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The BEA defines regional price parities as an estimate of "the differences in price levels across states and metropolitan areas for a given year and are expressed as a percentage of the overall national price level." [1] The BEA defines personal income as follows:
Personal income is the income received by, or on behalf of, all persons from all sources: from participation as laborers in production, from owning a home or business, from the ownership of financial assets, and from government and business in the form of transfers. It includes income from domestic sources as well as the rest of world. It does not include realized or unrealized capital gains or losses. Personal income is estimated before the deduction of personal income taxes and other personal taxes and is reported in current dollars (no adjustment is made for price changes). [2]
Per Capita Personal Income (PCPI) is a more inclusive estimate of the average standard of living of citizens and residents in the U.S. than measures of per capita income. PCPI "includes wages, benefits, proprietor income, dividends, interest, rent, and transfer payments" such as Social Security, veteran's benefits, farm subsidies, welfare, and food stamps. [3]
The differences in estimates of per capita income and per capita personal income is large. In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau calculated a per capita income of the United States as 34,103 dollars. [4] The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis calculated the PCPI as 56,490 dollars. [5]
A more valid accounting of the differences in the standard of living of American citizens in different states requires recognition that prices vary from state to state and community to community. In general, a dollar has more purchasing power in the poorer states than it does in the richer states. The difference in housing costs from state to state is especially important. The Bureau of Economic Analysis has calculated that the regional price parity of U.S. states ranges from 84.4 in Mississippi (the cheapest state in which to live) to Hawaii at 119.3 (the most expensive state). In other words, an income of $0.84 in Mississippi equals an income of $1.19 in Hawaii with the U.S as a whole having an average PCPI of $1.00. To put it another way, the purchasing power of a dollar is $1.18 in Mississippi and $0.84 in Hawaii. The net impact of accounting for differences in the purchasing power of a dollar in different states is to narrow the gap in the standard of living between rich and poor states. [6]
Data in this table are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and are for the year 2022. [7] Adjusted personal income is found by dividing personal income by price parity.
Location | PCPI | Price parity | PCPI adj. |
---|---|---|---|
United States | 65,470 | $1.00 | 65,470 |
District of Columbia | 95,970 | $1.13 | 85,044 |
Wyoming | 73,248 | $0.92 | 79,701 |
North Dakota | 70,360 | $0.89 | 79,363 |
Connecticut | 82,938 | $1.06 | 77,940 |
South Dakota | 68,176 | $0.88 | 77,481 |
Massachusetts | 84,561 | $1.09 | 77,300 |
Colorado | 75,722 | $1.02 | 74,025 |
Nebraska | 64,268 | $0.90 | 71,563 |
New Jersey | 77,199 | $1.09 | 70,983 |
Minnesota | 68,840 | $0.98 | 70,445 |
New York | 75,407 | $1.08 | 70,082 |
New Hampshire | 73,910 | $1.08 | 68,662 |
Washington | 75,332 | $1.10 | 68,578 |
California | 77,036 | $1.12 | 68,495 |
Iowa | 60,222 | $0.88 | 68,107 |
Montana | 60,984 | $0.90 | 67,560 |
Virginia | 68,985 | $1.02 | 67,542 |
Alaska | 68,635 | $1.02 | 67,296 |
Kansas | 60,424 | $0.90 | 67,167 |
Pennsylvania | 64,506 | $0.96 | 67,042 |
Maryland | 70,228 | $1.05 | 66,911 |
Illinois | 67,655 | $1.01 | 66,815 |
Wisconsin | 61,475 | $0.92 | 66,596 |
Delaware | 63,243 | $0.98 | 64,562 |
Nevada | 62,085 | $0.96 | 64,415 |
Texas | 62,586 | $0.98 | 64,183 |
Indiana | 58,323 | $0.92 | 63,521 |
Tennessee | 58,292 | $0.92 | 63,501 |
Missouri | 57,818 | $0.91 | 63,453 |
Florida | 64,806 | $1.02 | 63,446 |
Oklahoma | 56,298 | $0.89 | 63,419 |
Ohio | 57,777 | $0.91 | 63,179 |
Utah | 59,457 | $0.94 | 62,937 |
Vermont | 63,039 | $1.01 | 62,356 |
North Carolina | 58,109 | $0.94 | 61,684 |
Idaho | 56,614 | $0.92 | 61,653 |
Michigan | 57,038 | $0.93 | 61,050 |
Arkansas | 52,618 | $0.87 | 60,762 |
Rhode Island | 63,557 | $1.05 | 60,704 |
Louisiana | 54,501 | $0.91 | 60,176 |
Maine | 60,599 | $1.01 | 60,095 |
Georgia | 56,589 | $0.96 | 59,050 |
Arizona | 58,442 | $1.00 | 58,502 |
Oregon | 62,303 | $1.07 | 58,465 |
Kentucky | 51,921 | $0.89 | 58,106 |
Alabama | 50,916 | $0.88 | 58,007 |
New Mexico | 52,194 | $0.91 | 57,368 |
South Carolina | 53,618 | $0.94 | 57,314 |
West Virginia | 49,993 | $0.89 | 56,018 |
Hawaii | 61,779 | $1.11 | 55,738 |
Mississippi | 46,370 | $0.87 | 53,099 |
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period by a country or countries. GDP is more often used by the government of a single country to measure its economic health. Due to its complex and subjective nature, this measure is often revised before being considered a reliable indicator.
Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a basket of goods at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location. The PPP inflation and exchange rate may differ from the market exchange rate because of tariffs, and other transaction costs.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the United States Department of Commerce is a U.S. government agency that provides official macroeconomic and industry statistics, most notably reports about the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States and its various units—states, cities/towns/townships/villages/counties, and metropolitan areas. They also provide information about personal income, corporate profits, and government spending in their National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs).
Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living. Changes in the cost of living over time can be operationalized in a cost-of-living index. Cost of living calculations are also used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in cost of living between locations can be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates. A sharp rise in the cost of living can trigger a cost of living crisis where purchasing power is lost and the previous lifestyle is no longer affordable.
The PCE price index (PePP), also referred to as the PCE deflator, PCE price deflator, or the Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and as the Chain-type Price Index for Personal Consumption Expenditures (CTPIPCE) by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), is a United States-wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption. It is benchmarked to a base of 2012 = 100. Using a variety of data including U.S. Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index prices, it is derived from the largest component of the GDP in the BEA's National Income and Product Accounts, personal consumption expenditures.
The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.
Household income is an economic standard that can be applied to one household, or aggregated across a large group such as a county, city, or the whole country. It is commonly used by the United States government and private institutions to describe a household's economic status or to track economic trends in the US.
Household income is a measure of the combined incomes of all people sharing a particular household or place of residence. It includes every form of income, e.g., salaries and wages, retirement income, near cash government transfers like food stamps, and investment gains.
As per US Census 2021 data US mean per capita income is $37,683 while median household income is around $69,021.US Census Gov 2017-2021
Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median weekly personal income of $1,037 for full-time workers in the United States in Q1 2022. For the year 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the median annual earnings for all workers was $41,535; and more specifically estimates that median annual earnings for those who worked full-time, year round, was $56,287.
Chained dollars is a method of adjusting real dollar amounts for inflation over time, to allow the comparison of figures from different years. The U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure in 1996. It generally reflects dollar figures computed with 2012 as the base year.
Income in India discusses the financial state in India. With rising economic growth and prosperity, India's income is also rising rapidly. As an overview, India's per capita net national income or NNI was around 9.97 lakh rupees in 2022. The per-capita income is a crude indicator of the prosperity of a country. In contrast, the gross national income at constant prices stood at over 128 trillion rupees. The same year, GRI growth rate at constant prices was around 6.6 percent. While GNI and NNI are both indicators for a country's economic performance and welfare, the GNI is related to the GDP or the Gross Domestic Product plus the net receipts from abroad, including wages and salaries, property income, net taxes and subsidies receivable from abroad. On the other hand, the NNI of a country is equal to its GNI net of depreciation.