List of emperors of the Han dynasty

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Emperor Guangwu of Han (r. 25-57 AD), as depicted by the Tang artist Yan Liben (600-673) Han Guangwu Di.jpg
Emperor Guangwu of Han (r. 25–57 AD), as depicted by the Tang artist Yan Liben (600–673)

The emperors of the Han dynasty were the supreme heads of government during the second imperial dynasty of China; the Han dynasty (202 BC –220 AD) followed the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and preceded the Three Kingdoms (220–265 AD). The era is conventionally periodised into the Western Han (202 BC –9 AD) and Eastern Han (25–220 AD).

Contents

The Han dynasty was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gao (r. 202–195 BC). The longest reigning emperor of the dynasty was Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC), who reigned for 54 years. The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang, but he was killed during a rebellion on 6 October 23 AD. [1] The Han dynasty was reestablished by Liu Xiu, known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu (r. 25–57 AD) or Guangwu Di, who claimed the throne on 5 August 25 AD. [2] [3] The last Han emperor, Emperor Xian (r. 189–220 AD), was a puppet monarch of Chancellor Cao Cao (155–220 AD), who dominated the court and was made King of Wei. [4] On 11 December 220, Cao's son Pi usurped the throne as Emperor Wen of Wei (r. 220–226 AD) and ended the Han dynasty. [5]

The emperor was the supreme head of government. [6] He appointed all of the highest-ranking officials in central, provincial, commandery, and county administrations. [7] He also functioned as a lawgiver, the highest court judge, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and high priest of the state-sponsored religious cults. [8]

Naming conventions

Emperor

Western Han pottery miniatures of infantry (foreground) and cavalry (background) from a royal tomb Western Han soldiers 4.jpg
Western Han pottery miniatures of infantry (foreground) and cavalry (background) from a royal tomb
An Eastern Han gilded bronze handle with traces of red pigment, in the shape of a dragon's head; for Han emperors, the dragon could represent either good or bad omens depending on circumstance. Finial in the shape of a dragon head (Eastern Han dynasty; 1992.165.25; cropped).jpg
An Eastern Han gilded bronze handle with traces of red pigment, in the shape of a dragon's head; for Han emperors, the dragon could represent either good or bad omens depending on circumstance.

The rulers of the previous Shang (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC) and Zhou (c. 1056 –256 BC) dynasties were referred to as 'king' (王wáng). [11] By the time of the Zhou dynasty, they were also referred to as the Son of Heaven. [11] In 221 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin completed the conquest of all the Warring States of ancient China. To elevate himself above the Shang and Zhou kings, he accepted the new title of Emperor (皇帝huángdì) and is known to posterity as Qin Shi Huang, the 'First Emperor' of Qin. The new title of emperor was created by combining the titles for the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors from Chinese mythology. This title was used by each successive ruler of China until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. [12]

Posthumous, temple, and era names

From the Shang until the Sui dynasty (581–618) dynasty, Chinese rulers (both kings and emperors) were referred to by their posthumous names in records and historical texts. Temple names, first used during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han (r. 157–141 BC), were used exclusively in later records and historical texts when referring to emperors who reigned during the Tang (618–907), Song (960–1279), and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, a single era name was used for each emperor's reign and became the preferred way to refer to Ming and Qing emperors in historical texts. [13]

Use of the era name was formally adopted during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC), yet its origins can be traced back further. The oldest method of recording years—which had existed since the Shang—set the first year of a ruler's reign as year one. When an emperor died, the first year of a new reign period would begin. This system was changed by the 4th century BC when the first year of a new reign period did not begin until the first day of the lunar New Year following a ruler's death. When Duke Huiwen of Qin assumed the title of king in 324 BC, he changed the year count of his reign back to the first year. [14] For his newly adopted calendar established in 163 BC, Emperor Wen of Han (r. 180–157 BC) also set the year count of his reign back to the beginning. [15]

Since six was considered a lucky number, the emperors Jing and Wu changed the year count of their reigns back to the beginning every six years. [15] Since every six-year period was successively marked as yuannian (元年), eryuan (二元), sanyuan (三元), and so forth, this system was considered too cumbersome by the time it reached the fifth cycle wuyuan sannian (五元三年) in 114 BC. [15] In that year, a government official suggested that the Han court retrospectively rename every "beginning" with new characters; Emperor Wu accepted this reform in 110 BC. [16] Since Emperor Wu had just performed the religious Feng Shan sacrifice at Mount Taishan, he named the new era yuanfeng (元封). This event is regarded as the formal establishment of era names in Chinese history. [16] Emperor Wu changed the era name once more when he established the 'Great Beginning' (太初Taichu) calendar in 104 BC. [17] From this point until the end of Western Han, the court established a new era name every four years of an emperor's reign. By the Eastern Han, there was no set interval for establishing new era names, which were often introduced for political reasons and celebrating auspicious events. [17]

Regents and empress dowagers

An ink rubbing of The story of Jin Midi, a 2nd-century AD stone relief at the Wu Liang shrines in Jiaxiang, Shandong Story of Jin Midi.JPG
An ink rubbing of The story of Jin Midi , a 2nd-century AD stone relief at the Wu Liang shrines in Jiaxiang, Shandong

At times, especially when an infant emperor was placed on the throne, a regent, often the empress dowager or one of her male relatives, would assume the duties of the emperor until he reached his majority. Sometimes the empress dowager's faction—the consort clan—was overthrown in a coup d'état. For example, Empress Lü Zhi (d. 180 BC) was the de facto ruler of the court during the reigns of the child emperors Qianshao (r. 188–184 BC) and Houshao (r. 184–180 BC). [18] Her faction was overthrown during the Lü Clan disturbance of 180 BC and Liu Heng was named emperor (posthumously known as Emperor Wen). [19] Before Emperor Wu died in 87 BC, he had invested Huo Guang (d. 68 BC), Jin Midi (d. 86 BC), and Shangguan Jie (上官桀; d. 80 BC) with the power to govern as regents over his successor Emperor Zhao of Han (r. 87–74 BC). Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie were both grandfathers to Empress Shangguan (d. 37 BC), wife of Emperor Zhao, while the ethnically-Xiongnu Jin Midi was a former slave who had worked in an imperial stable. After Jin died and Shangguan was executed for treason, Huo Guang was the sole ruling regent. Following his death, the Huo family faction was overthrown by Emperor Xuan of Han (r. 74–49 BC), in revenge for Huo Guang poisoning his wife Empress Xu Pingjun (d. 71 BC) so that he could marry Huo's daughter Empress Huo Chengjun (d. 54 BC). [20]

List of emperors

Below is a complete list of emperors of the Han dynasty, including their personal, posthumous, and era names. Excluded from the list are de facto rulers such as regents and empress dowagers.

Western Han (202 BC –9 AD)
SovereignPersonal nameReigned fromReigned until Posthumous name [a] Temple name Era name Years [b]
Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang劉邦28 February [22] 202 BC1 June [23] 195 BC [24] Emperor Gao高皇帝Taizu太祖— [25]
Emperor Hui Liu Ying劉盈23 June [26] 195 BC26 September [27] 188 BC [28] Emperor Xiaohui孝惠皇帝N/a
Emperor Qianshao Liu Gong劉恭19 October [27] 188 BC15 June [29] 184 BC [30] N/aN/a
Emperor Houshao Liu Hong劉弘15 June [29] 184 BC14 November [31] 180 BC [30] N/aN/a
Emperor Wen Liu Heng劉恆14 November [26] 180 BC6 July [32]
157 BC [33] 		Emperor Xiaowen孝文皇帝Taizong太宗Qianyuan前元179–164 BC [34]
Houyuan後元163–156 BC [34]
Emperor Jing Liu Qi劉啟14 July [35]
157 BC		9 March [36] 141 BC [33] Emperor Xiaojing孝景皇帝N/aQianyuan前元156–150 BC [37]
Zhongyuan中元149–143 BC [37]
Houyuan後元143–141 BC [37]
Emperor Wu Liu Che劉徹10 March [26] 141 BC29 March [38] 87 BC [39] Emperor Xiaowu孝武皇帝Shizong世宗Jianyuan建元141–135 BC [40]
Yuanguang元光134–129 BC [40]
Yuanshuo元朔128–123 BC [40]
Yuanshou元狩122–117 BC [40]
Yuanding元鼎116–111 BC [40]
Yuanfeng元封110–105 BC [40]
Taichu太初104–101 BC [40]
Tianhan天漢100–97 BC [40]
Taishi太始96–93 BC [40]
Zhenghe征和92–89 BC [40]
Houyuan後元88–87 BC [40]
Emperor Zhao Liu Fuling劉弗陵30 March [35] 87 BC5 June [35] 74 BC [41] Emperor Xiaozhao孝昭皇帝N/aShiyuan始元86–80 BC [42]
Yuanfeng元鳳80–75 BC [42]
Yuanping元平74 BC [42]
Marquis of Haihun Liu He劉賀18 July [35]
74 BC		14 August [35] 74 BC [30] N/aN/aYuanping元平74 BC [43]
Emperor Xuan Liu Bingyi劉病已10 September [35] 74 BC10 January [32] 49 BC [41] Emperor Xiaoxuan孝宣皇帝Zhongzong中宗Benshi本始73–70 BC [44]
Dijie地節69–66 BC [44]
Yuankang元康65–61 BC [44]
Shenjue神爵61–58 BC [44]
Wufeng五鳳57–54 BC [44]
Ganlu甘露53–50 BC [44]
Huanglong黃龍49 BC [44]
Emperor Yuan Liu Shi劉奭29 January [35] 49 BC8 July [45] 33 BC [46] Emperor Xiaoyuan孝元皇帝Gaozong高宗Chuyuan初元48–44 BC [47]
Yongguang永光43–39 BC [47]
Jianzhao建昭38–34 BC [47]
Jingning竟寧33 BC [47]
Emperor Cheng Liu Ao劉驁4 August [48] 33 BC17 April [49]
7 BC [46] 		Emperor Xiaocheng孝成皇帝Tongzong統宗Jianshi建始32–28 BC [50]
Heping河平28–25 BC [50]
Yangshuo陽朔24–21 BC [50]
Hongjia鴻嘉20–17 BC [50]
Yongshi永始16–13 BC [50]
Yuanyan元延12–9 BC [50]
Suihe綏和8–7 BC [50]
Emperor Ai Liu Xin劉欣7 May [51]
7 BC		15 August [49] 1 BC [46] Emperor Xiao'ai孝哀皇帝N/aJianping建平6–3 BC [52]
Yuanshou元壽2–1 BC [52]
Emperor Ping Liu Kan劉衎17 October [53] 1 BC3 February [54] 6 AD [46] Emperor Xiaoping孝平皇帝Yuanzong元宗Yuanshi元始1–5 AD [55]
Ruzi Ying [c] Liu Ying劉嬰17 April [56]
6 AD		10 January [56] 9 AD [46] N/aN/aJushe居攝6–8 AD [57]
Chushi初始9 AD
Continuation of the Han under the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD)
SovereignPersonal nameReigned fromReigned until Posthumous name [a] Temple name Era name Years [b]
Gengshi Emperor Liu Xuan劉玄11 March [58] 23 ADNovember [58] 25 AD [59] King Wushun of Huaiyang淮陽王Yanzong延宗Gengshi更始23–25 AD [60]
Eastern Han (25–220 AD)
SovereignPersonal nameReigned fromReigned until Posthumous name [a] Temple name Era name Years [b]
Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu劉秀5 August [61] 25 AD29 March [62] 57 AD [63] Emperor Guangwu光武皇帝Shizu世祖Jianwu建武25–56 AD [64]
Jianwu-zhongyuan建武中元56–57 AD [64]
Emperor Ming Liu Zhuang劉莊29 March [61] 57 AD5 September [62] 75 AD [65] Emperor Xiaoming孝明皇帝Xianzong顯宗Yongping永平57–75 AD [66]
Emperor Zhang Liu Da劉炟5 September [61] 75 AD9 April [62]
88 AD [67] 		Emperor Xiaozhang孝章皇帝Suzong肃宗Jianchu建初76–84 AD [68]
Yuanhe元和84–87 AD [68]
Zhanghe章和87–88 AD [68]
Emperor He Liu Zhao劉肇9 April [61] 88 AD13 February [62] 106 AD [69] Emperor Xiaohe孝和皇帝Muzong穆宗Yongyuan永元89–105 AD [70]
Yuanxing元興105 AD [71]
Emperor Shang Liu Long劉隆13 February [61] 106 AD21 September [62] 106 AD [72] Emperor Xiaoshang孝殤皇帝N/aYanping延平106 AD [73]
Emperor An Liu Hu劉祜23 September [61] 106 AD30 April [62] 125 AD [74] Emperor Xiao'an孝安皇帝Gongzong恭宗Yongchu永初107–113 AD [75]
Yuanchu元初114–120 AD [75]
Yongning永寧120–121 AD [75]
Jianguang建光121–122 AD [75]
Yanguang延光122–125 AD [75]
Marquess of Beixiang Liu Yi劉懿18 May [61] 125 AD10 December [62] 125 AD [76] N/aN/aYanguang延光125 AD [77]
Emperor Shun Liu Bao劉保16 December [61] 125 AD20 September [62] 144 AD [78] Emperor Xiaoshun孝順皇帝Jingzong敬宗Yongjian永建126–132 AD [79]
Yangjia陽嘉132–135 AD [79]
Yonghe永和136–141 AD [79]
Han'an漢安142–144 AD [79]
Jiankang建康144 AD [79]
Emperor Chong Liu Bing劉炳20 September [61] 144 AD15 February [62] 145 AD [80] Emperor Xiaochong孝沖皇帝N/aYongxi永熹145 AD [81]
Emperor Zhi Liu Zuan劉纘6 March [61] 145 AD26 July [62] 146 AD [80] Emperor Xiaozhi孝質皇帝N/aBenchu本初146 AD [81]
Emperor Huan Liu Zhi劉志1 August [61] 146 AD25 January [62] 168 AD [82] Emperor Xiaohuan孝桓皇帝Weizong威宗Jianhe建和147–149 AD [83]
Heping和平150 AD [83]
Yuanjia元嘉151–153 AD [83]
Yongxing永興153–154 AD [83]
Yongshou永壽155–158 AD [83]
Yanxi延熹158–167 AD [83]
Yongkang永康167 AD [83]
Emperor Ling Liu Hong劉宏17 February [61] 168 AD13 May [62] 189 AD [84] Emperor Xiaoling孝靈皇帝N/aJianning建寧168–172 AD [85]
Xiping熹平172–178 AD [85]
Guanghe光和178–184 AD [85]
Zhongping中平184–189 AD [85]
Emperor Shao Liu Bian劉辯15 May [61] 189 AD28 September [62] 189 AD [76] King Huai of Hongnong少皇帝N/aGuangxi光熹189 AD [86]
Zhaoning昭寧189 AD [86]
Emperor Xian Liu Xie劉協28 September [61] 189 AD11 December [d] 220 AD [87] Emperor Xiaoxian孝獻皇帝N/aYonghan永漢189 AD [88]
Chuping初平190–193 AD [88]
Xingping興平194–195 AD [88]
Jian'an建安196–220 AD [88]
Yankang延康220 AD [88]

Timeline

Emperor Xian of HanLiu BianEmperor Ling of HanEmperor Huan of HanEmperor Zhi of HanEmperor Chong of HanEmperor Shun of HanMarquess of BeixiangEmperor An of HanEmperor Shang of HanEmperor He of HanEmperor Zhang of HanEmperor Ming of HanEmperor Guangwu of HanLiu PenziGengshi EmperorRuzi YingEmperor Ping of HanEmperor Ai of HanEmperor Cheng of HanEmperor Yuan of HanEmperor Xuan of HanMarquis of HaihunEmperor Zhao of HanEmperor Wu of HanEmperor Jing of HanEmperor Wen of HanEmperor Houshao of HanEmperor Qianshao of HanEmperor Hui of HanEmperor Gaozu of HanList of emperors of the Han dynasty

Legend

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Besides Liu Bang and Liu Xiu, the word xiao (孝 'filial') was prefixed to all posthumous names, although it is usually omitted by scholars. The word huangdi (皇帝 emperor) is also abbreviated. Commonly only the second character is used; e.g., Wudi (武帝, Emperor Wu) for Xiaowu Huangdi (孝武皇帝). [21]
  2. 1 2 3 The years of the Chinese lunisolar calendar do not correspond exactly with the years given in the column for era names. Some years given in the table also belong to two reign periods because some era names were adopted before the beginning of the following year.
  3. ↑ Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6–9 AD.
  4. ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2010). A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Brill. p. 450. ISBN   978-90-04-18830-3. On 11 December [...] Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the last emperor of Han. [...] Some authorities give the date of abdication as 25 November [...] This is the date upon which Emperor Xian issued an edict calling upon Cao Pi to take the throne, but the ceremonial transfer of sovereignty was carried out two weeks later

    References

    Citations

    1. ↑ de Crespigny 2006, p. 568.
    2. ↑ Hymes 2000, p. 36.
    3. ↑ Beck 1990, p. 21.
    4. ↑ Beck 1990, pp. 354–355.
    5. ↑ Hymes 2000, p. 16.
    6. ↑ de Crespigny 2006; Bielenstein 1980, p. 143; Hucker 1975, pp. 149–150.
    7. ↑ Wang 1949, pp. 141–142.
    8. ↑ Wang 1949, pp. 141–143; Ch'ü 1972, p. 71; de Crespigny 2006, pp. 1216–1217.
    9. ↑ Paludan 1998, pp. 34–36.
    10. ↑ de Visser 2003, pp. 43–49.
    11. 1 2 Wilkinson 1998, p. 105.
    12. ↑ Wilkinson 1998, pp. 105–106.
    13. ↑ Wilkinson 1998, pp. 106–107.
    14. ↑ Wilkinson 1998.
    15. 1 2 3 Wilkinson 1998, p. 177; Sato 1991, p. 278.
    16. 1 2 Wilkinson 1998, p. 177; Sato 1991, pp. 278–279.
    17. 1 2 Wilkinson 1998, p. 178.
    18. ↑ Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 135; Hansen 2000, pp. 115–116.
    19. ↑ Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 136–137; Torday 1997, p. 78.
    20. ↑ Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 174–187; Huang 1988, p. 44–46.
    21. ↑ Dubs 1945, p. 29.
    22. ↑ Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230.
    23. ↑ Grand Scribe's Records, p. 108.
    24. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Paludan 1998 , p. 28
    25. ↑ Bo 1977, pp. 433–443.
    26. 1 2 3 Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230; Vervoorn 1990, pp. 311–312.
    27. 1 2 Grand Scribe's Records, pp. 114–115.
    28. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Paludan 1998 , pp. 28, 31
    29. 1 2 Grand Scribe's Records, p. 122.
    30. 1 2 3 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Loewe & Twitchett 1986 , p. xxxix
    31. ↑ Grand Scribe's Records, p. 136.
    32. 1 2 Vervoorn 1990, p. 312.
    33. 1 2 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Paludan 1998 , pp. 28, 33.
    34. 1 2 Bo 1977, pp. 444–447.
    35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, pp. xix–xx; Vervoorn 1990, p. 312.
    36. ↑ Grand Scribe's Records, p. 213.
    37. 1 2 3 Bo 1977, pp. 447–452.
    38. ↑ Hymes 2000, p. 11; Hulsewé 1995, pp. 226–230.
    39. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Paludan 1998 , pp. 28, 36 and Loewe 2000 , pp. 273–280.
    40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bo 1977, pp. 452–471.
    41. 1 2 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range come from Paludan 1998 , p. 40.
    42. 1 2 3 Bo 1977, pp. 471–473.
    43. ↑ Bo 1977, p. 473.
    44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bo 1977, pp. 473–480.
    45. ↑ Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 225.
    46. 1 2 3 4 5 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 40, 42.
    47. 1 2 3 4 Bo 1977, pp. 481–484.
    48. ↑ Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 225; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313; Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx.
    49. 1 2 Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 227; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313.
    50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bo 1977, pp. 485–489.
    51. ↑ Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; Vervoorn 1990, p. 312.
    52. 1 2 Bo 1977, p. 490.
    53. ↑ Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; Hymes 2000, p. 12; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313.
    54. ↑ Hymes 2000, p. 13; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313.
    55. ↑ Bo 1977 , p. 495. While traditional sources do not give an exact date when the Yuanshi era was announced, it was implied that the first year of Yuanshi did not start until the first month of the lunar calendar – i.e., in 1 AD. See, e.g., Ban Gu, Book of Han , vol. 12.
    56. 1 2 Loewe & Twitchett 1986, p. 231; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313.
    57. ↑ Bo 1977, pp. 495–496.
    58. 1 2 Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. 246–251; Vervoorn 1990, p. 313.
    59. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 558–560.
    60. ↑ Bo 1977, pp. 500–501.
    61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015, p. xx; de Crespigny 2006, p. xxxiii; Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. xl–xli.
    62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Loewe & Twitchett 1986, pp. xl–xli; de Crespigny 2006, p. xxxiii.
    63. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , p. 44 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 557–566.
    64. 1 2 Bo 1977, pp. 501–509.
    65. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 44, 49 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 604–609.
    66. ↑ Bo 1977, pp. 509–513.
    67. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 44, 49 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 495–500.
    68. 1 2 3 Bo 1977, pp. 514–516.
    69. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 588–592.
    70. ↑ Bo 1977, pp. 517–523.
    71. ↑ Bo 1977, p. 523.
    72. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006 , p. 531.
    73. ↑ Bo 1977, p. 524.
    74. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , p. 50 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 580–583.
    75. 1 2 3 4 5 Bo 1977, pp. 524–529.
    76. 1 2 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Loewe & Twitchett 1986 , p. xl.
    77. ↑ Bo 1977, p. 529.
    78. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 50–51 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 473–478.
    79. 1 2 3 4 5 Bo 1977, pp. 530–534.
    80. 1 2 Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 50–51.
    81. 1 2 Bo 1977, p. 535.
    82. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 50–51 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 595–603.
    83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bo 1977, pp. 535–541.
    84. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 50, 52 and de Crespigny 2006 , pp. 511–517.
    85. 1 2 3 4 Bo 1977, pp. 541–547.
    86. 1 2 Bo 1977, p. 547.
    87. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Paludan 1998 , pp. 50, 55.
    88. 1 2 3 4 5 Bo 1977, pp. 547–564.

    Sources

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