List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960

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This is a complete list of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960. The grade of lieutenant general (or three-star general) is ordinarily the second-highest in the peacetime Army, ranking above major general and below general.

Contents

Originally created for George Washington during the Quasi-War with France, the grade lapsed for most of the 19th century and early 20th century because it was considered too lofty for the diminutive peacetime establishment. Unlike the grades of major general and below, the grade of lieutenant general was not considered a functional office during this period, but the penultimate military honor, reserved for only the most eminent of wartime generals. After the Spanish–American War, the lieutenant generalcy slowly transitioned from extraordinary accolade to routine appointment, and from permanent personal grade to temporary ex officio rank. The grade was revived permanently just before World War II and has been in continuous existence ever since. [1]

Before World War I, there was at most one lieutenant general on active duty at any time. In 1918 two field army commanders received wartime commissions as lieutenant generals to accord them rank equal to allied counterparts, the first time the grade had been conferred purely to facilitate future command instead of to reward past service. Dozens of lieutenant generals were appointed during World War II to lead the vastly expanded military establishment, and by January 1, 1960, the official Army register listed 33 lieutenant generals on active duty in the peacetime Army. [2]

Taxonomy

List of U.S. Army lieutenant generals before 1960

The following list of lieutenant generals includes all officers appointed to that rank in the United States Army prior to January 1, 1960, including brevet and temporary lieutenant generals. [4]

Entries are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was appointed to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the officer's name, date of rank, [5] date the officer vacated the active-duty rank, [6] number of years on active duty as lieutenant general (Yrs), [7] positions held as lieutenant general, and other biographical notes. [8]

The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date of rank, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as lieutenant general.

NamePhotoDate of rank [5] Date vacated [6] Yrs [7] PositionNotes [8]
1 George Washington Portrait of George Washington-transparent.png 3 Jul 1798 14 Dec 1799  1 (1732–1799) Promoted to General of the Armies posthumously, 4 Jul 1976. U.S. President, 1789–1797. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1776.
2 Winfield Scott Winfield Scott by Fredricks, 1862.jpg 29 Mar 1847  1 Nov 1861 15 (1786–1866) Brevet rank. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1814.
3 Ulysses S. Grant GenUSGrant.jpg 2 Mar 1864 25 Jul 1866  2 (1822–1885) Promoted to general, 25 Jul 1866. U.S. President, 1869–1877. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1863.
4 William T. Sherman William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg 25 Jul 1866  4 Mar 1869  3 (1820–1891) Promoted to general, 4 Mar 1869. Superintendent, Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy, 1860–1861. Brother of U.S. Secretary of State John Sherman.
5 Philip H. Sheridan Philip Sheridan 1-restored.jpg 4 Mar 1869  1 Jun 1888 19 (1831–1888) Promoted to general, 1 Jun 1888.
6 John M. Schofield John M Schofield by CM Bell, c1860s (cropped).JPG 8 Feb 1895 29 Sep 1895  1 (1831–1906) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1892. Brother of Union Army brigadier general George W. Schofield.
7 Nelson A. Miles Nelson A. Miles by Brands Studios, 1898.jpg 6 Jun 1900  8 Aug 1903  3 (1839–1925) [9] Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President, 1904. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1892.
8 Samuel B. M. Young YOUNG, S.B.M. GENERAL LCCN2016857332 (cropped).jpg 8 Aug 1903  9 Jan 1904  0 (1840–1924) Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, 1907–1908. Father-in-law of Army major general George W. Read; grandfather of Army lieutenant general George W. Read Jr.
9 Adna R. Chaffee Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, half-length portrait, facing left, in uniform LCCN97508364 (cropped).jpg 9 Jan 1904  1 Feb 1906  2 (1842–1914) Father of Army major general Adna R. Chaffee Jr.
10 John C. Bates Gen John Bates.jpg 1 Feb 1906 14 Apr 1906  0 (1842–1919) Son of U.S. Attorney General and Representative Edward Bates.
11 Henry C. Corbin Henry C Corbin.jpg 15 Apr 1906 15 Sep 1906  0 (1842–1909)
12 Arthur MacArthur Jr. Arthur MacArthur Jr.jpg 15 Sep 1906  2 Jun 1909  3 (1845–1912) Military Governor of the Philippines, 1900–1901. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1890. Son of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur Sr.; father of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur; great-uncle of U.S. Ambassador Douglas MacArthur II.
13 Hunter Liggett Hunter Liggett.jpg 16 Oct 1918 30 Jun 1920  2 (1857–1935) [10]
14 Robert L. Bullard Lieutenant General Robert Lee Bullard - LCCN2014709815 (cropped).jpg 16 Oct 1918 30 Jun 1920  2 (1861–1947) [10]
* Edgar Jadwin USACE Edgar Jadwin.jpg 7 Aug 1929 (none) 0 
  • (none)
(1865–1931)
15 Hugh A. Drum Hugh Drum.jpg 5 Aug 1939 15 Oct 1943  4 (1879–1951) [11] [12] Commander, New York Guard, 1943–1948.
16 Stanley H. Ford Stanley Hamer Ford profile.jpg 5 Aug 1939 30 Sep 1940  1 (1877–1954) [13]
17 Stanley D. Embick Stanley D. Embick.jpg 5 Aug 1939 27 Jun 1946  6 (1877–1957) [11] [14]
18 Albert J. Bowley Albert Jesse Bowley.jpg 5 Aug 1939 30 Nov 1939  0 (1875–1945) [15]
19 John L. DeWitt John Lesene Dewitt copy.PNG 5 Dec 1939 10 Jun 1947  8 (1880–1962) [16] [17] Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
20 Charles D. Herron Charles D. Herron.jpg 31 Jul 1940  7 Feb 1941  1 (1877–1977) [18]
21 Daniel Van Voorhis Daniel Van Voorhis.jpg 31 Jul 1940 18 Sep 1941  1 (1878–1956) [19] Son of U.S. Representative H. Clay Van Voorhis.
22 Herbert J. Brees Herbert J Brees.jpg 1 Oct 1940 15 May 1941  1 (1877–1958) [20] [21]
23 Ben Lear Ben Lear.jpg 1 Oct 1940 31 Dec 1945  5 (1879–1966) [11] [22] Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
24 Delos C. Emmons Delos Emmons.gif 25 Oct 1940 30 Jun 1948  8 (1888–1965) [23] [24]
25 Walter C. Short Walter-short l.jpg 8 Feb 1941 16 Dec 1941  1 (1880–1949) [25]
26 Walter Krueger Krueger only.jpg 16 May 1941  5 Mar 1945  4 (1881–1967) [26] Promoted to general, 5 Mar 1945.
27 Lesley J. McNair Lesley James McNair (US Army General).jpg 9 Jun 1941 25 Jul 1944  3 (1883–1944) Promoted to general posthumously, 19 Jul 1954. Killed in action.
28 Douglas MacArthur MacARTHUR, DOUGLAS. GENERAL LCCN2016859444 (cropped).jpg 27 Jul 1941 18 Dec 1941  0 (1880–1964) [27] Promoted to general, 18 Dec 1941; to general of the Army, 18 Dec 1944. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1942; Congressional Gold Medal, 1962. Son of Army lieutenant general Arthur MacArthur Jr.; grandson of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur Sr.; uncle of U.S. Ambassador Douglas MacArthur II.
29 Frank M. Andrews FMApic2.jpg 19 Sep 1941  3 May 1943  2 (1884–1943) [28] Died in office.
30 Henry H. Arnold Henry H. Arnold 1947.jpg 15 Dec 1941 19 Mar 1943  1 
  • Additional Chief of Staff for Air, 1941–1942.
  • Commanding General, Army Air Forces, 1942–1946.
(1886–1950) [23] Promoted to general, 19 Mar 1943; to general of the Army, 21 Dec 1944; to general of the Air Force, 7 May 1949.
31 George H. Brett George H. Brett.jpg 7 Jan 1942 10 May 1946  4 (1886–1963) [20] [23] [29]
32 William S. Knudsen William S Knudsen.jpg 28 Jan 1942  1 Jun 1945  3 (1879–1948) [30] Resigned, 1945.
33 Joseph W. Stilwell Stilwell001.jpg 25 Feb 1942  1 Aug 1944  2 (1883–1946) Promoted to general, 1 Aug 1944.
34 Brehon B. Somervell Brehon Somervell.jpg 9 Mar 1942  6 Mar 1945  3 (1892–1955) [31] Promoted to general, 6 Mar 1945.
35 Jonathan M. Wainwright IV Lt. Gen. Jonathan W. Wainwright.jpg 19 Mar 1942  6 Sep 1945  3 (1883–1953) Promoted to general, 6 Sep 1945. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1945.
36 Joseph T. McNarney Joseph T McNarney.jpg 15 Jun 1942  7 Mar 1945  3 (1893–1972) [23] Promoted to general, 7 Mar 1945.
37 Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D Eisenhower.jpg 7 Jul 1942 11 Feb 1943  1 (1890–1969) Promoted to general, 11 Feb 1943; to general of the Army, 20 Dec 1944. President, Columbia University, 1948–1953; U.S. President, 1953–1961.
* James G. Harbord James Harbord.jpg 9 Jul 1942 (none) 0 
  • (none)
(1866–1947) Candidate for Republican Party nomination for U.S. Vice President, 1932.
* William M. Wright William Mason Wright (US Army Lieutenant General) 2.jpg 9 Jul 1942 (none) 0 
  • (none)
(1863–1943)
38 Jacob L. Devers Jacob L. Devers portrait.jpg 6 Sep 1942  8 Mar 1945  3 (1887–1979) Promoted to general, 8 Mar 1945.
39 Robert L. Eichelberger Robert Eichelberger (2).jpg 15 Oct 1942 31 Dec 1948  6 (1886–1961) Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
40 George C. Kenney Lt. Gen. George C. Kenney.jpg 15 Oct 1942  9 Mar 1945  2 (1889–1977) [23] Promoted to general, 9 Mar 1945.
41 Mark W. Clark Mark Wayne Clark 1943.jpg 11 Nov 1942 10 Mar 1945  2 (1896–1984) Promoted to general, 10 Mar 1945. President, The Citadel, 1954–1966.
42 Millard F. Harmon Millard Fillmore Harmon Jr.jpg 2 Feb 1943 27 Feb 1946  3 (1888–1946) Died in office.
43 Courtney H. Hodges Lt. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges (cropped).jpg 16 Feb 1943 26 Apr 1945  2 (1887–1966) [32] Promoted to general, 26 Apr 1945.
44 George S. Patton Jr. GeorgeSPatton.jpg 12 Mar 1943 14 Apr 1945  2 (1885–1945) Promoted to general, 14 Apr 1945. Father-in-law of Army four-star general John K. Waters.
45 Carl A. Spaatz Carl Spaatz.jpg 12 Mar 1943 11 Mar 1945  2 (1891–1974) [23] Promoted to general, 11 Mar 1945.
46 Simon B. Buckner Jr. General Simon B. Buckner, Jr.jpg 4 May 1943 18 Jun 1945  2 (1886–1945) Promoted to general posthumously, 19 Jul 1954. Killed in action. Son of Kentucky Governor Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr.
47 Robert C. Richardson Jr. Robert C RichardsonJr.jpg 1 Jun 1943 31 Oct 1946  3 (1882–1954) [11] [33] Promoted to general posthumously, 19 Jul 1954.
48 Lloyd R. Fredendall L.R.Fredendall.jpg 1 Jun 1943 31 Mar 1946  3 (1883–1963) [11] [34]
49 Omar N. Bradley Omar-n-bradley-contrast-adjusted.jpg 2 Jun 1943 12 Mar 1945  2 (1893–1981) Promoted to general, 12 Mar 1945; to general of the Army, 22 Sep 1950. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1977.
50 Barton K. Yount Barton Kyle Yount.jpg 13 Sep 1943 30 Jun 1946  3 (1884–1949) [11] [23] President, American Institute for Foreign Trade, 1946–1949.
51 Ira C. Eaker Portrait of USAF Lt Gen Ira C. Eaker.jpg 13 Sep 1943 30 Aug 1947  4 (1896–1987) [20] [23] [35] Promoted to general on the retired list, 26 Apr 1985. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1978.
52 George Grunert Lieutenant General George Grunert (cropped).jpg 8 Oct 1943 31 Jul 1945  2 (1881–1971) [11] [36] Father-in-law of Army lieutenant general Jonathan O. Seaman.
53 William H. Simpson William H. Simpson.jpg 13 Oct 1943 30 Nov 1946  3 (1888–1980) [11] [37] Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
54 Walter Bedell Smith Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing front, in uniform.jpg 13 Jan 1944  1 Jul 1951  7 (1895–1961) Promoted to general, 1 Jul 1951. U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1946–1949; U.S. Under Secretary of State, 1953–1954.
55 Richard K. Sutherland Richard K. Sutherland.jpg 20 Feb 1944 30 Nov 1946  3 (1893–1966) [11] Son of U.S. Senator Howard Sutherland.
56 John C. H. Lee John C. H. Lee.jpg 21 Feb 1944 31 Dec 1947  4 (1887–1958) [11]
57 Raymond A. Wheeler Raymond A. Wheeler.jpg 21 Feb 1944 28 Feb 1949  5 (1885–1974)
58 James H. Doolittle Lt. General James Doolittle, head and shoulders.jpg 13 Mar 1944 10 May 1946  2 (1896–1993) [23] [38] Promoted to general on the retired list, 4 Apr 1985. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1942; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1989.
59 Lewis H. Brereton General Brereton.jpg 28 Apr 1944  1 Sep 1948  4 (1890–1967) [23]
60 Barney M. Giles Lt Gen Barney M. Giles.jpg 28 Apr 1944 30 Jun 1946  2 (1892–1984) [11] [23]
61 Alexander M. Patch Alexander Patch portrait.jpg 7 Aug 1944 21 Nov 1945  1 (1889–1945) Promoted to general posthumously, 19 Jul 1954. Died in office.
62 Daniel I. Sultan Daniel Isom Sultan.jpg 2 Sep 1944 14 Jan 1947  2 (1885–1947) Died in office.
63 Thomas T. Handy Thomas Handy.jpg 2 Sep 1944 13 Mar 1945  1 (1892–1982) Promoted to general, 13 Mar 1945.
64 Lucian K. Truscott Jr. Lucian Truscott 8.jpg 2 Sep 1944 30 Sep 1947  3 (1895–1965) [11] Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
65 Wilhelm D. Styer Wilhelm D Styer.jpg 7 Nov 1944 29 Apr 1947  2 (1893–1975) [16] Son of Army brigadier general Henry D. Styer; brother of Navy rear admiral Charles W. Styer Sr.; brother-in-law of Navy rear admiral Adrian M. Hurst; great-grandson of Navy rear admiral Charles Wilkes.
66 Leonard T. Gerow Leonard T. Gerow.jpg 1 Jan 1945 31 Jul 1950  6 (1888–1972) Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954. Brother of Army brigadier general Lee S. Gerow.
67 Albert C. Wedemeyer Albert C. Wedemeyer.jpg 1 Jan 1945 31 Jul 1951  7 (1897–1989) Promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954. Special Representative of the President in China and Korea, 1947. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1985.
68 Harold L. George Harold L. George.jpg 16 Mar 1945 30 Dec 1946  2 (1893–1986) [20] [23]
69 John K. Cannon John K Cannon.jpg 17 Mar 1945 29 Oct 1951  7 (1892–1955) [23] Promoted to general, 29 Oct 1951.
70 Hoyt S. Vandenberg Hoyt Vandenberg, bw photo portrait, covered.jpg 17 Mar 1945  1 Oct 1947  3 (1899–1954) [23] Promoted to general, 1 Oct 1947. Director of Central Intelligence, 1946–1947. Nephew of U.S. Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg; son married daughter of Air Force four-star general Leon W. Johnson.
71 Edmund B. Gregory Edmund B Gregory.jpg 14 Apr 1945 30 Jun 1946  1 (1882–1961) [11]
72 Oscar W. Griswold Oscar Griswold.jpg 14 Apr 1945 31 Oct 1947  3 (1886–1959) [11]
73 Eugene Reybold Eugene Reybold.jpg 15 Apr 1945 30 Jan 1946  1 (1884–1961) [16]
74 Walton H. Walker Walton H. Walker (US Army General).jpg 15 Apr 1945 23 Dec 1950  6 (1889–1950) Promoted to general posthumously, 2 Jan 1951. Died in office.
75 Wade H. Haislip Wade Haislip.jpg 15 Apr 1945  1 Oct 1949  4 (1889–1971) Promoted to general, 1 Oct 1949. Governor, U.S. Soldiers' Home, 1951–1966.
76 Levin H. Campbell Jr. Levin Hicks Campbell.jpg 16 Apr 1945 30 May 1946  1 (1886–1976) [16]
77 J. Lawton Collins J-lawton-collins-1948.jpg 16 Apr 1945 24 Jan 1948  3 (1896–1987) Promoted to general, 24 Jan 1948. U.S. Special Representative to Vietnam, 1954–1955.
78 Geoffrey Keyes Geoffrey Keyes2.jpg 17 Apr 1945  1 Aug 1954  9 (1888–1967) [39]
79 Lucius D. Clay Lucius-d-clay-80-87.jpg 17 Apr 1945 28 Mar 1947  2 (1897–1978) Promoted to general, 28 Mar 1947. Special Representative of the President in Berlin, 1961–1962. Son of U.S. Senator Alexander S. Clay; father of Air Force four-star general Lucius D. Clay Jr.
80 George E. Stratemeyer LtGen George E. Stratemeyer.jpg 28 May 1945 31 Jan 1952  7 (1890–1969) [23]
81 Alvan C. Gillem Jr. Alvan C Gillem Jr.jpg 3 Jun 1945 31 Aug 1950  5 (1888–1973) Grandson of Union Army major general Alvan C. Gillem; father of Army lieutenant general Alvan C. Gillem II.
82 Willis D. Crittenberger Willis D. Crittenberger.JPG 3 Jun 1945 31 Dec 1952  8 (1890–1980) Chairman, Free Europe Committee, 1956–1959.
83 Charles P. Hall Charles P. Hall2.jpg 4 Jun 1945 31 Dec 1948  4 (1886–1953)
84 Matthew B. Ridgway Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway (2) (cropped).jpg 4 Jun 1945 11 May 1951  6 (1895–1993) Promoted to general, 11 May 1951. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1986; Congressional Gold Medal, 1990.
85 LeRoy Lutes LeRoy Lutes.jpg 5 Jun 1945 31 Jan 1952  7 (1890–1980)
86 Troy H. Middleton Middleton.Ardennes.NatArchives.jpg 5 Jun 1945 10 Aug 1945  0 (1889–1976) [40] President, Louisiana State University, 1951–1962.
87 Nathan F. Twining Lt Gen Nathan F. Twining.jpg 5 Jun 1945 10 Oct 1950  5 (1897–1982) [23] Promoted to general, 10 Oct 1950. Brother of Marine Corps four-star general Merrill B. Twining.
88 Ennis C. Whitehead Ennis Whitehead.jpg 5 Jun 1945 31 Jul 1951  6 (1895–1964) [23] Father of Army major general Ennis C. Whitehead Jr.; grandfather of Army brigadier general Ennis C. Whitehead III.
89 John R. Hodge John reed hodge.jpg 6 Jun 1945  5 Jul 1952  7 (1893–1963) Promoted to general, 5 Jul 1952.
90 John E. Hull 32-hull l.jpg 6 Jun 1945 30 Jul 1951  6 (1895–1975) Promoted to general, 30 Jul 1951.
91 Raymond S. McLain Raymondmclain.jpg 6 Jun 1945 30 Apr 1952  7 (1890–1954) [41]
92 Clarence R. Huebner Clarence huebner.jpg 17 Mar 1947 30 Nov 1950  4 (1888–1972)
93 Manton S. Eddy Menton S. Eddy.jpg 24 Jan 1948 31 Mar 1953  5 (1892–1962)
94 Stephen J. Chamberlin Stephen J. Chamberlin.jpg 24 Jan 1948 31 Dec 1951  4 (1889–1971)
95 Henry S. Aurand Henry S. Aurand.jpg 24 Jan 1948 31 Aug 1952  5 (1894–1980) Father of Navy vice admiral Evan P. Aurand.
96 Willard S. Paul Willard S. Paul.JPG 24 Jan 1948 31 Dec 1948  1 (1894–1966) President, Gettysburg College, 1956–1961.
97 Leslie R. Groves LTG Leslie R. Groves (cropped).jpg 24 Jan 1948 29 Feb 1948  0 (1896–1970) [42]
98 James A. Van Fleet James A. Van Fleet.jpg 19 Feb 1948 31 Jul 1951  3 
  • Director, Joint U.S. Military Advisory and Planning Group in Greece, 1948–1950.
  • Commanding General, Second Army, 1950–1951.
  • Commanding General, Eighth Army, 1951–1953.
(1892–1992) Promoted to general, 31 Jul 1951. Special Representative of the President in the Far East, 1954.
99 Edward H. Brooks LTG (USA) Edward H. Brooks, final formal military portrait.jpg 18 Mar 1949 30 Apr 1953  4 (1893–1978)
100 Thomas B. Larkin Thomas B. Larkin (US Army general).jpg 21 Mar 1949 31 Dec 1952  4 (1890–1968)
101 Harold R. Bull Harold R Bull.jpg 25 Jul 1949 31 Jul 1952  3 (1893–1976)
102 Alfred M. Gruenther Gen. Alfred M. Gruenther.jpg 30 Sep 1949  1 Aug 1951  2 (1899–1983) Promoted to general, 1 Aug 1951. President, American Red Cross, 1957–1964.
103 William H. H. Morris Jr. William H. H. Morris Jr.jpg 1 Oct 1949 31 Mar 1952  2 (1890–1971)
104 Stafford L. Irwin Stafford LeRoy Irwin.jpg 15 Oct 1950 31 May 1952  2 (1893–1955) Son of Army major general George LeRoy Irwin.
105 Frank W. Milburn Frank W Milburn.jpg 8 Feb 1951 30 Apr 1952  1 (1892–1962)
106 Joseph M. Swing LTG Joseph M. Swing (cropped).jpg 9 Feb 1951 28 Feb 1954  3 (1894–1984) Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, 1954–1962.
107 John W. Leonard John W. Leonard2.jpg 10 Feb 1951 31 Jan 1952  1 (1890–1974)
108 John B. Coulter John B Coulter.jpg 11 Feb 1951 31 Jan 1952  1 (1891–1983) Agent-General, United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency, 1953–1958.
109 Edward M. Almond Edward Almond.jpg 12 Feb 1951 31 Jan 1953  2 (1892–1979)
110 Charles L. Bolte Charles L. Bolte.jpg 13 Feb 1951 30 Jul 1953  2 (1895–1989) Promoted to general, 30 Jul 1953.
111 William M. Hoge William Hoge.jpg 31 May 1951 23 Oct 1953  2 (1894–1979) Promoted to general, 23 Oct 1953.
112 Doyle O. Hickey Doyle O. Hickey (US Army brigadier general).jpg 1 Jun 1951 31 Jul 1953  2 (1891–1961)
113 Maxwell D. Taylor Maxwell-d-taylor.58-520.jpg 29 Jul 1951 23 Jun 1953  2 (1901–1987) Promoted to general, 23 Jun 1953. U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, 1964–1965; President, Institute for Defense Analyses, 1966–1969.
114 Andrew D. Bruce A.D. Bruce in uniform.jpg 30 Jul 1951 31 Aug 1954  3 (1894–1969) President, University of Houston, 1954–1956.
115 Lewis A. Pick Lewis A Pick.jpg 31 Jul 1951 30 Nov 1952  1 (1890–1956)
116 Anthony C. McAuliffe LTG Anthony C. McAuliffe (cropped).jpg 1 Aug 1951  1 Mar 1955  4 (1898–1975) Promoted to general, 1 Mar 1955.
117 John W. O'Daniel John W. O'Daniel.jpg 20 Dec 1951 29 Feb 1956  4 (1894–1975) [43]
118 Horace L. McBride Horace L. McBride.jpg 29 Apr 1952 30 Jun 1954  2 (1894–1962)
119 Willard G. Wyman Wyman Willard G (cropped).jpg 8 Jun 1952  1 Mar 1956  4 (1898–1969) Promoted to general, 1 Mar 1956.
120 Williston B. Palmer Williston B. Palmer.jpg 9 Jun 1952  1 May 1955  3 (1899–1973) Promoted to general, 1 May 1955. Brother of Army four-star general Charles D. Palmer.
121 George H. Decker Decker.jpg 10 Jun 1952 31 May 1956  4 (1902–1980) Promoted to general, 31 May 1956.
122 John T. Lewis John T. Lewis.jpg 4 Jul 1952 30 Sep 1954  2 (1894–1983)
123 George P. Hays Lt. Gen. George P. Hays.jpg 5 Jul 1952 30 Apr 1953  1 (1892–1978) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1919.
124 Daniel Noce Lt. Gen. Daniel Noce.jpg 29 Jul 1952 31 Oct 1954  2 (1894–1976)
125 Alexander R. Bolling Alexander R Bolling.jpg 30 Jul 1952 31 Jul 1955  3 (1895–1964) Father of Army major Alexander R. Bolling Jr.; father-in-law of Army major general Roderick Wetherill Sr.
126 William B. Kean William B Kean.JPG 31 Jul 1952 30 Sep 1954  2 (1897–1981) Executive Director, Chicago Housing Authority, 1954–1957.
127 Lyman L. Lemnitzer Lyman Lemnitzer.JPG 1 Aug 1952 25 Mar 1955  3 (1899–1988) Promoted to general, 25 Mar 1955. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1987.
128 William K. Harrison Jr. William Kelly Harrison Jr.jpg 5 Sep 1952 28 Feb 1957  4 (1895–1987)
129 Paul W. Kendall Paul W. Kendal.jpg 16 Sep 1952 31 Aug 1955  3 (1898–1983)
130 Reuben E. Jenkins Reuben Ellis Jenkins (cropped).jpg 6 Nov 1952 28 Feb 1954  1 
  • Commanding General, IX Corps, 1952–1953.
  • Commanding General, X Corps, 1953.
(1896–1975)
131 Isaac D. White Isaac D. White.JPG 7 Nov 1952 22 Jun 1955  3 (1901–1990) Promoted to general, 22 Jun 1955.
132 Withers A. Burress General Withers A Burress 1944.jpg 1 Jan 1953 30 Nov 1954  2 (1894–1977) Commandant, Virginia Military Institute, 1935–1940.
133 Ralph J. Canine Ralph Canine, official military portrait.jpg 16 Mar 1953 30 Apr 1957  4 (1895–1969)
134 John E. Dahlquist John E Dahlquist.jpg 1 May 1953 18 Aug 1954  1 (1896–1975) Promoted to general, 18 Aug 1954.
135 William H. Arnold William Henry Arnold.jpg 22 Jun 1953 31 Jan 1961  8 (1901–1976)
136 Bruce C. Clarke Bruce C Clarke.jpg 23 Jun 1953  1 Aug 1958  5 (1901–1988) Promoted to general, 1 Aug 1958.
137 Cortlandt V. R. Schuyler Cortlandt V R Schuyler.jpg 3 Jul 1953 18 May 1956  3 (1900–1993) Promoted to general, 18 May 1956. Commissioner, New York State Office of General Services, 1960–1971.
138 Floyd L. Parks 33-parks m.jpg 13 Oct 1953 29 Feb 1956  2 (1896–1959)
139 Walter L. Weible Walter Leo Weible.jpg 23 Oct 1953 31 Jan 1957  3 (1896–1980)
140 Thomas F. Hickey T.f. hickey.jpg 25 Jan 1954  Sep 1961  7 (1898–1983) [44]
141 Blackshear M. Bryan Blackshear M Bryan.jpg 26 Jan 1954  1 Mar 1960  6 (1900–1977) President, Nassau Community College, 1960–1965.
142 Carter B. Magruder Carter B. Magruder.jpg 6 Apr 1954  1 Jul 1959  5 (1900–1988) Promoted to general, 1 Jul 1959.
143 Lemuel Mathewson Lemuel Mathewson.jpg 7 Apr 1954  1 Jul 1961  6 (1899–1970) [45]
144 Henry I. Hodes Henry I. Hodes.jpg 16 Aug 1954  1 Jun 1956  2 (1899–1962) Promoted to general, 1 Jun 1956.
145 John H. Collier Lt. Gen. John H. Collier.jpg 17 Aug 1954  1 Oct 1958  4 (1898–1980)
146 Charles E. Hart Don Edwards with Lt General Hart in 1960 (cropped).jpg 18 Aug 1954  1 Aug 1960  6 (1900–1991)
147 Hobart R. Gay Hobart Gay.gif 30 Sep 1954 31 Aug 1955  1 (1894–1983) Superintendent, New Mexico Military Institute, 1955–1963.
148 Stanley R. Mickelsen Lt. Gen. Stanley R. Mickelsen.jpg 1 Oct 1954 31 Oct 1957  3 (1895–1966)
149 Thomas W. Herren General Thomas Herren 1954.jpg 9 Dec 1954 31 Jul 1957  3 (1895–1985)
150 Claude B. Ferenbaugh Claude B. Ferenbaugh.jpg 10 Dec 1954 30 Sep 1955  1 (1899–1975)
151 Laurin L. Williams Laurin L. Williams.jpg 1 Mar 1955 30 Jun 1957  2 (1895–1975)
152 James M. Gavin JamesMGavin(LTG).jpeg 25 Mar 1955 31 Mar 1958  3 (1907–1990) U.S. Ambassador to France, 1961–1962.
153 Robert N. Young Robert N. Young 5.JPG 29 Jun 1955 30 Sep 1957  2 (1900–1964)
154 Robert M. Montague Robert Miller Montague.jpg 13 Jul 1955 20 Feb 1958  3 (1899–1958) Died in office.
155 George W. Read Jr. George Windle Read, Jr. 1958.jpg 14 Jul 1955  1 Aug 1960  5 (1900–1974) Son of Army major general George W. Read; grandson of Army lieutenant general Samuel B. M. Young.
156 Samuel D. Sturgis III Sturgis SD LtGen.jpg 23 Jul 1955 30 Sep 1956  1 (1897–1964) Son of Army major general Samuel D. Sturgis Jr.; grandson of Union Army major general Samuel D. Sturgis.
157 Clovis E. Byers Clovis Byers.jpg 8 Aug 1955  1 Jun 1959  4 (1899–1973)
158 Charles D. Palmer Lt Gen Charles Day Palmer.jpg 19 Aug 1955  1 Oct 1959  4 (1902–1999) Promoted to general, 1 Oct 1959. Brother of Army four-star general Williston B. Palmer.
159 Samuel T. Williams Samuel Tankersley William.jpg 15 Sep 1955  1 Sep 1960  5 (1897–1984)
160 Clyde D. Eddleman Clyde Davis Eddleman.jpg 10 Oct 1955  1 Apr 1959  3 (1902–1992) Promoted to general, 1 Apr 1959.
161 Alonzo P. Fox Alonzo P. Fox 3.jpg 12 Nov 1955 31 May 1959  4 (1895–1984) [46] Daughter married Army four-star general Alexander M. Haig Jr.
162 James E. Moore James Edward Moore.JPG 17 Feb 1956 21 Apr 1960  4 (1902–1986) Promoted to general, 21 Apr 1960.
163 Edward T. Williams Edward T. Williams.jpg 1 Mar 1956 28 Feb 1961  5 (1901–1973)
164 Lewis B. Hershey Portrait of LTG Lewis B. Hershey.jpg 23 Jun 1956 23 Dec 1969 14 (1893–1977) [47] Promoted to general on the retired list, 23 Dec 1969.
165 Emerson L. Cummings Lt. Gen. Emerson L. Cummings (2) (cropped).jpg 18 Jul 1956 31 Mar 1962  6 (1902–1986)
166 Francis W. Farrell Francis William Farrell.jpg 19 Jul 1956  1 Jul 1960  4 (1900–1981) Director, New York State Civil Defense Commission, 1961–1963.
167 John F. Uncles John F Uncles World War 2 (cropped).jpg 20 Jul 1956  1 Sep 1958  2 (1898–1967) Daughter married Army major general Burnside E. Huffman.
168 Ridgely Gaither Ridgely Gaither as commander of the 11th Airborne Division in 1952.jpg 27 Jul 1956 30 Apr 1962  6 (1903–1992) Commissioner, Annapolis Police Department, 1966–1973.
* Hanford MacNider Hanford MacNider2.jpg 7 Aug 1956 (none) 0 
  • (none)
(1889–1968) U.S. Assistant Secretary of War, 1925–1928; U.S. Ambassador to Canada, 1930–1932.
169 Arthur G. Trudeau Arthur Trudeau.jpg 18 Oct 1956 30 Jun 1962  6 (1902–1991)
170 David A. D. Ogden David Ayres Depue Ogden.jpg 24 Mar 1957 31 Oct 1957  1 (1897–1969)
171 Donald P. Booth Donald Prentice Booth.JPG 21 Feb 1957 28 Feb 1962  5 (1902–1993)
172 Garrison H. Davidson Gen Garrison Davidson West Point Superintendent 1956 1960.jpg 25 Mar 1957 30 Apr 1964  7 (1904–1992)
173 William S. Lawton William Stevens Lawton.jpg 1 Jul 1957  1 Jun 1960  3 (1900–1993)
174 Robert M. Cannon Robert Milchrist Cannon.jpg 30 Jun 1957 31 Aug 1961  4 (1901–1976)
175 Paul D. Harkins Paul D. Harkins2.JPG 1 Jul 1957  2 Jan 1962  5 (1904–1987) Promoted to general, 2 Jan 1962.
176 Thomas J. H. Trapnell Thomas Trapnell.jpg 4 Feb 1958 31 Jul 1962  4 (1902–2002)
177 James F. Collins James F Collins.jpg 15 Mar 1958  1 Apr 1961  3 (1905–1989) Promoted to general, 1 Apr 1961. President, American Red Cross, 1964–1970.
178 Herbert B. Powell Herbert B Powell.jpg 8 Apr 1958  1 Oct 1960  2 (1903–1998) Promoted to general, 1 Oct 1960. U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand, 1963–1967.
179 Clark L. Ruffner Clark L Ruffner.jpg 1 May 1958  1 Mar 1960  2 (1903–1982) Promoted to general, 1 Mar 1960.
180 James D. O'Connell James Dunne O'Connell.jpg 11 Jul 1958  1 May 1959  1 (1899–1984) Special Assistant to the President for Telecommunications and Director of Telecommunications Management, Office of Emergency Planning, 1964–1969.
181 Thomas L. Harrold Thomas Leonard Harrold.jpg 1 Aug 1958 30 Jun 1961  3 (1902–1973)
182 Gordon B. Rogers Gordon B. Rogers (US Army lieutenant general).jpg 1 Sep 1958 31 Aug 1961  3 (1901–1967)
183 Guy S. Meloy Jr. Guy S Meloy Jr.jpg 1 Oct 1958  1 Jul 1961  3 (1903–1968) Promoted to general, 1 Jul 1961. Father of Army major general Guy S. Meloy III.
184 Paul D. Adams Paul D. Adams portrait.jpg 1 Apr 1959  3 Oct 1961  3 (1906–1987) Promoted to general, 3 Oct 1961.
185 Robert W. Colglazier Jr. Robert Wesley Colglazier (cropped).jpg 17 Jul 1959  1 Feb 1966  7 (1904–1993) [48]
186 Emerson C. Itschner Emerson C Itschner.jpg 6 Sep 1959 31 Aug 1961  2 (1903–1991)
187 John H. Hinrichs John Honeycutt Hinrichs.jpg 7 Sep 1959 31 May 1962  3 (1904–1990) Resigned, 1962.
188 Robert F. Sink Lieutenant General Robert F Sink506e.png 8 Sep 1959  1 Feb 1961  1 (1905–1965)
189 Leonard D. Heaton Leonard Dudley Heaton.jpg 9 Sep 1959  1 Sep 1969 10 (1902–1983)
190 John C. Oakes Lt. Gen. John C. Oakes.jpg 1 Nov 1959 31 Dec 1963  3 (1906–1982) Grandson of U.S. Representative Robert B. Hawley.

Timeline

An officer held the active-duty grade of lieutenant general (Lt.gen.) in the U.S. Army until his death; retirement; resignation; reversion to lower permanent grade upon vacating a position carrying the ex officio rank; promotion to a higher grade such as general (Gen.) or general of the Army (Gen.Army); or transfer to the U.S. Air Force (USAF). A brevet lieutenant general (Bvt.lt.gen.) remained in the grade of major general. Grades in the Continental Army (CA) did not continue with the U.S. Army.

George WashingtonList of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960
Robert Lee BullardHunter LiggettArthur MacArthur, Jr.Henry Clarke CorbinJohn C. BatesAdna R. ChaffeeSamuel Baldwin Marks YoungNelson A. MilesJohn McAllister SchofieldPhilip H. SheridanWilliam T. ShermanUlysses S. GrantWinfield ScottList of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960
John Cogswell OakesLeonard D. HeatonRobert SinkJohn Honeycutt HinrichsEmerson C. ItschnerRobert Wesley Colglazier, Jr.Paul D. AdamsGuy S. Meloy, Jr.Gordon Byrom RogersThomas Leonard HarroldJames Dunne O'ConnellClark L. RuffnerHerbert B. PowellJames F. CollinsThomas J. H. TrapnellPaul D. HarkinsRobert Milchrist CannonWilliam Stevens LawtonGarrison H. DavidsonDonald Prentice BoothDavid Ayres Depue OgdenArthur TrudeauRidgely GaitherJohn Francis UnclesFrancis William FarrellEmerson LeRoy CummingsLewis B. HersheyEdward Thomas WilliamsJames Edward MooreAlonzo Patrick FoxClyde D. EddlemanSamuel Tankersley WilliamsCharles D. PalmerClovis E. ByersSamuel Davis Sturgis, Jr.George Windle Read, Jr.Robert Miller MontagueRobert Nicholas YoungJames M. GavinLaurin Lyman WilliamsClaude Birkett FerenbaughThomas W. HerrenStanley R. MickelsenHobart R. GayCharles E. HartJohn Howell CollierHenry I. HodesLemuel MathewsonCarter B. MagruderBlackshear M. BryanThomas Francis Hickey (general)Walter Leo WeibleFloyd Lavinius ParksCortlandt V. R. SchuylerBruce C. ClarkeWilliam Howard Arnold (general)John E. DahlquistRalph CanineWithers A. BurressIsaac D. WhiteReuben Ellis JenkinsPaul Wilkins KendallWilliam Kelly Harrison Jr.Lyman L. LemnitzerWilliam Benjamin KeanAlexander Russell BollingDaniel NoceGeorge Price HaysJohn Taylor LewisGeorge H. DeckerWilliston B. PalmerWillard G. WymanHorace L. McBrideJohn W. O'DanielAnthony C. McAuliffeLewis A. PickA. D. BruceMaxwell Davenport TaylorDoyle Overton HickeyWilliam M. HogeCharles L. BolteEdward AlmondJohn Breitling CoulterJohn William LeonardJoseph May SwingFrank W. MilburnStafford LeRoy IrwinWilliam Henry Harrison Morris, Jr.Alfred GruentherHarold R. BullThomas B. LarkinEdward H. BrooksJames A. Van FleetLeslie R. GrovesWillard Stewart PaulHenry AurandStephen Jones ChamberlinManton S. EddyClarence R. HuebnerRaymond S. McLainJohn E. HullJohn R. HodgeEnnis WhiteheadNathan Farragut TwiningTroy H. MiddletonLeroy LutesMatthew RidgwayCharles P. HallWillis D. CrittenbergerAlvan Cullom Gillem, Jr.George E. StratemeyerLucius D. ClayGeoffrey KeyesJ. Lawton CollinsLevin H. Campbell, Jr.Wade H. HaislipWalton WalkerEugene ReyboldOscar GriswoldEdmund B. GregoryHoyt VandenbergJohn K. CannonHarold L. GeorgeAlbert Coady WedemeyerLeonard T. GerowWilhelm D. StyerLucian TruscottThomas T. HandyDaniel Isom SultanAlexander M. PatchBarney M. GilesLewis H. BreretonJimmy DoolittleRaymond Albert WheelerJohn C. H. LeeRichard K. SutherlandWalter Bedell SmithWilliam Hood SimpsonGeorge GrunertIra C. EakerBarton K. YountOmar BradleyLloyd FredendallRobert C. Richardson, Jr.Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.Carl SpaatzGeorge S. PattonCourtney HodgesMillard HarmonMark Wayne ClarkGeorge KenneyRobert L. EichelbergerJacob L. DeversDwight D. EisenhowerJoseph T. McNarneyJonathan Mayhew Wainwright IVBrehon B. SomervellJoseph StilwellWilliam S. KnudsenGeorge H. BrettHenry H. ArnoldFrank Maxwell AndrewsDouglas MacArthurLesley J. McNairWalter KruegerWalter C. ShortDelos C. EmmonsBen LearHerbert J. BreesDaniel Van VoorhisCharles D. HerronJohn L. DeWittAlbert Jesse Bowley, Sr.Stanley Dunbar EmbickStanley H. FordHugh Aloysius DrumList of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960

History

Quasi-War

George Washington Portrait of George Washington-transparent.png
George Washington

The rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army was established in 1798 when President John Adams commissioned George Washington in that grade to command the armies of the United States during the Quasi-War with France. The next year, Congress replaced the office of lieutenant general with that of General of the Armies of the United States but Washington died before accepting the new commission, remaining a lieutenant general until posthumously promoted to General of the Armies in 1976. [49]

Mexican War

Winfield Scott Winfield Scott.jpg
Winfield Scott

In 1855 Congress rewarded the Mexican War service of Major General Winfield Scott by authorizing his promotion to brevet lieutenant general, to rank from March 29, 1847, the date of the Mexican surrender at the Siege of Veracruz. [50] As a lieutenant general only by brevet, Scott remained in the permanent grade of major general but was entitled to be paid as a lieutenant general from the date of his brevet commission, resulting in a public tussle with Secretary of War Jefferson Davis over the amount of backpay Scott was owed. Congress resolved all issues in Scott's favor once Davis left office in 1857, and allowed Scott to retire at full pay in 1861. [51]

Civil War

John M. Schofield John McAllister Schofield.jpg
John M. Schofield

The grade of lieutenant general was revived in February 1864 to allow President Abraham Lincoln to promote Major General Ulysses S. Grant to command the armies of the United States during the American Civil War. After the war, Grant was promoted to general and his vacant lieutenant general grade was filled by Major General William T. Sherman. When Grant became President in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as general and Major General Philip H. Sheridan succeeded Sherman as lieutenant general. Congress suspended further promotions to general and lieutenant general in 1870, but made an exception in 1888 to promote Sheridan on his deathbed by discontinuing the grade of lieutenant general and merging it with the grade of general. [52]

In 1895 Congress briefly revived the grade of lieutenant general to promote Sheridan's successor as commanding general of the Army, Major General John M. Schofield. Schofield had lobbied for the grade to be permanently reestablished in order to cement the primacy of all future commanding generals over the Army's other major generals. However, Congress regarded the lieutenant generalcy as the penultimate military accolade, second only to promotion to full general, and refused to devalue the title's significance by conferring it on any future commanding general less eminent than previous recipients. Instead, Schofield himself was promoted to lieutenant general as a one-time personal honor eight months before he retired. [53] In retirement Schofield argued that the rank of lieutenant general ought to be permanently associated with the office of commanding general, not the individual officers occupying it, and that an officer serving as commanding general should hold the ex officio rank of lieutenant general while so detailed but revert to his permanent grade of major general upon leaving office. Over the next five decades, Schofield's concept of lieutenant general as temporary ex officio rank would slowly prevail over the concept of lieutenant general as permanent personal grade. [54]

Spanish–American War

Henry C. Corbin Henry C Corbin.jpg
Henry C. Corbin

The question of whether the lieutenant generalcy should be a permanent personal grade or a temporary ex officio rank was phrased in terms of the line of the Army, whose officers commanded combat formations, and its staff, whose officers performed specialized support functions. Permanent personal promotions to general officer grades were only available in the line, but staff officers could temporarily acquire general officer rank while detailed to an office bearing that statutory rank, so officers holding the permanent grade of general officer were called general officers of the line and ex officio general officers were called general officers of the staff. [3]

Arthur MacArthur Jr. Arthur MacArthur Jr.jpg
Arthur MacArthur Jr.

In June 1900 Schofield's successor as commanding general, Major General Nelson A. Miles, was made a lieutenant general of the staff by an amendment to the United States Military Academy appropriations bill that granted the rank of lieutenant general to the senior major general of the line commanding the Army. [55] Eight months later, the 1901 Army reorganization bill replaced this ex officio rank with the permanent grade of lieutenant general of the line. [56] When Miles retired in 1903, the senior major general was Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin, but as a staff corps officer Corbin was ineligible to command the Army, so the lieutenant generalcy went instead to the senior major general of the line, Samuel B. M. Young. Young reached the statutory retirement age five months later and was succeeded by Adna R. Chaffee. Seniority and scheduled retirements suggested that Chaffee would be succeeded in 1906 by Arthur MacArthur Jr., but both Corbin and Major General John C. Bates were scheduled to retire for age that year and it was decided that MacArthur's ascension would not be materially delayed by first promoting Bates and Corbin to lieutenant general for the few months of active duty remaining to them. [57]

Corbin's promotion became controversial when he declined to be detailed as chief of staff of the Army. Corbin felt the chief of staff should be a younger officer with the time and energy to enact a long-range program, not a superannuated placeholder on the cusp of retirement, so when Bates retired Corbin became lieutenant general but Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell became chief of staff. [58] However, by divorcing the Army's highest grade from its highest office, Corbin had again reduced the lieutenant generalcy to a personal honor. Many in Congress believed Corbin was not in the same class as Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and pressed to abolish the lieutenant generalcy immediately, but after a heated debate MacArthur's supporters managed to preserve the grade until after MacArthur's promotion. [59]

MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1906. Since he was the last Civil War officer expected to succeed to the grade, Congress stopped further promotions to lieutenant general in March 1907 and stated that the active-duty grade would be abolished when MacArthur retired. [60] Later that month, MacArthur asked to be relieved of his duties, disgruntled at his anomalous position of being the ranking officer of the Army yet consigned to the command of a mere division and subject to orders from an officer he outranked, Chief of Staff Bell, whose four-year term extended beyond MacArthur's statutory retirement date. MacArthur returned home to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he marked time writing up travel reports until he retired in 1909. [61]

World War I

Hunter Liggett Hunter Liggett.jpg
Hunter Liggett

In October 1917, Congress authorized the President to appoint as generals the chief of staff of the Army and the commander of the United States forces in France, and as lieutenant generals the commanders of the field armies and army corps, so that they would not be outranked by their counterparts in allied European armies. Unlike previous incarnations, these new grades were time-limited, authorized only for the duration of the World War I emergency, after which their bearers would revert to their lower permanent grades. The commander of the American Expeditionary Force, Major General John J. Pershing, was immediately appointed emergency general, as were two successive Army chiefs of staff, but no emergency lieutenant generals were named for over a year because the armies they would command had not yet been organized. [62]

On October 21, 1918, Major Generals Hunter Liggett, commander of the First Army, and Robert L. Bullard, commander of the Second Army, were nominated to be emergency lieutenant generals, less than three weeks before the Armistice. [63] With victory imminent, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker sought legislation to reward the Army's high commanders by making their emergency grades permanent. However, Army Chief of Staff Peyton C. March had alienated many members of Congress by unilaterally reorganizing the Army without their input and his enemies blocked every effort to honor any officer but Pershing with higher rank. In the end, Pershing was promoted to permanent General of the Armies, but March, Liggett, and Bullard reverted to their permanent grades of major general when their emergency grades expired on July 1, 1920. [64]

Edgar Jadwin USACE Edgar Jadwin.jpg
Edgar Jadwin

After the war, there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to retire as lieutenant generals a list of officers that variously included Major Generals March, Liggett, Bullard, Enoch H. Crowder, Joseph T. Dickman, Leonard Wood, John F. Morrison, James G. Harbord, James W. McAndrew, Henry P. McCain, Charles P. Summerall, Ernest Hinds, Harry F. Hodges, William Campbell Langfitt, and George W. Goethals; Surgeon General Merritte W. Ireland; and Colonel William L. Kenly. [65] Finally, on August 7, 1929, the Army chief of engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, was retired as a lieutenant general by a 1915 law that automatically promoted officers one grade upon retirement if they had helped build the Panama Canal. [66] There was some consternation that a peacetime staff corps officer had secured more or less by chance a promotion deliberately withheld from the victorious field commanders of World War I, so the year after Jadwin's promotion all World War I officers were advanced to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list, including Liggett and Bullard. [67]

In 1942, Congress allowed retired Army generals to be advanced one grade on the retired list or posthumously if they had been recommended in writing during World War I for promotion to a higher rank which they had not since received, provided they had also been awarded the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, or the Distinguished Service Medal; retired Major Generals James G. Harbord and William M. Wright were both advanced to lieutenant general under this provision. [68]

Interwar

Walter C. Short Walter-short l.jpg
Walter C. Short

After Pershing retired in 1924, the rank of the Army chief of staff reverted to major general, the highest permanent grade in the peacetime Army. However, the Navy continued to maintain three ex officio vice admirals and four ex officio admirals, including the chief of naval operations, so in 1929 Congress raised the ex officio rank of the Army chief of staff to full general. [69] In 1939 Congress also assigned the ex officio rank of lieutenant general to the major generals of the Regular Army specifically assigned to command each of the four field armies, allowing President Franklin D. Roosevelt to appoint the first new active-duty lieutenant generals since World War I: First Army commander Hugh A. Drum, Second Army commander Stanley H. Ford, Third Army commander Stanley D. Embick, and Fourth Army commander Albert J. Bowley. Congress extended similar rank in July 1940 to the major generals commanding the Panama Canal and Hawaiian Departments. [70]

As general officers of the staff, these new lieutenant generals bore three-star rank only while actually commanding a field army or department, and reverted to their permanent two-star rank upon being reassigned or retired. However, during World War II most lieutenant generals of the staff received concurrent personal appointments as temporary lieutenant generals in the Army of the United States so that they could be reassigned without loss of rank. Postwar legislation allowed officers to retire in their highest temporary grades, so most lieutenant generals of the staff eventually retired at that rank. [71] Of the lieutenant generals of the staff who were never appointed temporary lieutenant generals, Albert J. Bowley, Stanley H. Ford, Charles D. Herron, Daniel Van Voorhis, Herbert J. Brees, and Walter C. Short retired as major generals upon reaching the statutory retirement age; and Lloyd R. Fredendall qualified to retire in grade due to physical disability incurred during his term as lieutenant general. After the war, Brees and Short both applied to be advanced to lieutenant general on the retired list under a 1948 law; Brees was promoted but the administration specifically declined to advance Short, who had been relieved of command of the Hawaiian Department a few days after the defeat at Pearl Harbor. [72]

World War II

Delos C. Emmons Lieutenant General Delos C Emmons.jpg
Delos C. Emmons

In September 1940, Congress authorized the President to appoint Regular Army officers to temporary higher grades in the Army of the United States during time of war or national emergency. The first temporary lieutenant general appointed under this authority was Major General Delos C. Emmons, Commander, General Headquarters Air Force; followed by Major General Lesley J. McNair, Chief of Staff, General Headquarters, U.S. Army. In July 1941, retired four-star general Douglas MacArthur was recalled to active duty and appointed temporary lieutenant general as Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. [73]

Dozens of officers were promoted to temporary lieutenant general during World War II. Lieutenant generals typically commanded one of the numbered field armies or air forces; served as deputy theater commanders; or headed major headquarters staffs, administrative commands, or support organizations. Officers were only allowed to retire in their temporary grades if they were retired due to disability incurred in the line of duty, but those compelled by good health to retire in a lower grade were eventually restored to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list. [74]

Subject to Senate approval, anyone could be appointed temporary lieutenant general, even a civilian. In January 1942, the outgoing Director General of the Office of Production Management, William S. Knudsen, was commissioned temporary lieutenant general in the Army of the United States, the only civilian ever to join the Army at such a high initial rank. [75]

Postwar

John W. O'Daniel John W. O'Daniel.jpg
John W. O'Daniel

The modern office of lieutenant general was established by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which authorized the President to designate certain positions of importance and responsibility to carry the ex officio rank of general or lieutenant general, to be filled by officers holding the permanent or temporary grade of major general or higher. Officers could retire in their highest active-duty rank, subject to Senate approval. The total number of positions allowed to carry such rank was capped at 15 percent of the total number of general officers, which worked out initially to nine generals and thirty-five lieutenant generals, of whom four generals and seventeen lieutenant generals were required to be in the Air Corps. All Air Corps personnel were transferred in grade to the United States Air Force by the National Security Act of 1947. [76]

Lieutenant generals typically headed divisions of the General Staff in Washington, D.C.; field armies in Europe, Japan, and the continental United States; the Army command in the Pacific; the unified command in the Caribbean; the occupation force in Austria; and senior educational institutions such as the National War College, the Army War College, and the Armed Forces Staff College. During the Korean War, the commanding general of the Eighth Army was elevated to full general, and the Eighth Army deputy commanding general and subordinate corps commanders were elevated to lieutenant general.

By mid-1952, the number of active-duty general officers had swelled to nearly twice its World War II peak. In response, Congress enacted the Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954, which tied the maximum number of generals to the total number of officers. However, the real limit was the so-called Stennis ceiling imposed by Mississippi Senator John C. Stennis, whose Senate Armed Services Committee refused to confirm general or flag officer nominations beyond what he considered to be a reasonable total, which typically was much lower than the statutory limit. The Stennis ceiling remained in effect from the mid-1950s until the post-Vietnam War drawdown. [77]

Unlike the temporary general and flag officer ranks of World War II, the 1947 ranks were attached to offices, not individuals, and were lost if an officer was reassigned to a lesser job. [78] Army generals almost always preferred to retire rather than revert to a lower permanent grade. A rare exception was Lt. Gen. John W. O'Daniel, who temporarily relinquished his third star upon becoming chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group in French Indochina so that he would not outrank the theater commander in chief, French lieutenant general Henri Navarre. O'Daniel got his star back five months later when France withdrew from Indochina following Navarre's defeat at Dien Bien Phu. [79]

Legislative history

The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of lieutenant general in the United States Army before 1960. [80]

Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large, and a summary of the act's relevance.

LegislationCitationSummary
Act of May 28, 1798   1  Stat.   558 Authorized one grade of lieutenant general (George Washington).
Act of March 3, 1799   1  Stat.   752 Terminated grade of lieutenant general upon the appointment of a "general of the armies of the United States."
Joint Resolution No. 9 of February 15, 1855 10  Stat.   723 Authorized grade of lieutenant general to be specially conferred once by brevet to acknowledge eminent services of a major general of the Army during the Mexican War (Winfield Scott).
Act of August 3, 1861 12  Stat.   287 Authorized the brevet lieutenant general to retire for disability at full pay.
Act of February 29, 1864 13  Stat.   11 Authorized one grade of lieutenant general (Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan).
Act of July 15, 1870 16  Stat.   318 Terminated grade of lieutenant general at next vacancy.
Act of June 1, 1888 25  Stat.   165 Terminated grade of lieutenant general and merged with grade of general (Philip H. Sheridan).
Joint Resolution No. 9 of February 5, 1895 28  Stat.   968 Authorized grade of lieutenant general to be specially conferred once to acknowledge distinguished services of a major general of the Army (John M. Schofield).
Act of June 6, 1900 31  Stat.   655 Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to the senior major general of the line commanding the Army (Nelson A. Miles).
Act of February 2, 1901 31  Stat.   748 Authorized one grade of lieutenant general (Nelson A. Miles, Samuel B. M. Young, Adna R. Chaffee, Henry C. Corbin, John C. Bates, Arthur MacArthur Jr.).
Act of March 2, 1907 34  Stat.   1160 Terminated grade of lieutenant general at next vacancy, except on retired list.
Act of March 4, 1915  38  Stat.   1191 Authorized one-grade promotion upon retirement of any officer detailed for more than three years in Panama with the Isthmian Canal Commission, if not otherwise promoted by this Act (Edgar Jadwin).
Act of October 6, 1917 40  Stat.   410 Authorized emergency grade of lieutenant general for each commander of an army or army corps during the World War I emergency (Hunter Liggett, Robert L. Bullard).
Act of June 4, 1920 41  Stat.   760 Terminated all emergency grades.
Act of June 21, 1930 45  Stat.   793 Authorized promotion on the retired list to highest grade held during World War I (Hunter Liggett, Robert L. Bullard).
Act of August 5, 1939 53  Stat.   1214 Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to major generals commanding the four armies of the United States.
Act of July 31, 1940 54  Stat.   781 Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to major generals commanding the Panama Canal and Hawaiian Departments.
Act of September 22, 1941 55  Stat.   728 Authorized temporary general officer grades in the Army of the United States during the World War II emergency.
Act of July 9, 1942 56  Stat.   655 Authorized one-grade promotion on the retired list or posthumously of general officers who, for services rendered during World War I, were recommended in writing for promotion to increased rank not since received, and who also received the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, or Distinguished Service Medal (James G. Harbord, William M. Wright).
Act of June 29, 1943 57  Stat.   149
Act of July 26, 1947

[National Security Act of 1947]

 61  Stat.   503
  • Established U.S. Air Force.
  • Transferred to U.S. Air Force all personnel in Army Air Forces, Air Corps, and General Headquarters Air Force.
Act of August 7, 1947

[Officer Personnel Act of 1947]

 61  Stat.   886
  • Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to general officers serving in positions designated by the President to carry that rank.
  • Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to senior members of the Military and Naval Staff Committee of the United Nations.
  • Capped total positions with ex officio ranks above major general at 15 percent of the total number of active-duty general officers.
  • Capped total officers above grade of major general at 44, of whom not more than nine to be above grade of lieutenant general.
  • Capped total officers above grade of major general at 17 in the Air Corps and 27 not in the Air Corps.
  • Exempted from caps general officers serving as Chief of Staff to the President or specifically authorized by act of Congress to hold appointments to diplomatic or civil offices.
  • Authorized retirement in highest rank held on active duty.
  • Authorized promotion to general or lieutenant general on the retired list of Regular Army officers who served in those grades between December 7, 1941, and June 30, 1946 (John L. DeWitt, Brehon B. Somervell, Wilhelm D. Styer, Eugene Reybold, Levin H. Campbell Jr., Troy H. Middleton).
Act of June 24, 1948

[Private Law 80-394-A]

 62  Stat.   1393 Authorized promotion of Leslie R. Groves to lieutenant general on the retired list, with retired pay of a major general and honorary date of rank as lieutenant general from July 16, 1945.
Act of June 29, 1948

[Army and Air Force Vitalization and Retirement Equalization Act of 1948]

 62  Stat.   1085 Authorized promotion on the retired list of Regular Army and Regular Air Force officers to the highest temporary grades in which they served satisfactorily for at least six months between September 6, 1940, and June 30, 1946 (Herbert J. Brees, George H. Brett, Ira C. Eaker, Harold L. George).
Act of October 12, 1949

[Career Compensation Act of 1949]

 63  Stat.   806 Established pay grade O-8 for general, lieutenant general, and major general.
Joint Resolution of January 2, 1951

[Private Law 81-1083]

 64  Stat.   A271 Authorized posthumous promotion of Walton H. Walker to general.
Act of May 5, 1954

[Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954]

 68  Stat.   65
  • Capped total number of general officers as a function of total commissioned officer strength.
  • Capped total officers above grade of brigadier general at 50 percent of all general officers.
Act of July 19, 1954 68  Stat.   492 Authorized promotion to general on the retired list or posthumously of any officer who, while a lieutenant general, was:
Act of August 7, 1956

[Private Law 84-892]

 70  Stat.   A201 Authorized promotion of Hanford MacNider to lieutenant general on the retired list.
Act of May 20, 1958 72  Stat.   124 Established pay grade O-9 for lieutenant general.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part One.
  2. ↑ U.S. Army Register, 1960; Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Parts One and Four.
  3. 1 2 3 For statutory definitions of "general officer of the line" and "general officer of the staff," see Sec. 4, Act of June 3, 1916.
  4. ↑ The list of lieutenant generals is taken from the 1947 World Almanac, pp. 809–810; the Army Almanac, pp. 330–331; and the Army Register.
  5. 1 2 Dates of rank are taken from the Army Register.
  6. 1 2 Dates vacated are taken from the Army Register. An officer could vacate the active-duty rank of lieutenant general via death, retirement, resignation, promotion to a higher permanent grade, or reversion to a lower permanent grade upon relinquishing an office bearing the statutory rank of lieutenant general.
  7. 1 2 The number of years on active duty as lieutenant general is taken to be the difference between the officer's date of rank and the date on which his active duty commission as lieutenant general was vacated, rounded to the nearest whole year.
  8. 1 2 Biographical notes include years of birth and death; dates of promotion to higher permanent grade; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with significant military officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and other unusual career events such as death in office or resignation. Dates are taken from Heitman, the Army Register, Eicher and Eicher, or Marquis Who's Who.
  9. ↑ Senior major general of the line commanding the Army with rank of lieutenant general, 6 Jun 1900 – 1 Feb 1901; promoted to lieutenant general, 2 Feb 1901.
  10. 1 2 Emergency lieutenant general, 16 Oct 1918 – 30 Jun 1920. Retired as major general; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 21 Jun 1930.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Retired as lieutenant general for disability in line of duty.
  12. ↑ Commanding General, First Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 5 Aug 1939 – 7 Oct 1943.
  13. ↑ Commanding General, Second Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 5 Aug 1939 – 30 Sep 1940. Retired as major general, 31 Jan 1941.
  14. ↑ Commanding General, Third Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 5 Aug 1939 – 30 Sep 1940. Retired as major general, 31 Jan 1941; recalled as major general, 1 Feb 1941; appointed temporary lieutenant general, 7 Jan 1942 – 27 Jun 1946; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 15 Feb 1946.
  15. ↑ Commanding General, Fourth Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 5 Aug 1939 – 30 Nov 1939. Retired as major general, 30 Nov 1939.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Retired as major general; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 4 Jun 1948.
  17. ↑ Commanding General, Fourth Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 5 Dec 1939 – 15 Sep 1943. Retired as major general, 31 Jan 1944; recalled as lieutenant general, 1 Feb 1944 – 10 Jun 1947; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 4 Jun 1948; promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
  18. ↑ Commanding General, Hawaiian Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 31 Jul 1940 – 7 Feb 1941. Retired as major general, 31 Mar 1941.
  19. ↑ Commanding General, Panama Canal Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 31 Jul 1940 – 18 Sep 1941. Retired as major general, 31 Oct 1942.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Retired as major general; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 29 Jun 1948.
  21. ↑ Commanding General, Third Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 1 Oct 1940 – 15 May 1941. Retired as major general, 30 Jun 1941; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 29 Jun 1948.
  22. ↑ Commanding General, Second Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 1 Oct 1940 – 30 May 1943. Appointed temporary lieutenant general, 1 Oct 1940; retired as major general, 31 May 1943; recalled as lieutenant general, 1 Jun 1943 – 31 Dec 1945; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 29 Jun 1943; promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Transferred to United States Air Force, 26 Sep 1947.
  24. ↑ Commanding General, Hawaiian Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 17 Dec 1941–1 Jun 1943.
  25. ↑ Commanding General, Hawaiian Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 8 Feb 1941 – 16 Dec 1941. Retired as major general, 28 Feb 1942; recalled as major general, 3 Oct 1945 – 28 Feb 1946.
  26. ↑ Commanding General, Third Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 16 May 1941 – 15 Feb 1943. Appointed temporary lieutenant general, 16 May 1941; retired as major general, 31 Jan 1945; recalled as temporary lieutenant general, 1 Feb 1945; promoted to temporary general, 5 Mar 1945 – 20 Jul 1946; promoted to general on the retired list, 12 Jul 1946.
  27. ↑ Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, with rank of general, 21 Nov 1930 – 1 Oct 1935; retired as general, 31 Dec 1937; recalled as major general, 26 Jul 1941; promoted to temporary lieutenant general, 27 Jul 1941; promoted to temporary general, 18 Dec 1941, to rank from 16 Sep 1936; promoted to temporary general of the Army, 18 Dec 1944; promoted to general of the Army, 11 Apr 1946; restored to active list, 9 Jul 1948.
  28. ↑ Commanding General, Panama Canal Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 19 Sep 1941 – 9 Nov 1942.
  29. ↑ Chief of Air Corps with rank of major general, 31 May 1941 – 30 Apr 1945; promoted to temporary lieutenant general, 7 Jan 1942; retired as major general, 30 Apr 1945; recalled as lieutenant general, 1 May 1945 – 10 May 1946; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 29 Jun 1948.
  30. ↑ Directly commissioned as lieutenant general, largest known promotion in U.S. military history.
  31. ↑ Retired as major general, 30 Apr 1946; promoted to general on the retired list, 4 Jun 1948.
  32. ↑ Commanding General, Third Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 16 Feb 1943–26 Mar 1944.
  33. ↑ Commanding General, Hawaiian Department, with rank of lieutenant general, 1 Jun 1943 – 16 Mar 1946; promoted to general posthumously, 19 Jul 1954.
  34. ↑ Commanding General, Second Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 1 Jun 1943 – 31 Mar 1946. Not appointed temporary lieutenant general.
  35. ↑ Retired as major general, 31 Aug 1947; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 29 Jun 1948; promoted to general on the retired list, 26 Apr 1985.
  36. ↑ Commanding General, First Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 8 Oct 1943 – 28 Jan 1944.
  37. ↑ Commanding General, Fourth Army, with rank of lieutenant general, 13 Oct 1943 – 7 Feb 1945; promoted to general on the retired list, 19 Jul 1954.
  38. ↑ Army Air Corps Reserve. Appointed brigadier general in the Regular Army, 14 Mar 1946; reverted to inactive reserve status as lieutenant general, 10 May 1946; resigned as Regular Army brigadier general, 22 Jul 1946; ; recalled to active duty as lieutenant general, 20 Aug–3 Sep 1955, 16 Apr–14 Jun 1956, 31 Jan–14 Feb 1957, 14 Feb–20 Apr 1957; retired as lieutenant general, 28 Feb 1959; promoted to general on the retired list, 4 Apr 1985.
  39. ↑ Retired as lieutenant general, 31 Oct 1950; recalled as lieutenant general, 26 Jan 1951 – 1 Aug 1954.
  40. ↑ Retired as colonel, 31 Oct 1937; recalled as colonel, 20 Jan 1942; appointed temporary colonel, 1 Feb 1942; promoted to temporary brigadier general, 25 Jun 1942; promoted to temporary major general, 27 Oct 1942; promoted to temporary lieutenant general, 5 Jun 1945; retired as colonel, 10 Aug 1945; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 16 Aug 1948.
  41. ↑ Oklahoma National Guard. Appointed brigadier general in the Regular Army, 14 Mar 1946; retired as lieutenant general, 30 Apr 1952.
  42. ↑ Retired as brigadier general, 29 Feb 1948; appointed major general, effective 29 Feb 1948, with retired pay as major general and honorary rank from 16 Jul 1945 as lieutenant general on the retired list.
  43. ↑ Reverted to major general, 11 Apr 1954; reappointed lieutenant general, 30 Aug 1954, with date of rank 8 May 1952; retired as lieutenant general, 29 Feb 1956.
  44. ↑ Retired as lieutenant general, 30 Apr 1958; recalled as lieutenant general, Dec 1958 – Sep 1961.
  45. ↑ Retired as lieutenant general, 30 Apr 1958; recalled as lieutenant general, 15 Sep 1959 – 1 Jul 1961.
  46. ↑ Retired as lieutenant general, 31 Jul 1957; recalled as lieutenant general, 1 Aug 1957 – 31 May 1959.
  47. ↑ Retired as major general, 31 Dec 1946; recalled as major general, 1 Jan 1947; promoted to lieutenant general, 23 Jun 1956; promoted to general, 23 Dec 1969; retired as general, 10 Apr 1973.
  48. ↑ Army Reserve. Retired as major general, 1 Feb 1966; promoted to lieutenant general on the retired list, 14 Oct 1966.
  49. ↑ Acts of May 28, 1798, and March 3, 1799. Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part One.
  50. ↑ Senate Journal, 33rd Congress, 2nd session, 28 February 1855, 409: Nomination of Winfield Scott
  51. ↑ Acts of March 3, 1857, and August 3, 1861. Fry, pp. 208–209; Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Five.
  52. ↑ Acts of July 28, 1866; July 15, 1870; and June 1, 1888. Bell, p. 24.
  53. ↑ Act of February 5, 1895. Connelly, p. 313.
  54. ↑ "Our Military Needs—Set Forth by General Miles to House Military Committee", The Daily Review, p. 1, December 13, 1898; Connelly, p. 331.
  55. ↑ Act of June 6, 1900.
  56. ↑ Act of February 2, 1901.
  57. ↑ "Sumner And Wood To Be Major Generals; Thirty-three Officers to be Promoted and Retired", The New York Times, p. 3, July 18, 1903; "Bates To Succeed Chaffee; He Will Be Retired Soon to Make Way for Corbin", The New York Times, p. 3, June 18, 1905.
  58. ↑ "The Chief Of Staff", The New York Times, p. 6, December 17, 1905; "Gen. Corbin", The New York Times, p. 10, April 22, 1906.
  59. ↑ "Corbin And MacArthur Win - Plan to Abolish Grade of Lieutenant General Is Defeated", The New York Times, p. 3, February 28, 1906.
  60. ↑ Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Three.
  61. ↑ Act of March 2, 1907. "Gen. MacArthur Plans To Retire; Ranking Officer of the Army Tires of His Anomalous Position", The New York Times, p. 6, March 30, 1907; Young, The General's General, pp. 332–334.
  62. ↑ Acts of July 15, 1870, and October 6, 1917. "Pershing To Be Given Rank Solely Of "General"—Measure Providing for Chief of Staff and Other Promotions—Need Prestige—American Officers in Europe Now Too Far Outranked", The Fresno Morning Republican, p. 1, October 3, 1917.
  63. ↑ "Liggett Promoted, Bullard Also - Commanders of First and Second Field Armies to be Lieutenant Generals", The New York Times, p. 10, October 22, 1918.
  64. ↑ Act of June 4, 1920. Coffman, pp. 194–195.
  65. ↑ "Chamberlain Wants Wood and Goethals Made Lieutenant Generals With Crowder", The New York Times, p. 21, October 7, 1919; "Senate Votes Rank To Crowder Only - Rejects Chamberlain's Amendment to Promote Other Army Leaders Also", The New York Times, p. 5, October 8, 1919; "Pershing For His Generals - Asks Higher Rank for Liggett, Bullard, Harbord, McAndrew, Dickman", The New York Times, p. 12, November 6, 1919; "Six Lieutenant Generals; House Bill Names Liggett, Bullard, Dickman, Crowder, Wood, Morrison", The New York Times, p. 48, January 10, 1923.
  66. ↑ Act of March 4, 1915. "Jadwin To Get Pay Of Obsolete Rank - Retired Officer Is on List as Lieutenant General; Grade Abolished", The Washington Post, p. R9, September 22, 1929, archived from the original on October 23, 2012, retrieved July 6, 2017.
  67. ↑ Act of June 21, 1930. "Promotion Deserved And Withheld", The New York Times, p. 12, August 10, 1929; "Retired Officers Get Army War Rank - Under Law Passed in June 695 Are Advanced Without Increased Pay", The New York Times, p. 37, August 20, 1930.
  68. ↑ Acts of June 13, 1940, and July 9, 1942. Army Register.
  69. ↑ Act of February 23, 1929. "Proposes Rankings Of General In Army; War Secretary Submits Bill to Raise Chief of Staff and Territorial Heads", The New York Times, p. 12, January 22, 1928; Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Four.
  70. ↑ Acts of August 5, 1939, and July 31, 1940. "Army Renews Rank of Lieutenant General; H.A. Drum, S.H. Ford, S.D. Embick and A.J. Bowley Advanced to World War Grade", The New York Times, p. 38, August 8, 1939.
  71. ↑ Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947]. Army Register.
  72. ↑ Acts of June 29, 1943, and June 29, 1948 [Army and Air Force Vitalization and Retirement Equalization Act of 1948]. Army Register; Anderson, pp. 193–197; Dorn, p. I-1.
  73. ↑ Act of September 9, 1940. Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Four.
  74. ↑ Acts of June 29, 1943; August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947]; and June 24, 1948 [Army and Air Force Vitalization and Retirement Equalization Act of 1948].
  75. ↑ "Knudsen the Only Civilian To Enter Army at His Rank", The New York Times, p. 9, January 17, 1942.
  76. ↑ Acts of July 27, 1947 [National Security Act of 1947], and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947].
  77. ↑ Mylander, pp. 26–27.
  78. ↑ Norris, John G. (December 16, 1947), "Truman Picks Five Generals For High Command Promotion", The Washington Post, p. 1, archived from the original on October 23, 2012, retrieved July 6, 2017
  79. ↑ Eckhardt, p. 11; "'Iron Mike' O'Daniel Gets Back Third Star", Associated Press, September 6, 1954
  80. ↑ Legislative history compiled from: Wiener; Callan; Eicher and Eicher; Military Laws of the United States, 1915; Military Laws of the United States, 1939; the Army Register; and the Army Almanac.

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A tombstone promotion is an advance in rank awarded at retirement. It is often an honorary promotion that does not include any corresponding increase in retired pay, whose only benefit is the right to be addressed by the higher rank and have it engraved on one's tombstone.

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