List of state leaders in 1429

Last updated September 08, 2019

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1429.

A head of state is the public persona who officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. In a parliamentary system, such as India, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Morocco. In contrast, a semi-presidential system, such as France, has both heads of state and government as the de facto leaders of the nation. Meanwhile, in presidential systems such as the United States, the head of state is also the head of government.

The head of government is either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. "Head of government" is often differentiated from "head of state", as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles depending on the country.

Africa

Ethiopian Empire –
1. Yeshaq I (1414–1429)
2. Andreyas (1429–1430)

The Ethiopian Empire, also known by the exonym "Abyssinia", or just simply Ethiopia was a kingdom that spanned a geographical area in the current states of Eritrea and Ethiopia. It began with the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty from approximately 1270 and lasted until 1974, when the ruling Solomonic dynasty was overthrown in a coup d'état by the Derg.

Yeshaq I or Isaac was Emperor of Ethiopia (1414–29). A member of the House of Solomon, he was the second son of Emperor Dawit I.

Andreyas was Emperor (1429–1430) of Abyssinia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the oldest son of Yeshaq I. The British explorer James Bruce, who wrote one of the earliest European histories of Abyssinia, reports little more than Andreyas was buried with his father at the Tadbaba Maryam monastery.

The Americas

Inca Empire – Viracocha (1410–1437)

Asia

China (Ming dynasty) - Xuande Emperor (1425–1435)
Japan (Muromachi period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Hanazono (1428–1464)
- Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshinori (1429–1441)
Emperor Go-Hanazono was the 102nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.
The Ashikaga shogunate, also known as the Muromachi shogunate, was a dynasty originating from one of the plethora of Japanese daimyō which governed Japan from 1338 to 1573, the year in which Oda Nobunaga deposed Ashikaga Yoshiaki. The heads of government were the shōgun. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.
Ashikaga Yoshinori was the sixth shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1429 to 1441 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshinori was the son of the third shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. His childhood name was Harutora (春寅).
Joseon (Korea) – Sejong the Great (1418–1450)
Kingdom of Nanzan – Taromai (1415–1429)^[1]
Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Hashi (1429–1439)^[1]
Siam
- Ayutthaya Kingdom – Borommarachathirat II (1424–1448)
- Sukhothai Kingdom – Maha Thammaracha IV (1419–1438)
The Ayutthaya Kingdom was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Indians, Japanese, Koreans, Persians, and later Spaniards, Dutch, English, and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the capital, also called Ayutthaya.
Borommarachathirat II or Borom Rachathirat II, also known as Chao Sam Phraya (?–1448), was a king of Ayutthaya. His reign saw its early expansions.
The Kingdom of Sukhothai was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. The Kingdom existed from 1238 until 1438. The old capital, now 12 km outside Sukhothai in Tambon Mueang Kao, is in ruins and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Historical Park.

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1662.

Xuande Emperor emperor of the Ming Dynasty

The Xuande Emperor, personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "Proclamation of Virtue".

The Muromachi period is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate, which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shōgun, Ashikaga Takauji, two years after the brief Kenmu Restoration (1333–36) of imperial rule was brought to a close. The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun of this line, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga.

Europe

Kingdom of Aragon – Alfonso V (1416–1458)
Duchy of Burgundy – Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448)
Crown of Castile – John II (1406–1454)
Kingdom of England (House of Lancaster) - Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471).
Kingdom of France (House of Valois) - Charles VII (1422–1461)
Holy Roman Empire (House of Luxembourg) - Sigismund, King of the Romans (1410–1437)
- Duchy of Austria – Albert V (1404–1439)
- Bavaria-Ingolstadt – Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria (1413–1443)
- County of Hainaut and County of Holland
  - Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing (House of Wittelsbach) (1417–1432)
  - Philip III, the Good, Regent of Hainaut and Holland (House of Valois) (1425–1432)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Vytautas the Great (1392–1430)
Kingdom of Naples – Joanna II (1414–1435)
Kingdom of Navarre – Blanche I (1425–1441)
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (1421–1451)
Kingdom of Poland – Wladislaus II (1386–1434)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
- Monarch – John I (1385–1433)
- Co-regent – Infante Edward (1412–1433)
Grand Duchy of Moscow – Vasili II (1425–1462)
Kingdom of Scotland – James I (1406–1437)
Republic of Venice – Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice (1423–1457)

The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It should not be confused with the larger Crown of Aragon, that also included other territories — the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece — that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon.

Alfonso the Magnanimous was the King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicily and Count of Barcelona from 1416, and King of Naples from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.

The Duchy of Burgundy emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire. Upon the 9th-century partitions, the French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. Robert II's son and heir, King Henry I of France, inherited the duchy but ceded it to his younger brother Robert in 1032. Other portions had passed to the Imperial Kingdom of Arles and the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).

Middle East and North Africa

Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) – Qara Osman (1403–1435)
Kingdom of Cyprus – Janus (1398–1432)
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Barsbay (1422–1437)
Empire of Trebizond –
1. Alexios IV (1416–1429)
2. John IV (1429–1459)

Notes

1 2 In this year, Shō Hashi, King of Chūzan since 1422, conquered Nanzan, unifying Okinawa and establishing the Ryukyu Kingdom.

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[Ryukyu-1] 1 2 In this year, Shō Hashi, King of Chūzan since 1422, conquered Nanzan, unifying Okinawa and establishing the Ryukyu Kingdom.