List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States

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Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 of the Constitution of the United States, the vice president of the United States is the ex officio president of the Senate but may only cast a vote in the Senate to break a tie. As of December 5, 2023, vice presidents have cast a total of 301 tie-breaking votes in the Senate. [1] There are also two tie-breaking votes cast by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase during the 1868 impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, although it is still debated whether he had the authority to do so. [2]

Contents

Constitutional basis

Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 of the Constitution of the United States states:

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. [3]

History

When there is a tie in the Senate, as seen here for the confirmation of Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education, the vice president (in this case, Mike Pence) has to step in to break the tie, or the motion fails by default.

John Adams, the first vice president of the United States, cast 29 tie-breaking votes during his tenure. His first vote was on July 18, 1789. [4] He used his votes to preserve the president's sole authority over the removal of appointees, [5] influence the location of the national capital, [6] and prevent war with Great Britain. [7] At times, he even convinced senators to vote against legislation that he opposed and often provided guidance on procedural and policy matters. Adams' political views and active role in the Senate made him a target for critics of the Washington administration. Toward the end of his first term, threatened by a resolution that would have silenced him on all but procedural and policy matters, he exercised more restraint, hoping to be elected president of the United States in his own right. [4]

John C. Calhoun was the only vice president to cast tie-breaking votes against his own president, Andrew Jackson. In 1832, Calhoun cast a tie-breaking vote to delay and later defeat the nomination of Martin Van Buren as United States Minister to the United Kingdom. Calhoun's supporters in the Senate allowed him to defy Jackson, where just enough of Calhoun's faction abstained to create a tie that he then broke. [8]

In the early 21st century, the threat of a filibuster increased the use of cloture to end debate in the Senate, especially on highly divisive issues, [9] [10] making it rare for the vice president to have the opportunity to cast a decisive vote, as cloture requires a three-fifths majority. However, rules changes in 2013 and 2017 [10] reduced the requirement for cloture on nominations to a simple majority, which led to the first use of a tie-breaking vote to confirm a Cabinet member when Vice President Mike Pence confirmed Betsy DeVos as secretary of education in 2017. [11] In 2018, Pence cast a tie-breaking vote to confirm Jonathan A. Kobes to the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the first such vote to confirm a judicial nominee in U.S. history. [12]

Following the 2020 Senate elections, the Senate was divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats in the 117th Congress. Votes by Vice President Kamala Harris played a critical role in passing Democratic legislation, including the American Rescue Plan and the Inflation Reduction Act. In addition, Harris gave the Democratic Party majority-control of the Senate. [13] On July 20, 2021, Harris broke Pence's record for the most tie-breaking votes in the first year of a vice presidency, casting seven tie-breaking votes in her first six months. [14] She cast a total of 15 tie-breaking votes in her first year, setting a new record for the most tie-breaking votes in a single year in U.S. history, surpassing the 12 votes cast by John Adams in 1790. [15] On May 11, 2022, Harris set a new record for tie-breaking votes in a single day, casting four votes. [16] On July 13, 2023, Harris matched Calhoun's record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president in U.S history at 31 votes. [17] On December 5, 2023, Harris broke Calhoun's record. [18]

The recent dramatic rise in the frequency of vice presidential votes is due in part to the Senate often being equally divided on procedural votes, such as on invoking cloture, in addition to final votes on divisive issues, resulting in the vice president needing to vote multiple times on the same nominee or resolution. [19]

List of vice presidents by number of tie-breaking votes

Kamala Harris has cast the most tie-breaking votes of any vice president. Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg
Kamala Harris has cast the most tie-breaking votes of any vice president.

As of December 5,2023, there have been 301 tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents. [15]

RankNumber
cast		NamePartyOrder in
office		Term of officePresident(s)
133 Kamala Harris Democratic 49January 20, 2021 –
Incumbent 		Joe Biden
231 John C. Calhoun Democratic-Republican 7March 4, 1825 –
December 28, 1832		 John Quincy Adams / Andrew Jackson
329 John Adams Federalist 1April 21, 1789 –
March 4, 1797		 George Washington
419 George M. Dallas Democratic 11March 4, 1845 –
March 4, 1849		 James K. Polk
518 Schuyler Colfax Republican 17March 4, 1869 –
March 4, 1873		 Ulysses S. Grant
6
(tie)		14 George Clinton Democratic-Republican 4March 4, 1805 –
April 20, 1812		 Thomas Jefferson / James Madison
14 Richard Mentor Johnson Democratic 9March 4, 1837 –
March 4, 1841		 Martin Van Buren
813 Mike Pence Republican 48January 20, 2017 –
January 20, 2021		 Donald Trump
910 John C. Breckinridge Democratic 14March 4, 1857 –
March 4, 1861		 James Buchanan
10
(tie)		9 Elbridge Gerry Democratic-Republican 5March 4, 1813 –
November 23, 1814		 James Madison
9 Thomas R. Marshall Democratic 28March 4, 1913 –
March 4, 1921		 Woodrow Wilson
12
(tie)		8 Alben W. Barkley Democratic 35January 20, 1949 –
January 20, 1953		 Harry S. Truman
8 Richard Nixon Republican 36January 20, 1953 –
January 20, 1961		 Dwight D. Eisenhower
8 Dick Cheney Republican 46January 20, 2001 –
January 20, 2009		 George W. Bush
15
(tie)		7 Hannibal Hamlin Republican 15March 4, 1861 –
March 4, 1865		 Abraham Lincoln
7 George H. W. Bush Republican 43January 20, 1981 –
January 20, 1989		 Ronald Reagan
17
(tie)		6 Daniel D. Tompkins Democratic-Republican 6March 4, 1817 –
March 4, 1825		 James Monroe
6 William A. Wheeler Republican 19March 4, 1877 –
March 4, 1881		 Rutherford B. Hayes
19
(tie)		4 Martin Van Buren Democratic 8March 4, 1833 –
March 4, 1837		 Andrew Jackson
4 Levi P. Morton Republican 22March 4, 1889 –
March 4, 1893		 Benjamin Harrison
4 James S. Sherman Republican 27March 4, 1909 –
October 30, 1912		 William Howard Taft
4 Henry A. Wallace Democratic 33January 20, 1941 –
January 20, 1945		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
4 Hubert Humphrey Democratic 38January 20, 1965 –
January 20, 1969		 Lyndon B. Johnson
4 Al Gore Democratic 45January 20, 1993 –
January 20, 2001		 Bill Clinton
25
(tie)		3 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 2March 4, 1797 –
March 4, 1801		 John Adams
3 Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican 3March 4, 1801 –
March 4, 1805		 Thomas Jefferson
3 Millard Fillmore Whig 12March 4, 1849 –
July 9, 1850		 Zachary Taylor
3 Chester A. Arthur Republican 20March 4, 1881 –
September 19, 1881		 James A. Garfield
3 Charles Curtis Republican 31March 4, 1929 –
March 4, 1933		 Herbert Hoover
3 John Nance Garner Democratic 32March 4, 1933 –
January 20, 1941		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
31
(tie)		2 Adlai Stevenson I Democratic 23March 4, 1893 –
March 4, 1897		 Grover Cleveland
2 Charles G. Dawes Republican 30March 4, 1925 –
March 4, 1929		 Calvin Coolidge
2 Spiro Agnew Republican 39January 20, 1969 –
October 10, 1973		 Richard Nixon
34
(tie)		1 Henry Wilson Republican 18March 4, 1873 –
November 22, 1875		 Ulysses S. Grant
1 Garret Hobart Republican 24March 4, 1897 –
November 21, 1899		 William McKinley
1 Harry S. Truman Democratic 34January 20, 1945 –
April 12, 1945		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
1 Walter Mondale Democratic 42January 20, 1977 –
January 20, 1981		 Jimmy Carter
38
(tie)		0 John Tyler Whig 10March 4, 1841 –
April 4, 1841		 William Henry Harrison
0 William R. King Democratic 13March 4, 1853 –
April 18, 1853		 Franklin Pierce
0 Andrew Johnson National Union 16March 4, 1865 –
April 15, 1865		 Abraham Lincoln
0 Thomas A. Hendricks Democratic 21March 4, 1885 –
November 25, 1885		 Grover Cleveland
0 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 25March 4, 1901 –
September 14, 1901		 William McKinley
0 Charles W. Fairbanks Republican 26March 4, 1905 –
March 4, 1909		 Theodore Roosevelt
0 Calvin Coolidge Republican 29March 4, 1921 –
August 2, 1923		 Warren G. Harding
0 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 37January 20, 1961 –
November 22, 1963		 John F. Kennedy
0 Gerald Ford Republican 40December 6, 1973 –
August 9, 1974		 Richard Nixon
0 Nelson Rockefeller Republican 41December 19, 1974 –
January 20, 1977		 Gerald Ford
0 Dan Quayle Republican 44January 20, 1989 –
January 20, 1993		 George H. W. Bush
0 Joe Biden Democratic 47January 20, 2009 –
January 20, 2017		 Barack Obama

List of tie-breaking votes

Senate PresidentDateActionVoteUltimate result
William R. King No votes
John C. Breckinridge March 15, 1858Motion to adjourn. [20] Nay: 17-18Motion defeated.
May 12, 1858Motion to postpone consideration of S. 10 ("repealing all laws, or parts of laws, allowing bounties to vessels employed in the bank or other cod fisheries"). [21] Nay: 26-27Motion defeated.
May 18, 1858Motion to postpone the special orders of the day prior to S. 239 (statehood of Oregon). [22] Yea: 29-28Motion agreed to. Bill passed.
June 7, 1858 Toombs amendment to Seward amendment to H.R. 42 (granting a pension to Mary A. M. Jones) limiting the pension of Myra Clark Gaines to not more than $50 per month. [23] Yea: 25-24Motion agreed to.
December 15, 1858Motion to consider H.R. 2 (a version of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts). [24] Nay: 24-25Motion defeated.
February 17, 1859Motion to resume consideration of H.R. 666 ("making appropriations for the consular and diplomatic expenses of the government"). [25] Yea: 29-28Motion agreed to. Senate resumed consideration of the bill.
April 11, 1860Motion to consider S. 10 ("An act to promote the progress of the useful arts"). [26] Nay: 19-20Motion defeated.
February 21, 1861Motion to consider executive business. [27] Yea: 27-26Motion agreed to. Senate proceeded to consider executive business.
February 28, 1861Motion "that the doors be opened." [28] Nay: 25-26Motion defeated.
March 2, 1861 Pugh amendment to H.R. (proposed constitutional amendment that was part of the Crittenden Compromise). [29] Yea: 20-19Amendment agreed to. The vote was later reconsidered and the amendment defeated.
Hannibal Hamlin March 12, 1862 Rice amendment striking out a section of S. 175 ("to define the pay and emoluments of certain officers of the army and for other purposes"). [30] Nay: 20-21Amendment defeated.
March 17, 1862Postponing consideration of the nomination of Edwin D. Morgan as major-general of volunteers. [31] [8] Yea: 20-19Consideration postponed. Morgan's nomination was confirmed on April 15, 1862.
March 24, 1862Committee amendment to S. 108 ("for the release of certain persons held to service or labor in the District of Columbia"). [32] Nay: 19-20Amendment defeated
January 14, 1863 Fessenden amendment to H.R. 226 (amending "An act to establish a court for the investigation of claims against the United States"). [33] Nay: 20-21Amendment defeated
February 3, 1863 Wilson amendment to S. 365 ("settlement of the accounts of Isaac R. Diller"). [34] Yea: 33-32Amendment agreed to.
February 28, 1865Committee amendment to H.R. 744 (to amend the Revenue Act of 1864). [35] Yea: 21-20Amendment agreed to.
March 1, 1865Committee amendment to H.R. 744. [36] Yea: 21-20Amendment agreed to.
Andrew Johnson No votes
Schuyler Colfax December 8, 1869Motion to reconsider the vote adopting a resolution requiring the Sergeant-at-Arms to remove anyone not entitled to the floor from the chamber prior to the time of meeting. [37] Yea:27-26Motion agreed to. The resolution was amended and adopted.
February 14, 1870Motion to postpone the consideration of H.R. 1096 (to admit the State of Mississippi to representation in the Congress of the United States) until the next day. [38] Nay: 24-25Motion defeated.
March 11, 1870Motion to postpone indefinitely a resolution to appoint "A Joint Special Committee on Indian Affairs." [39] Nay: 27-28Motion defeated. Consideration of the resolution postponed until the next day.
March 15, 1870Motion to table the resolution to appoint a Joint Special Committee on Indian Affairs. [40] Nay: 30-31Motion defeated. Consideration of the resolution postponed until the next day.
March 29, 1870Motion to pass over the resolution to appoint a Joint Special Committee on Indian Affairs. [41] Yea: 30-29Resolution passed over.
May 23, 1870 Sumner amendment to H.R. 974 (appropriations bill) to authorize and appropriate up to $100,000 for expeditions toward the North Pole. [42] Yea: 26-25Amendment passed.
June 7, 1870Motion to table a resolution to direct the Committee on Foreign Relations to "to inquire into the conduct of certain agents connected with the negotiation of the treaty for the annexation of the Dominican Republic" and the condition of its debt and lands. [43] Yea: 20-19Resolution tabled.
February 17, 1871 Trumbull amendment, made in Committee of the Whole, to H.R. 2524 (appropriations bill) to repeal an appropriation "for the payment of judgments to be rendered by the Court of Claims." [44] Yea: 26-25Amendment passed.
February 20, 1871Concurring with the Trumbull amendment to H.R. 2524. [45] Yea: 28-27Amendment passed.
March 22, 1871 Casserly amendment adding the words "and also all bills relating to the repeal of the income tax" to Trumbull amendment to a resolution setting "the legislative business to be considered by the Senate during the present session." [46] Nay: 27-28Amendment defeated. Trumbull amendment also defeated.
February 9, 1872Sumner amendment adding multiple civil rights provisions to H.R. 380 ("for the removal of legal and political disabilities imposed by" Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment). [47] Yea: 29-28Amendment passed. The bill did not receive the two-thirds majority required for passage.
April 24, 1872Motion to table Morill amendment to H.R. 1654 ("making appropriations to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for the service of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1872, and for former years, and for other purposes") regarding the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. [48] Nay: 25-26Motion defeated.
April 30, 1872Motion to reconsider a vote disagreeing with an amendment to H.R 1654 jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. [49] Yea: 27-26Motion to reconsider agreed to.
Agreeing with the proposed amendment to H.R. 1654. [49] Yea: 27-26Amendment passed.
May 9, 1872Trumbull amendment to H.R. 1050 ("for the removal of legal and political disabilities imposed by" Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment). [50] Nay: 29-30Amendment defeated.
Vickers amendment to H.R. 1050. [50] Yea: 22-21Amendment passed.
Sumner amendment to H.R. 1050. [50] Yea: 29-28Amendment passed. The bill did not receive the two-thirds majority required for passage.
February 15, 1873 Thurman amendment to a resolution regarding what motions would be in order during the current session. [51] Nay: 23-24Amendment defeated.
Henry Wilson March 2, 1875H.R. 3341 ("to equalize the bounties of soldiers who served in the late war for the Union.") [52] Yea: 31-30Bill passed, but was pocket-vetoed by President Grant. [53]
William A. Wheeler November 22, 1877Motion to adjourn. [54] Yea: 32-31Senate adjourned until the following Monday at noon.
November 26, 1877Motion to move to executive session. [55] Yea: 30-29Senate went into executive session.
November 28, 1877Motion to consider a report from the Committee on Privileges and Elections in the case of William Pitt Kellogg of Louisiana. [56] Yea: 30-29Senate proceeded to discussion of the report. "Although this vote did not directly determine the question of admitting to Senate membership in the matter of a disputed seat, it led the way to an intelligent, though inconclusive, discussion of the question of the Vice-President's right to cast his vote in such an issue" [8]
Thurman amendment to reject Kellogg. [56] Nay 30-31Amendment defeated. Kellogg began his term in the Senate on March 4, 1877 [57]
December 20, 1878Motion to move to executive session. [58] Yea: 26-25Senate went into executive session.
January 31, 1879Motion to adjourn. This motion was made while in executive session. [59] Yea: 21-20Senate adjourned.
Chester A. Arthur March 18, 1881The Republican minority in the Senate was attempting to secure their slate of standing committees. Senator Anthony moved to indefinitely postpone the resolution of Sen. Pendleton to appoint the Democratic slate standing committees of the Senate. [8] [60] Yea: 38-37Democratic resolution postponed.
Resolution to adopt the Republican organization of the standing committees. [8] [60] Yea: 38-37Republican resolution adopted.
March 24, 1881Motion to proceed to executive session. [61] Nay: 32-33Motion defeated.
Thomas A. Hendricks No votes
Levi P. Morton January 14, 1891Motion to proceed to consideration of H.R. 11045 (the Lodge Bill). [62] [63] Yea: 34-33The bill was laid before the Senate, but it never became law.
January 16, 1891Motion to table Reagan amendment to H.R. 11045. [64] Yea: 31-30Amendment tabled.
December 15, 1892Motion that after adjourning that day, the Senate would meet on the following Monday. [65] Yea: 28-27Motion agreed to.
February 9, 1893Motion that after adjourning that day, the Senate would meet at noon the next day. [66] Yea: 31-30Motion agreed to.
Adlai E. Stevenson February 15, 1894Passage of H.R. 3606 ("to require railroad companies operating railroads in the Territories over a right of way granted by the Government to establish stations and depots at all town sites on the lines of said roads established by the Interior Department.") [67] Yea: 28-27Bill passed.
August 11, 1894Motion that the Senate proceed to executive session. [68] Yea: 36-35Senate proceeded to executive session.
Garret Hobart February 14, 1899 Bacon amendment to joint resolution S.R. 240 (stating the intentions of the United States toward the Philippine Islands after the ratification of the treaty of peace with Spain) expanding the resolution to disclaim any intention of exercising permanent sovereignty over the islands. [69] Nay: 29-30Amendment defeated. Joint resolution passed.
Theodore Roosevelt No votes
Charles W. Fairbanks No votes
James S. Sherman February 2, 1911 Gallinger amendment to S. 6708 (ocean mail subsidy bill [8] ) authorizing the Postmaster General to pay for certain ocean mail services. [70] Yea: 40-39Amendment passed.
Passage of S. 6708. [70] Yea: 40-39Passed.
Adjournment for the day. [71] Yea: 38-37Senate adjourned for the day.
June 12, 1911 Bristow amendment to H. J. Res. 39 (the Seventeenth Amendment) removing the "race rider" and retaining the power of the federal government to supervise senatorial elections. [72] [8] [73] [74] Yea: 45-44Amendment passed.
Thomas R. Marshall December 19, 1913 Brandegee amendment to a committee amendment to H.R. 7837 (Federal Reserve Act) [75] Nay: 43-44Amendment defeated. H.R. 7837 passed and enacted.
March 19, 1914Motion to consider S. J. Res. 41 ("authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to sell or lease certain public lands to the Republic Coal Co.") [76] Yea: 28-27Motion agreed to. The Senate proceeded to consider S. J. Res. 41.
May 19, 1914Motion to adjourn after the Sergeant at Arms was "directed to request the attendance of absent Senators" since a quorum was not present. [77] Nay: 17-18The Senate did not adjourn at that time. A quorum was established when more senators arrived in the chamber.
August 17, 1914 Thomas amendment to H.R. 15657 (Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) [78] Yea: 24-23Amendment passed. H.R. 15657 passed and enacted.
February 12, 1915Motion to consider the motion from Senator Reed to amend Senate rules to end debate [79] on S. 6856 ("to authorize the United States ... to purchase, construct, equip, maintain, and operate merchant vessels in the foreign trade of the United States" [80] )Yea: 48-47The Senate considered the motion to limit debate. Cloture procedures were eventually established in 1917.
February 15, 1915The vice president had ruled that Senator Reed was entitled to move to table a motion to amend Senate Rule XXII regarding limitation of debate and all the amendments to that motion. Senator Lodge appealed the ruling. [81] Yea: 46-45The ruling of the vice president was sustained. The Senate proceeded to consider Senator Reed's motion.
Motion to table the motion to amend Senate Rule XXII regarding limitation of debate and all the amendments to that motion. [81] Yea: 46-45Motion tabled.
February 2, 1916 Clarke amendment to S. 381 (Philippine Autonomy Act). [82] Yea: 42-41Amendment passed. S. 381 passed and enacted.
February 14, 1919Motion to table the motion from Senator Johnson to suspend consideration of H.R. 13462 ("making appropriations for the construction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors") to consider S. Res. 411 (regarding withdrawing U.S. soldiers from Russia). [83] Yea: 34-33Motion tabled. The Senate resumed consideration of H.R. 13462.
Calvin Coolidge No votes
Charles G. Dawes May 21, 1928 Simmons amendment to H.R. 1 (Revenue Act of 1928 [84] ) "relating to graduated income taxes." [85] Nay: 33-34Amendment defeated. H.R. 1 passed and enacted.
May 28, 1928Concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 41) "to close the first session of the Seventieth Congress by adjourning" both houses on May 29. [86] Nay: 40-41Resolution defeated. On May 29, the Senate voted on another resolution (S. Con. Res. 22) to adjourn later that day. The resolution passed, and the Senate adjourned at 5:30 pm, [87] ending the session of Congress. [88]
Charles Curtis March 12, 1930Committee amendment to H.R. 2667 (Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act) to reduced proposed tariffs on plate glass. [89] Nay: 36-37Amendment defeated.
March 13, 1930Committee amendment to H.R. 2667 (Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act) to reduced proposed tariffs on spring clothespins. [90] Yea: 41-40Amendment passed. H.R. 2667 passed and enacted.
May 19, 1930On part of resolution S. 270, relieving the majority members of a conference committee of their promise in regard to the flexible provision of the tariff bill H.R. 2667. [91] Yea: 43-42Majority members of the committee relieved of their promise.
John Nance Garner June 2, 1933 Trammell amendment, as amended by Sen. Connally, to H.R. 5389 (Independent Offices Appropriations) limiting potential reductions of war veterans' pensions and providing that "Spanish-American War veterans shall not be required to make proof of service-connected disability." [92] Yea: 43-42Amendment passed.
April 17, 1934Motion to proceed to the consideration of S. 2018 (relative to Members of Congress acting as attorneys in matters where the United States has an interest). [93] Yea: 32-31Motion agreed to. The Senate proceeded to consider the bill.
February 6, 1940Committee amendment to H.R. 7922 (Independent Offices Appropriations) to reduce the line item "general administration" for the Civil Aeronautics Authority budget from $1,659,191 to $1,543,932. [94] Yea: 35-34Committee amendment passed.
Henry A. Wallace June 26, 1942 McCarran amendment to H.R. 7181 (appropriation bill for the Department of Labor and Federal Security Agency). [95] Yea: 33-32Amendment passed.
Motion to table a motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the McCarran amendment to H.R. 7181. [96] Yea: 33-32Motion to table agreed to.
July 16, 1942Committee amendment to H. R. 7319 (making supplemental appropriations for the national defense for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943). [97] Nay: 30-31Committee amendment rejected.
July 17, 1942Amendment to H.R. 6999 (Act authorizing the construction of a Florida Pipe Line and Barge Canal). [98] Nay: 30-31Amendment defeated.
Harry S. Truman April 10, 1945 Taft amendment to H.R. 2013 (Lend-Lease Extension Act of 1945) to block the postwar delivery of Lend-Lease Act items contracted for during World War II. [99] [100] Nay: 39–40Amendment defeated.
Alben W. Barkley September 15, 1949Motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the McCarthy amendment to H.R. 1211 (Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1949) to direct the president to establish import quotas on furs and fur products. [99] Yea: 42–41Motion agreed to. The amendment was defeated in the re-vote.
September 15, 1949Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the McCarthy amendment to H.R. 1211 (Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1949). [99] Nay: 41–42Motion defeated. H.R. 1211 passed and enacted without amendments added. The reciprocal trade agreements program is extended to 1951.
October 4, 1949Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate rejected the Young-Russell amendment to H.R. 5345 (Agricultural Act of 1949) to make mandatory price support at 90% parity on cotton, wheat, corn, rice, peanuts. [99] Nay: 37–38Motion defeated. The Young-Russell amendment is reconsidered for a new roll call vote.
October 4, 1949Young-Russell amendment to H.R. 5345 (Agricultural Act of 1949) to make mandatory price support at 90% parity on cotton, wheat, corn, rice, peanuts. (This was a re-vote after the motion to reconsider the original defeat of the amendment was passed.) [99] Yea: 38–37Amendment passed. This amendment was later changed in a compromise with the House version. H.R. 5345 was passed and enacted.
May 3, 1950Motion to substitute the Senate Democratic Policy Committee amendment to S.Res. 202 (Nationwide Investigation into Organized Crime Act) to provide for an investigation into gambling and racketeering interstate crime by a special five-member committee called the "Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce" who would be selected by the vice president. The group's composition would be three Democrats and two Republicans. [99] Yea: 36–35Motion agreed to. The Senate Democratic Policy Committee plan replaced the original S.Res. 202 and S.Res. 202 was passed.
June 5, 1950Conference bill of H.R. 5332 (Foreign-Trade Zones Amendment Act of 1950) to ease restrictions on assembling and processing of foreign goods in the "foreign-trade zones" which the original Act set up in major U.S. ports. [99] Yea: 31–30H.R. 5332 passed and enacted.
June 26, 1950Conference bill of H.R. 6567 (Commodity Credit Corporation Amendment Act of 1950) to increase the Commodity Credit Corporation's borrowing authority by $2 billion and other farm-related amendments. [99] [101] Yea: 36–35H.R. 6567 passed and enacted.
June 4, 1952 Ives amendment to S. 2954 (Defense Production Act Amendments of 1952) to maintain the same equal membership of the Wage Stabilization Board between labor, industry, and the public. The WSB would only be permitted to mediate only in wage disputes. [102] [99] Yea: 42–41Amendment passed. A later amendment during conference committee that was included in the final bill changed the composition of the WSB from equal representation between labor, industry, and the public to the board having more representation from the public.
Richard Nixon June 18, 1953Motion to proceed to the consideration of the conference report of S. 1081 (Defense Production Act Amendments of 1953). [103] [104] [105] Yea: 40–39Motion agreed to.
June 18, 1953Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to proceed with the consideration of the conference report of S. 1081 (Defense Production Act Amendments of 1953). [103] [106] [105] Yea: 42–41Motion agreed to. The conference report of S. 1081 moves forward.
March 9, 1956 Aiken amendment to delete from H.R. 12 (Agricultural Act of 1956) 90% rigid mandatory price supports for millable varieties of wheat of 1956 crops. [99] Yea: 46–45Amendment passed, but the final bill was unpalatable to everybody. Vetoed by President Eisenhower.
May 29, 1956 Knowland amendment to H.R. 10660 (Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956) to permit state agencies to determine prevailing wages for projects in the Interstate Highway System. [99] Yea: 40–39Passed, but during conference committee the Knowland amendment wasn't included in the final bill.
March 12, 1958Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the Monroney amendment to delete the interest rate ceiling hike on American GI mortgages from 4.5% to 4.75% in S. 3418 (Emergency Housing Bill) [99] Yea: 48–47Motion agreed to. GI mortgages now had an interest rate ceiling of 4.75%
April 22, 1959Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the McClellan amendment to S. 1555 (Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959) to add a bill of rights for union members to include guarantees of freedom of speech and periodic secret elections of officers. [107] [99] Yea: 46–45Motion agreed to. A bill of rights for union workers was included in the final bill that was passed and enacted.
February 3, 1960Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the Clark amendment to S. 8 (Emergency Federal Assistance for School Construction Act) to authorize $1.1 billion per year of federal funds for an indefinite period for school construction and teachers' salaries. [108] Yea: 45–44Motion agreed to. A scaled-down version of the federal education funds passed later.
May 2, 1960 Gruening amendment to H.R. 11510 (Mutual Security Act of 1960) to prevent the president from using contingency funds to help replace cuts Congress may make later in other aid funds. [109] [99] Nay: 44–45Amendment defeated.
Lyndon B. Johnson No votes
Hubert Humphrey August 17, 1965Motion to reconsider the vote rejecting the Fannin amendment to keep governors' full veto rights over three anti-poverty programs (work-training, community action and adult education) intact in H.R. 8283 (Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1965). [99] [110] [111] Nay: 45–46Motion defeated. The Senate version of a full repeal of veto rights was rejected eventually. The House version's limited repeal of veto rights was included in the final bill.
September 13, 1965 Bass amendment to H.R. 9811 (Food and Agriculture Act of 1965) [112] to strike from the bill a provision transferring from the Secretary of Labor to the Secretary of Agriculture authority to determine whether foreign farm workers are required by U.S. farmers. [113] Yea: 46–45H.R. 9811 was passed and enacted.
May 9, 1967 Gore-Williams amendment to H.R. 6950 (Restoring the Investment Tax Credit and the Allowance of Accelerated Depreciation in the Case of Certain Real Property Act) [114] to make the 1966 Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act inoperative after September 15, 1967. [99] Nay: 48–49Eventually H.R. 6950 was passed and enacted but with an amendment to make the 1966 Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act inoperative.
March 11, 1968 Clark amendment to H.R. 15399 (Urgent Supplemental Appropriations Act) to appropriate $25 million for the Office of Economic Opportunity's Head Start Program. [115] Yea: 43–42H.R. 15399 died in Congress. The $25 million funding for Head Start was approved in a different bill. [99]
Spiro Agnew August 6, 1969 Smith amendment to prohibit funding for the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile program [116] [117] [118] Nay: 50–51The Safeguard anti-ballistic missile program was authorized and came into fruition.
July 17, 1973Motion to table the motion to reconsider the Gravel-Stevens amendment to S. 1081 (Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act) that states that the Interior Department has met all the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline project. [99] [119] [118] Yea: 50–49Motion agreed to. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act was ultimately passed and enacted in November 1973. The act authorized construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.
Gerald Ford No votes
Nelson Rockefeller No votes
Walter Mondale November 4, 1977Motion to table the Curtis amendment to H.R. 9346 (Social Security Tax Act of 1977) to continue the tradition of employers and employees paying equal shares of Social Security taxes. [99] [120] Yea: 42–41Motion agreed to.
George H. W. Bush July 13, 1983Motion to table Pryor Amdt.1468 on nerve gas Yea: 50–49Motion agreed to.
November 8, 1983 Stevens/Tower/Goldwater Amdt.2517 on nerve gas Yea: 47–46Agreed to.
June 14, 1984Motion to table Moynihan Amdt.3208 on MX missiles Yea: 49–48Motion agreed to.
May 10, 1985 Dole Amdt.93 on cutting deficitYea: 50–49Agreed to.
July 23, 1986Motion to reconsider vote on Manion nominationNay: 49–50Motion defeated so Manion remained confirmed.
August 7, 1986 Pryor Amdt.2612 on nerve gasNay: 50–51Amendment defeated.
September 22, 1987Motion to table Johnston Amdt.710 on SDI fundingYea: 51–50Motion agreed to.
Dan Quayle No votes
Al
Gore 		June 25, 1993 H.R. 2264 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993)Yea: 50–49 Conference Report (see below) enacted as Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  103–66.
August 6, 1993 H.R. 2264 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993) Conference Report Yea: 51–50Enacted.
Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  103–66
August 3, 1994Motion to table S.Amdt. 2446 (Johnston Ethanol Limitation Amendment) to H.R. 4624 (Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 1995)Yea: 51–50 S.Amdt. 2446 tabled.
May 20, 1999 S.Amdt. 362 (Lautenberg Gun Show Sales Amendment) to S. 254 (School Safety Act of 1999)Yea: 51–50 S. 254 returned to Senate by House via blue slip. Expired at end of session.
Dick Cheney April 3, 2001 S.Amdt. 173 (Grassley Prescription Drug Reserve Fund Amendment) to H.Con.Res. 83 (2002 budget)Yea: 51–50Agreed to.
April 5, 2001 S.Amdt. 347 (Hutchison Marriage Penalty Tax Elimination Amendment) to H.Con.Res. 83 (2002 budget)Yea: 51–50Agreed to.
May 21, 2002Motion to table S.Amdt. 3406 (Allen Mortgage Loan Amendment) to H.R. 3009 (Trade Act of 2002)Yea: 50–49Motion agreed to.
April 11, 2003 H.Con.Res. 95 (2004 budget)Yea: 51–50Enacted.
May 15, 2003 S.Amdt. 664 (Nickles Dividend Exclusion Amendment) to S. 1054 (Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003)Yea: 51–50 S. 1054 incorporated into H.R. 2 (see below), which was enacted as Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  108–27 (text) (PDF).
May 23, 2003 H.R. 2 (Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003) Conference Report Yea: 51–50Enacted.
Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  108–27 (text) (PDF)
December 21, 2005Motion to concur in the House amendment to S. 1932 with an amendment (Personal Responsibility, Work, and Family Promotion Act of 2005)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
Bill enacted, Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  109–171 (text) (PDF).
March 13, 2008Motion to reconsider S.Amdt. 4189 to S.Con.Res. 70 Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
Joe
Biden 		No votes
Mike Pence February 7, 2017 PN37 (Nomination of Elisabeth Prince DeVos, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Education) [121] [122] Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
March 30, 2017Motion to proceed to H.J.Res. 43 Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
H.J.Res. 43 (Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the final rule submitted by Secretary of Health and Human Services relating to compliance with Title X requirements by project recipients in selecting subrecipients)Yea:
51–50		Enacted.
Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  115–23 (text) (PDF)
July 25, 2017Motion to proceed to H.R. 1628 (American Health Care Act of 2017) [123] Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
October 24, 2017 H.J.Res. 111 (Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to "Arbitration Agreements") [124] Yea:
51–50		Enacted.
Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  115–74 (text) (PDF)
December 2, 2017 S.Amdt. 1852 (Cruz 529 Savings Plan Amendment) to H.R. 1 (Tax Cuts and Jobs Act)Yea:
51–50		Agreed to.
January 24, 2018Motion to invoke cloture on PN1341 (Nomination of Sam Brownback, of Kansas, to be United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom)Yea:
50–49		Motion agreed to.
PN1341 (Nomination of Sam Brownback, of Kansas, to be United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom)Yea:
50–49		Nomination confirmed.
February 28, 2018 PN367 (Nomination of Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget)Yea:
50–49		Nomination confirmed.
November 28, 2018Motion to invoke cloture on PN1412 (Nomination of Thomas Farr, of North Carolina, to be United States District Judge for the Eastern District of North Carolina)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
November 29, 2018Motion to invoke cloture on PN2117 (Nomination of Jonathan A. Kobes, of South Dakota, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit)Yea:
50–49		Motion agreed to.
December 11, 2018 PN2117 (Nomination of Jonathan A. Kobes, of South Dakota, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
December 21, 2018Motion to proceed to the House Message to accompany H.R. 695 (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2018; a legislative vehicle used to fund various government departments.)Yea:
48–47		Motion agreed to.
Kamala Harris February 5, 2021 S.Amdt. 888 (Schumer amendment, in the nature of a substitute) to S.Con.Res. 5 Yea:
51–50		Amendment agreed to.
S.Con.Res. 5 (as amended): a concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2021 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2022 through 2030 Yea:
51–50		Concurrent resolution adopted.
March 4, 2021Motion to proceed to H.R. 1319, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to. [125]
April 21, 2021Motion to discharge PN79-6 (Nomination of Colin Hackett Kahl, of California, to be Under Secretary of Defense for Policy)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
June 22, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN220 (Nomination of Kiran Arjandas Ahuja, of Massachusetts, to be Director of the Office of Personnel Management for a term of four years)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
PN220 (Nomination of Kiran Arjandas Ahuja, of Massachusetts, to be Director of the Office of Personnel Management for a term of four years)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
July 20, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN126 (Nomination of Jennifer Ann Abruzzo, of New York, to be General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board for a term of four years)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
July 21, 2021 PN126 (Nomination of Jennifer Ann Abruzzo, of New York, to be General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board for a term of four years)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
September 30, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN116 (Nomination of Rohit Chopra, of Washington, D.C., to be Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection for a term of five years)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
October 20, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN572 (Nomination of Catherine Elizabeth Lhamon, of California, to be Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Department of Education)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
PN572 (Nomination of Catherine Elizabeth Lhamon, of California, to be Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Department of Education)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
November 3, 2021Motion to discharge PN807 (Nomination of Jennifer Sung, of Oregon, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit)Yea:
50–49		Motion agreed to.
November 17, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN604 (Nomination of Brian Eddie Nelson, of California, to be Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Crimes)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
December 8, 2021Motion to invoke cloture on PN930 (Nomination of Rachael S. Rollins, of Massachusetts, to be United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
PN930 (Nomination of Rachael S. Rollins, of Massachusetts, to be United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
March 30, 2022Motion to discharge PN1541 (Nomination of Alvaro M. Bedoya, of Maryland, to be Federal Trade Commissioner for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
April 5, 2022Motion to discharge PN1523 (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of Maryland, to be an Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
May 10, 2022 PN1679 (Nomination of Lisa DeNell Cook, of Michigan, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the unexpired term of fourteen years from February 1, 2010)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
May 11, 2022Motion to invoke cloture on PN1541 (Nomination of Alvaro M. Bedoya, of Maryland, to be Federal Trade Commissioner for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
PN1541 (Nomination of Alvaro M. Bedoya, of Maryland, to be Federal Trade Commissioner for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
Motion to invoke cloture on PN1523 (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of Maryland, to be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
PN1523 (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of Maryland, to be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)Yea:
51–50		Nomination confirmed.
May 12, 2022Motion to discharge PN1542 (Nomination of Mary T. Boyle, of Maryland, to be a Commissioner of the Consumer Product Safety Commission)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
August 6, 2022Motion to proceed to H.R. 5376, the legislative vehicle for the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
August 7, 2022 S.Amdt. 5488 to H.R. 5376, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 Yea:
51–50		Amendment agreed to.
H.R. 5376, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 Yea:
51–50		H.R. 5376 passed, as amended.
February 28, 2023 PN76 (Nomination of Araceli Martínez-Olguín, of California, to be United States District Judge for the Northern District of California)Yea:
49–48		Nomination confirmed.
Motion to invoke cloture on PN77 (Nomination of Margaret R. Guzman, of Massachusetts, to be United States District Judge for the District of Massachusetts)Yea:
49–48		Motion agreed to.
March 1, 2023 PN77 (Nomination of Margaret R. Guzman, of Massachusetts, to be United States District Judge for the District of Massachusetts)Yea:
49–48		Nomination confirmed.
June 21, 2023Motion to invoke cloture on PN82 (Nomination of Natasha C. Merle, of New York, to be United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York)Yea:
51–50		Motion agreed to.
July 12, 2023Motion to invoke cloture on PN64 (Nomination of Kalpana Kotagal, of Ohio, to be a Member of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for a term expiring July 1, 2027)Yea: 51–50Motion agreed to. Kotagal was confirmed the next day (July 13).
December 5, 2023Motion to invoke cloture on PN588 (Nomination of Loren L. AliKhan, of the District of Columbia, to be United States District Judge for the District of Columbia)Yea: 51–50Motion agreed to.
PN588 (Nomination of Loren L. AliKhan, of the District of Columbia, to be United States District Judge for the District of Columbia)Yea: 51–50Nomination confirmed.

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References

  1. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Votes to Break Ties in the Senate". www.senate.gov. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  2. ↑ "The Senate has actually tied in an impeachment trial - twice". theconversation.com. January 31, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  3. ↑ The United States Constitution. U.S. Congress. 1787. Article I, Section 3, Clause 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
  4. 1 2 "Senate.gov: John Adams, 1st Vice President (1789–1797)". Archived from the original on October 1, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Founders Online: [Notes of Debates in the United States Senate] July 15. 1789". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  6. ↑ "John Adams, Our First Vice President". Americana Corner. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Founders Online: Neutrality, [2 June] 1794". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Learned, Henry Barrett (1915). "Casting Votes of the Vice-Presidents, 1789-1915". The American Historical Review. 20 (3): 571–576. doi:10.2307/1835860. JSTOR   1835860 – via JSTOR.
  9. ↑ "The Impact of the Filibuster on Federal Policymaking". Center for American Progress. December 5, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  10. 1 2 "The Filibuster, Explained". www.brennancenter.org. October 30, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Betsy DeVos confirmed as education secretary as Pence casts tie-breaking vote". NBC News. February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Federal judge becomes first in U.S. history confirmed by tiebreaker in the Senate". www.cbsnews.com. December 11, 2018.
  13. ↑ Pramuk, Jacob (January 20, 2021). "Democrats take Senate majority, sealing control of the White House and Congress". CNBC.
  14. ↑ Cohn, Alicia (December 31, 2017). "Pence became ultimate tie-breaker in 2017". The Hill. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  15. 1 2 "Votes to Break Ties in the Senate". senate.gov. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Senate.gov: VPTies.pdf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Vice President Kamala Harris matches record set by John C. Calhoun for breaking most tie votes in Senate - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  18. 1 2 "Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tiebreaking votes". NBC News. December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  19. ↑ Cohen, Zach C.; Giroux, Greg; Rozen, Courtney (May 17, 2023). "Harris Nears Record for Tie-Breaking Votes as Vice President". Bloomberg Government. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  20. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, March 15, 1858". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (1st Session): 263.
  21. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, May 12, 1858". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (1st Session): 442–444.
  22. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, May 18, 1858". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (1st Session): 476–477.
  23. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, June 7, 1858". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (1st Session): 625–626.
  24. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, December 15, 1858". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (2nd Session): 57.
  25. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Thursday, February 17, 1859". Senate Journal. 35th Congress (2nd Session): 328.
  26. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, April 11, 1860". Senate Journal. 36th Congress (1st Session): 378.
  27. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Thursday, February 21, 1861". Senate Journal. 36th Congress (2nd Session): 279–280.
  28. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Thursday, February 28, 1861". Senate Executive Journal. 36th Congress (2nd Session): 288.
  29. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Saturday, March 2, 1861". Senate Journal. 36th Congress (2nd Session): 375–378.
  30. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, March 12, 1862". Senate Journal. 37th Congress (2nd Session): 294–296.
  31. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, March 17, 1862". Senate Executive Journal. 37th Congress (2nd Session): 165–166.
  32. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, March 24, 1862". Senate Journal. 37th Congress (2nd Session): 334–335.
  33. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, January 14, 1863". Senate Journal. 37th Congress (3rd Session): 107–108.
  34. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, February 3, 1863". Senate Journal. 37th Congress (3rd Session): 189–190.
  35. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, February 28, 1865". Senate Journal. 38th Congress (2ne Session): 263.
  36. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, March 1, 1865". Senate Journal. 38th Congress (2nd Session): 273–276.
  37. ↑ "Clearing the Floor". Congressional Globe. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 47–48. 1869.
  38. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, February 14, 1870". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 246–247.
  39. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Friday, March 11, 1870". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 357–358.
  40. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, March 15, 1870". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 374–375.
  41. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, March 29, 1870". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 422–423.
  42. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, May 23, 1870". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 691–693.
  43. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, June 7, 1870". Senate Executive Journal. 41st Congress (2nd Session): 474–475.
  44. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Friday, February 17, 1871". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (3rd Session): 325–326.
  45. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Monday, February 20, 1871". Senate Journal. 41st Congress (3rd Session): 310–311.
  46. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, March 22, 1871". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (1st Session): 79–81.
  47. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Friday, February 9, 1872". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (2nd Session): 219–221.
  48. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Wednesday, April 24, 1872". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (2nd Session): 600–601.
  49. 1 2 U.S. Congress. "Tuesday, April 30, 1872". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (2nd Session): 636–639.
  50. 1 2 3 U.S. Congress. "Thursday, May 9, 1872". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (2nd Session): 695–705.
  51. ↑ U.S. Congress. "Saturday, February 15, 1873". Senate Journal. 42nd Congress (3rd Session): 375.
  52. ↑ "In Senate. Tuesday, March 2, 1875". Congressional Record. 3. Government Printing Office: 2043–2050. 1875.
  53. ↑ "ULYSSES S. GRANT" (PDF). Vetoes, 1789 to Present. United States Senate. p. 50. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
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