List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines

Last updated

The list of unofficial presidents of the Philippines include people that Philippine historians have identified as having held the presidency of a government that intended to represent the Philippines but are not counted by the modern Government of the Philippines as an official president of the Philippines.

Contents

History

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included. [6] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government. [7] [8]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos. [9]

List

No.President
(Birth–Death)		Took officeLeft officePartyVice PresidentGovernment
A Andres Bonifacio photo (cropped).jpg Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
(30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897)
(Lived: 33 years)
[5] [10] [11] [12] 		August 24, 1896 [L 1] March 22, 1897 [L 2]
or
May 10, 1897 [L 3] 		Katipunan none Sovereign Tagalog Nation
aka
Tagalog Republic
("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People";
"Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People") [L 4]
B Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1898).jpg Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
(22 March 1869 – 6 February 1964)
(Lived: 94 years)		March 22, 1897 [L 5] November 1, 1897 [L 6] Katipunan
(Magdalo faction)
or
Independent
(formerly Katipunan) [L 7] 		Mariano Trias y Closas Tejeros revolutionary government
("Philippine Republic"
aka
"Republic of the Philippines"
aka
"Government of the [Whole] Tagalog Nation/People", or "Government of [All] Tagalogs" [L 8] )
November 2, 1897 [L 9] December 14, 1897 [L 10] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		 Republic of Biak-na-Bato
("Republic of the Philippines") [L 11]
May 24, 1898June 23, 1898 [L 12] Dictatorial Government of the Philippines [L 13]
June 23, 1898 [L 14] January 23, 1899 [L 15] Revolutionary Government of the Philippines [L 16]
C Francisco Maabulos.jpg Francisco Macabulos y Soliman
(17 September 1871 – 30 August 1922)
(Lived: 50 years)		April 17, 1898May 19, 1898 [L 17] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		none Central Executive Committee
D Miguel malvar PG.jpg Miguel Malvar y Carpio
(27 September 1865 – 13 October 1911)
(Lived: 46 years)
[14] 		April 1, 1901 [L 18] April 16, 1902 [L 19] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		none
(The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President.)		 First Republic
aka
Malolos Republic
("Philippine Republic") [L 20]
E Macario Sacay.jpg Macario Sakay y de León
(1870 – 13 September 1907)
(Lived: 37 years)
[15] [16] [17] 		May 6, 1902 [L 21] July 14, 1906 [L 22] Katipunan
(holdout/revival)		 Francisco Carreón y Marcos Tagalog Republic
("Republic of [the Archipelago of] the Tagalog Nation/People") [L 23]
F Swearing of Jose Abad Santos (cropped).jpg José Abad Santos
(19 February 1886 – 2 May 1942)
(Lived: 56 years)
[9] 		March 17, 1942May 2, 1942 Independent none Commonwealth of the Philippines
G Jouge B. Vargas and his daughter (cropped).jpg Jorge Bartolome Vargas
(24 April 1890 – 22 February 1980)
(Lived: 89 years)		January 23, 1942October 14, 1943 KALIBAPI none Philippine Executive Commission
H Arturo Tolentino.jpg Arturo Tolentino
(19 September 1910 – 2 August 2004)
(Lived: 93 years)
[18] [19] 		6 July 1986 [H 1] 8 July 1986 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan none Fourth Republic
   Katipunan
   Independent
   KALIBAPI
   Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Notes
  1. ↑ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
  2. ↑ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
  3. ↑ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
  4. ↑ "Sovereign Nation/People" is translated from haring bayan or haringbayan, Bonifacio's Tagalog neologism adapting the term "republic", based on its Latin roots res publica ; "republic" was itself used as a synonym of haring bayan. The full original terms are Haring Bayang Katagalugan and Republika ng Katagalugan.
  5. ↑ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
  6. ↑ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  7. ↑ Aguinaldo was elected President of a new government by fellow members of the Katipunan, but the new government considered the Katipunan per se to be dissolved/superseded when it came into existence to replace it.
  8. ↑ The Tejeros government called itself Republica Filipina, Republica de Filipinas and Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan (akin to Bonifacio's preferred terminology) and so it does not yet have a standardized name in Philippine historiography.
  9. ↑ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  10. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
  11. ↑ "Republic of Biak-na-Bato" is a term used by Filipino historians to distinguish it from other Philippine Republics; it called itself Republica de Filipinas.
  12. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary government.
  13. ↑ Aguinaldo formally held the title of "Dictator", was not formally "President" again until the end of the Dictatorial Government and the start of the pre-Malolos Revolutionary Government.
  14. ↑ Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship. [13]
  15. ↑ Term ended with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
  16. ↑ Replaced the Dictatorial Government, but both did not call themselves a "Republic". Replaced by the First Republic.
  17. ↑ Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a dictatorship.
  18. ↑ Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
  19. ↑ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
  20. ↑ "Malolos Republic" is a term used by Filipino historians to distinguish it from other Philippine Republics; it called itself Republica Filipina.
  21. ↑ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
  22. ↑ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
  23. ↑ The original term is Republika ng [Kapuluang] Katagalugan.

Timeline

Jorge B. VargasJosé Abad SantosTagalog Republic#Sakay's RepublicMiguel MalvarFirst Philippine RepublicHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsCentral Executive Committee (Philippines)Republic of Biak-na-BatoTejeros ConventionAndres BonifacioList of unofficial presidents of the Philippines

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting president in a coup attempt.

Related Research Articles

Lupang Hinirang National anthem of the Philippines

"Lupang Hinirang", originally titled in Spanish as "Marcha Nacional Filipina" and commonly known by its incipit "Bayang Magiliw", is the national anthem of the Philippines. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, and the lyrics were adopted from the Spanish poem "Filipinas", written by José Palma in 1899.

Emilio Aguinaldo First president of the Philippines, revolutionary leader (1869–1964)

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and the first president of a constitutional republic in Asia. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).

Katipunan 1892–1897 Philippine revolutionary society against Spanish rule

The Katipunan, officially known as the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain through a revolution.

Andrés Bonifacio Filipino revolutionary leader (1863–1897)

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was a Filipino freemason and revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution", and considered one of the national heroes of the Philippines. He was one of the founders and later the Kataas-taasang Pangulo of the Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or more commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Tagalog Revolution. With the onset of the Revolution, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, with himself as President (Pangulo) of a nation-state called "Haring Bayang Katagalugan", also "Republika ng Katagaluguan", wherein "Tagalog" referred to all those born in the Philippine islands and not merely the Tagalog ethnic group. Hence, some historians have argued that he should be considered the First President of the Tagalogs instead of the Philippines, that is why he is not included in the current official line of succession.

Philippine Revolutionary Army Armed forces of the First Philippine Republic (1899-1901)

The Philippine Revolutionary Army later renamed Philippine Republican Army, was the official armed forces of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March of 1899 to its disollution in November of that year in favor of guerilla operations in the Philippine–American War.

President of the Philippines Head of State and Head of Government

The president of the Philippines is the head of state and the head of government of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The president is directly elected by the people, and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.

Philippine Revolution Revolution against Spain in the Philippines

The Philippine Revolution, called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities of the Spanish East Indies, under the Spanish Empire.

Tagalog Republic is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.

Miguel Malvar Filipino general

Miguel Malvar y Carpio was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some historians, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines but, as of 2022, is not recognized as such by the Philippine government.

Mariano Trías

Mariano Trías y Closas is considered to be the first de facto Philippine Vice President of that revolutionary government established at the Tejeros Convention - an assembly of Philippine revolutionary leaders that elected officials of the revolutionary movement against the colonial government of Spain. When that assembly broke into factions, a truce known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed by the group and also recognized the elected officials and Trias as the vice president of Emilio Aguinaldo, who is also considered to be the first President of the Philippines. With the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution by the Malolos Convention, the First Philippine Republic was born. Under the Aguinaldo administration, Trias served in the cabinet initially as Secretary of Finance and, later, as Secretary of War.

Tejeros Convention Philippine elections of 1897

The Tejeros Convention, also known as the Tejeros Assembly and the Tejeros Congress, was a meeting held on March 22, 1897, between Katipunan factions of Magdiwang and Magdalo in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite that resulted in the creation of a new revolutionary government that took charge of the Philippine Revolution, replacing the Katipunan. It followed on a previous meeting now known as the Imus Assembly. Filipino historians consider the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history to have been held at this convention, although only Katipuneros were able to take part, and not the general populace.

Julio Nakpil

Julio Nakpil y García was a Filipino musician, composer and a General during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He was a member of the Katipunan, a secret society turned revolutionary government which was formed to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. His Katipunan adoptive name was J. Giliw or simply Giliw. He was commissioned by Andres Bonifacio, President of the Revolutionary Government, to compose a hymn which was intended to become the National Anthem of the Tagalog Republic. That hymn was entitled "Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan". Thus, to some, he is remembered as the composer of the first national anthem of the Philippines. He is also a known critic of Emilio Aguinaldo.

Malolos Constitution 1899 constitution of the First Philippine Republic

The Political Constitution of 1899, informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on 21 January 1899.

Magdiwang (faction)

The Magdiwang was a chapter of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila in 1892, with the aim to gain independence from Spain. The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged "as the supreme organ responsible for the successful campaigns against the enemy" within Cavite.

<i>Sakay</i> (film) 1993 Filipino film

Sakay is a 1993 Filipino historical drama film directed by Raymond Red. The film stars Julio Diaz, Tetchie Agbayani, and Leopoldo Salcedo. It was produced by Alpha Omega Productions. The film portrays the latter part of the life of Filipino patriot and hero Macario Sakay, who was declared an outlaw and a criminal for continuing hostilities against the United States after the "official" end of the Philippine–American War. It was also the last movie appearance of Leopoldo Salcedo in 1993 5 years before his sudden death in 1998.

Francisco Carreón

Francisco Carreón y Marcos was a Filipino general in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and in the Philippine–American War. As the vice president of Macario Sakay's Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan), he continued resistance against the United States up until the dissolution of the republic in 1906. He was captured on July 14, 1906 and was imprisoned in the old Bilibid Prison; he was later released in 1930 through a pardon.

This is a list of notable events that happened in the Philippines in the year 1897.

The Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan is a song of the Philippine Revolution and the national anthem of the Tagalog Republic also claimed to be the first national anthem of the Philippines. Julio Nakpil composed the anthem in November 1896, but it was later on replaced by the current Philippine's official national anthem which is known today as Lupang Hinirang.

This is the timeline of the Philippine Revolution. It contains the events before and during the revolution.

A revolutionary government or provisional government has been declared a number of times in the Philippines by insurgent groups.

References

  1. ↑ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  M1 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas );
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  M1 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
  2. ↑ Halili & Halili 2004 , pp.  138–139 .
  3. ↑ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007), Bonifacio for (first) president, GMA News.
  4. ↑
  5. 1 2
  6. ↑ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  7. ↑ manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995), Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?, Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles, archived from the original on June 9, 2007, retrieved 2007-04-08
  9. 1 2 Orejas, Tonette. "Abad Santos, acting Commonwealth president, gets proper honors in place where he died". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  10. ↑ Guererro, Francis Rodney; Songalia (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN   962-258-228-1.
  11. ↑ Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad; Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN   971-550-278-4.
  12. ↑ Severino, Howie (2007-11-27). "Bonifacio for (first) president". gmanews.tv. GMA Network . Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  13. ↑ "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy". pangulo.ph. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05.
  14. ↑ Cruz, Maricel V. (2008-02-02). "Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar". www.manilatimes.net. Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  15. ↑ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. ISBN   971-10-2415-2.
  16. ↑ Flores, Paul (1995-08-12). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  17. ↑ Tan, Michael (2007-09-21). "September's heroes". www.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  18. ↑ Yabes, Criselda (7 July 1986). "Marcos' Man Tolentino Declares Himself President". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "GMA, former Senate colleagues pay tribute to Arturo Tolentino, 94". The Philippine Star. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.