Loquat | |
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Loquat leaves and fruits | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Eriobotrya |
Species: | E. japonica |
Binomial name | |
Eriobotrya japonica | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), called biwa in Japan, [2] is a large evergreen shrub or tree grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.
The loquat is in the family Rosaceae and is native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China. [3] [4] In Japan, the loquat has been grown for over 1,000 years. It has been introduced to regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world. [5] [6]
Eriobotrya japonica was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus Mespilus and is still sometimes mistakenly known as the Japanese medlar, which is the name it takes in other European languages, such as níspero japonés in Spanish or nespolo giapponese in Italian. It is also known as Japanese plum [7] and Chinese plum. [8]
Loquat | |||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 蘆橘 | ||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 芦橘 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Modern Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 枇杷 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||
Kanji | 枇杷 | ||||||||||||||||||
Kana | びわ | ||||||||||||||||||
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The name loquat derives from Cantonese lou4 gwat1 (Chinese : 盧橘 ; pinyin :lújú;lit.'black orange'). The phrase 'black orange' originally referred to unripened kumquats,which are dark green in color,but the name was mistakenly applied to the loquat by the ancient Chinese poet Su Shi when he was residing in southern China,and the mistake was widely taken up by the Cantonese region thereafter.[ citation needed ]
In Louisiana,many refer to loquats as "misbeliefs" (from the Louisiana Creole word for the tree,mísplís) and they grow in the yards of many homes. [9]
E. japonica is a large,evergreen shrub or small tree,with a rounded crown,short trunk,and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to 5–10 metres (16–33 feet) tall but is often smaller,about 3–4 m (10–13 ft). The fruit begins to ripen during spring to summer,depending on the temperature in the area. The leaves are alternate,simple,10–25 centimetres (4–10 inches) long,dark green,tough and leathery in texture,with a serrated margin,and densely velvety-hairy below with thick yellow-brown pubescence;the young leaves are also densely pubescent above,but this soon rubs off. [10] [11] [12] [13]
Loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the autumn or early winter,and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer. [14] The flowers are 2 cm (3⁄4 in) in diameter, white, with five petals, and produced in stiff panicles of three to ten flowers. The flowers have a sweet, heady aroma that can be smelled from a distance.[ citation needed ]
Loquat fruits, growing in clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped, 3–5 cm (1+1⁄8–2 in) long, with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin. The succulent, tangy flesh is white, yellow, or orange and sweet to subacid or acid, depending on the cultivar.[ citation needed ]
Each fruit contains from one to ten ovules, with three to five being the most common. [15] Several ovules mature into large, brown seeds (with different numbers of seeds appearing in each fruit on the same tree, usually between one and four).[ citation needed ]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(January 2021) |
The first European record of the species might have been in the 17th century by Michał Boym, a Polish jesuit, orientalist, politician, and missionary to China. He described loquat in his Flora sinensis , the first European natural history book about China. [16] The common name for the fruit is from the Portuguese nêspera (from the modified nespilus, originally mespilus, which referred to the medlar), (José Pedro Machado, Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa, 1967). Since the first contact of the Portuguese with the Japanese and Chinese dates also from the 16th century, possibly some were brought back to Europe, as was likely the case with other species such as the 'Hachiya' persimmon variety.
E. japonica was again described in Europe by Carl Peter Thunberg, as Mespilus japonica in 1780, and was relocated to the genus Eriobotrya (from Greek εριο "wool" and βοτρυών "cluster") by John Lindley, who published these changes in 1821.This fruit is also found in abundance in the north west Pakistan region.
The most common variety in Portugal is the late-ripening 'Tanaka', where it is popular in gardens and backyards, but not commercially produced. In northern Portugal, it is also popularly called magnório or magnólio, probably having to do with French botanist Pierre Magnol. In Spain, the fruits are similarly called nísperos and are commercially exploited, Spain being the second-largest producer worldwide, after China, with 41,487 t annually, half of which is destined to export markets.
The plant is originally from China, where related species can be found growing in the wild. [17] [18] [19] [20] It has become naturalised in Georgia, Armenia, Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, Kenya, Syria, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, South Africa, the whole Mediterranean Basin, Pakistan, New Zealand, Réunion, Tonga, Central America, Mexico, South America, Israel, and warmer parts of the United States (Hawaii, California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina).[ citation needed ]
The plant has been cultivated in China for over 1,000 years. Chinese immigrants are presumed to have carried the loquat to Hawaii and California. [21] [22] It has been cultivated in Japan for about 1,000 years and presumably the fruits and seeds were brought back from China to Japan by the many Japanese scholars visiting and studying in China during the Tang dynasty.
Over 800 loquat cultivars exist in Asia. Self-fertile variants include the 'Gold Nugget' and 'Mogi' cultivars. [5] The loquat is easy to grow in subtropical to mild temperate climates, where it is often primarily grown as an ornamental plant, especially for its sweet-scented flowers, and secondarily for its delicious fruit. The boldly textured foliage adds a tropical look to gardens, contrasting well with many other plants.[ citation needed ]
The many named cultivars have orange or white flesh. [23] Some cultivars are intended for home growing, where the flowers open gradually, thus the fruit also ripens gradually, compared to the commercially grown species where the flowers open almost simultaneously, and the whole tree's fruit also ripen together.[ citation needed ]
China is the biggest producer of loquat in the world, more than five times the production of the second-largest producer, Spain, followed by Pakistan and Turkey. [24] In Europe, Spain is the main producer of loquat. [25]
In temperate climates, it is grown as an ornamental with winter protection, as the fruits seldom ripen to an edible state. In the United Kingdom, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [26] [27]
In the United States, the loquat tree is hardy in USDA zones 8 and above, and will flower only where winter temperatures do not fall below 30 °F or −1 °C. In such areas, the tree flowers in autumn and the fruit ripens in late winter. [5] It is popular in the southeastern United States. In the United States, cultivation is typically within the southeastern and temperate west coast regions. [28] The one advantage the loquat has among others, though, is its fruit becomes available in late April – early May around a time many other fruits are not ready yet. [28] [29] [ citation needed ]
Loquats have been reported to survive temperatures as cold as −11 °C (12 °F) for short periods of time. [30] [ better source needed ] The loquat grows poorly if the temperature is "too tropical", [30] but at what maximum temperature it can be cultivated is unclear.
Altitude is an important factor to consider, as well. Loquats grow naturally from 900 to 2,000 m (3,000 to 7,000 ft). [30] The right altitudes varies depending on the temperature or how close it is to the equator. This contributes to why higher altitudes in China or the Andes Mountains make excellent cultivating spots. [30] [31]
China is a major country where loquats grow natively and wild in forests around the mountains. Loquats are cultivated on around 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) with hundreds of different varieties. [28]
In Russia, loquat produces fruits in subtropical and near-subtropical areas (Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as in subtropical areas of Georgia.
In Canada, it can be found growing in Vancouver, though it does not produce fruit. More frost-resistant varieties grow and produce fruit in Sidney, British Columbia, though not every year.
Loquat grows differently in tropical climates, typically blooming two or three times a year. [29] Loquats usually mature 90 days after the bloom. [29]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 197 kJ (47 kcal) |
12.14 g | |
Dietary fiber | 1.7 g |
0.2 g | |
0.43 g | |
Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
Vitamin A equiv. | 8% 76 μg |
Thiamine (B1) | 2% 0.019 mg |
Riboflavin (B2) | 2% 0.024 mg |
Niacin (B3) | 1% 0.18 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 6% 0.1 mg |
Folate (B9) | 4% 14 μg |
Vitamin C | 1% 1 mg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 1% 16 mg |
Iron | 2% 0.28 mg |
Magnesium | 3% 13 mg |
Manganese | 6% 0.148 mg |
Phosphorus | 2% 27 mg |
Potassium | 9% 266 mg |
Sodium | 0% 1 mg |
Zinc | 0% 0.05 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [32] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [33] |
The loquat is low in sodium and high in vitamin A, vitamin B6, dietary fiber, potassium, and manganese. [34]
Like most related plants, the seeds (pips) and young leaves of the plant are slightly poisonous, containing small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides (including amygdalin) which release cyanide when digested, though the low concentration and bitter flavour normally prevent enough being eaten to cause harm.[ citation needed ]
The loquat has high sugar, acid, and pectin contents. [35] It is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. The fruit is also commonly used to make jam, jelly, and chutney, and is often served poached in light syrup. Firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts,[ citation needed ] while the fruits are the sweetest when soft and orange.[ citation needed ] The fruit is sometimes canned or processed into confections. The waste ratio is 30% or more, due to the seed size.[ citation needed ]
The loquat can also be used in juices or smoothies. In South American countries such as Ecuador, the loquat can be used for batidos , where they are mixed with milk, ice, or other fruits. [30] [28] [36]
An American writer calls the loquat's flavor "floral" with hints of apricot and peach, [37] with the fruit's natural sweetness contributing to its popularity. [37]
Loquats are used commonly as a natural sweetener for many different types of food, and are used to make marmalade and jelly in various locales. [37] [ failed verification ] Many people use loquats to create sauces and other juices, since the acidity goes well with the sweetness, another reason why they are popular for making pies and other pastries. [37] [ failed verification ] [36]
Loquats are often eaten as a fresh fruit, but need to have the seeds removed to be ready to eat. The seeds not only take up a great deal of space relative to the size of the fruit (cf. avocado), but also are slightly poisonous in large quantities. [29] The fruit is often peeled, but the peel is edible and not overly thick.
Loquats can also be used to make light wine. They are fermented into a fruit wine, sometimes using just crystal sugar and white liquor.[ citation needed ]
The liquor nespolino is made from the seeds, [38] reminiscent of nocino and amaretto,[ citation needed ] both prepared from nuts and apricot kernels. Both the loquat seeds and the apricot kernels contain cyanogenic glycosides, but the drinks are prepared from varieties that contain only small quantities (such as 'Mogi' and 'Tanaka' [39] ), so the risk of cyanide poisoning is minimal.[ citation needed ]
Some other uses for loquat include making animal feed and medicine to counter vomiting and thirst. [29] The loquat's wood is used as an alternative to pear wood and works well to make rulers/other writing instruments. [29] The loquat's flowers are used to make perfume in Europe, although its yield is considered low. Powdered loquat leaves are also used to treat diarrhea, depression, and to help counteract alcoholic intoxication. [29]
The loquat was often mentioned in medieval Chinese literature, such as the poems of Li Bai. Its original name is no longer used in most Chinese dialects and has been replaced by pipa (枇杷), which is a reference to the fruit's visual resemblance to a miniature pipa lute.
Because of its golden colour, the pipa represents gold and wealth in China. It is often one in a bowl or composite of fruits and vegetables (such as spring onions, artemisia leaves, pomegranates, kumquats, etc.) to represent auspicious wishes or the Five Prosperities or wurui (五瑞). [40]
Kumquats, or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, sensu lato. Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. × japonica being a hybrid of the last two.
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. The genus Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread into Micronesia and Polynesia by the Austronesian expansion ; and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean via the incense trade route, and onwards to Europe and the Americas.
A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. M. indica has been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type". Other species in the genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.
A plum is a fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus. Dried plums are most often called prunes, though in the United States they may be just labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.
Rambutan is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The rambutan is native to Southeast Asia. It is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits, including the lychee, longan, pulasan, and quenepa.
A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by animals and humans — all trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds. In horticultural usage, the term "fruit tree" is limited to those that provide fruit for human food. Types of fruits are described and defined elsewhere, but would include "fruit" in a culinary sense, as well as some nut-bearing trees, such as walnuts.
The persimmon is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the kaki persimmon, Diospyros kaki – Diospyros is in the family Ebenaceae, and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber. In 2019, China produced 75% of the world total of persimmons.
The quince is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the Malinae subtribe of the Rosaceae family. It is a deciduous tree that bears hard, aromatic bright golden-yellow pome fruit, similar in appearance to a pear. Ripe quince fruits are hard, tart, and astringent. They are eaten raw or processed into marmalade, jam, paste or alcoholic beverages.
Chaenomeles is a genus of four species of deciduous spiny shrubs, usually 1–3 m tall, in the family Rosaceae. They are native to Southeast Asia. These plants are related to the quince and the Chinese quince, differing in the serrated leaves that lack fuzz, and in the flowers, borne in clusters, having deciduous sepals and styles that are connate at the base.
Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, is a large shrub or small tree in the rose family Rosaceae. The fruit of this tree, also called medlar, has been cultivated since Roman times, is usually available in winter and eaten when bletted. It may be eaten raw and in a range of cooked dishes. When the genus Mespilus is included in the genus Crataegus, the correct name for this species is Crataegus germanica (Kuntze). In the southwest of England it historically had a number of vulgar nicknames, such as open-arse and monkey's bottom, due to the appearance of its large calyx.
The tamarillo is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It is best known as the species that bears the tamarillo, an egg-shaped edible fruit. It is also known as the tree tomato, tomate de árbol, tomate andino, tomate serrano, blood fruit, poor man's tomatoe, tomate de yuca, tomate de españa, sachatomate, berenjena, chilto and tamamoro in South America, tyamtar, rambheda or rukh tamatar in Nepal, and terong Belanda in Indonesia. It is popular globally, especially in Peru, Colombia, New Zealand, Ecuador, Nepal, Rwanda, Burundi, Australia, Bhutan and the United States.
Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Indian jujube, Indian plum, Chinese date, Chinese apple, ber and dunks is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae. It is often confused with the closely related Chinese jujube, but whereas Z. jujuba prefers temperate climates, Z. mauritiana is tropical to subtropical.
Kerria japonica, commonly known as Japanese kerria or Japanese rose, is a deciduous, yellow-flowering shrub in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to China, Japan and Korea. It is the only species in the genus Kerria. In the wild, it grows in thickets on mountain slopes. Japanese kerria has been used for medicine and is also planted in gardens. A double-flowered cultivar, K. japonica 'Pleniflora', is commonly called bachelor's buttons.
Mespilus, commonly called medlar, is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae containing the single species Mespilus germanica of southwest Asia. It is also found in some countries in the Balkans, especially in Albanian and Bulgarian regions. A second proposed species, Mespilus canescens, discovered in North America in 1990, proved to be a hybrid between M. germanica and one or more species of hawthorn, and is properly known as ×Crataemespilus canescens.
Rhaphiolepis is a genus of about fifteen species of evergreen shrubs and small trees in the family Rosaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical East Asia and Southeast Asia, from southern Japan, southern Korea and southern China, south to Thailand and Vietnam. In searching literature it is well to remember that the name commonly is misspelt "Raphiolepsis". The genus is closely related to Eriobotrya (loquats), so closely in fact, that members of the two genera have hybridised with each other; for example the "Coppertone loquat" is a hybrid of Eriobotrya deflexa X Rhaphiolepis indica. The common name hawthorn, originally specifically applied to the related genus Crataegus, now also appears in the common names for some Rhaphiolepis species. For example, Rhaphiolepis indica often is called "Indian hawthorn", and Rhaphiolepis umbellata, "Yeddo hawthorn".
Diospyros kaki, the Oriental persimmon, Chinese persimmon, Japanese persimmon or kaki persimmon, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros. Although its first botanical description was not published until 1780, D. kaki cultivation in China dates back more than 2000 years.
Prunus tomentosa is a species of Prunus native to northern and western China, Korea, Mongolia, and possibly northern India. Common names for Prunus tomentosa include Nanjing cherry, Korean cherry, Manchu cherry, downy cherry, Shanghai cherry, Ando cherry, mountain cherry, Chinese bush cherry, and Chinese dwarf cherry.
Medlar is a large shrub or small tree cultivated for its edible fruits.
Níspero, nipero, nêspera and mespel are terms referring to certain fruit-bearing trees, or to their fruit in particular:
The fig is the edible fruit of Ficus carica, a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Moraceae, native to the Mediterranean region, together with western and southern Asia. It has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world. Ficus carica is the type species of the genus Ficus, containing over 800 tropical and subtropical plant species.
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