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Ludwig Hatschek (9 October 1855 – 15 July 1914) was an Austrian industrialist. He was the founder of the Eternit-Werke factory in Vöcklabruck, Upper Austria.
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Ludwig Hatschek (9 October 1855 – 15 July 1914) was an Austrian industrialist. He was the founder of the Eternit-Werke factory in Vöcklabruck, Upper Austria.
Ludwig Hatschek was born on 9 October 1855 in Těšetice, as the sixth child in a brewing family. In 1866, the Hatschek family moved from Moravia to Linz. Ludwig Hatschek attended business school here and then graduated from a brewing school in Weihenstephan near Munich. He later worked at the brewery Linzer Aktienbrauerei und Malzfabrik (one of the predecessors of the current largest Austrian beer producer, the Brau Union group), owned by his father, and travelled extensively. He left his father's company in 1890; he was paid his share of 100,000 guilders. While he was looking for a new area of activity in Great Britain, his wife, the daughter of a banker, Rosa Würzburger, was looking for a suitable location in Upper Austria. In 1893 he bought a disused paper mill in Schöndorf near Vöcklabruck. He bought used asbestos spinning machines for it from a burnt-out spinning mill in Gastein- Lend near Salzburg. Asbestos was a "new" material at the time and piqued Hatschek's interest. A year later he founded the company Erste Österreich-ungarische Asbestwarenfabrik Ludwig Hatschek.
Ludwig Hatschek worked for seven years on the development of a fire-resistant roofing material, lighter than burnt roof tiles, cheaper than slate and more durable than sheet metal. Having found Portland cement to be the right binder, he succeeded in making non-flammable, frost-resistant and lightweight boards for durable roofing. He mixed 90% cement and 10% asbestos fibers with water and processed the mixture on a cardboard machine. In 1900, he patented this production process; the patent was entitled "Production of artificial stone slabs with hydraulic binders". In 1903 he gave the new product the trade name "Eternit" (Latin aeternus – eternal). Later, pipes also began to be made from asbestos cement. For the first time, asbestos cement was used on a large scale during the construction of the Taur Railway (1902–1909), where it proved itself. From 1908, his company imported the necessary cement from the cement factory in Pinsdorf, which Hatschek built for this purpose. Hatschek secured the second raw material - asbestos - in Russia, where he obtained a five-year contract from the owners of mines in the Ural Mountains for the exclusive purchase of the entire annual production.
Due to the difficulties in obtaining patents abroad (especially in Germany, where the process took almost 10 years), Hatschek did not establish other factories of his own (with the exception of the one in the village of Nyergesújfalu near Esztergom in Hungary, which was given tax advantages), but was satisfied with the income from royalties and production licenses that he sold worldwide. By 1910, within ten years of the patent being registered, "Eternit" factories had been established in many countries, including France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Romania, Russia, United States and Canada. In the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy alone, 300 to 400 companies sold Eternity. Railway station buildings continued to be major government contracts. Thanks to this expansion, Hatschek moved the company headquarters to Linz in 1910–1911, where he also moved. He had houses built for his workers in Vöcklabruck. Between 1910 and 1913, Ludwig Hatschek transformed the former sand pit on the Bauernberg in Linz into a large park at great expense and donated it to the city.
From 1910 his life was marked by serious illness. He completed numerous medical stays abroad – in Nice, Merano, and in a sanatorium near Munich. He died in July 1914 in his Art Nouveau villa Hatschek (currently the seat of the Upper Austrian Chamber of Agriculture – Oö. Landwirtschaftskammer) in Linz.
In 1908, Ludwig Hatschek received the honorary title of "Imperial Councilor" (Kaiserlicher Rat). In 1914 he was named an honorary citizen of Linz, and in 1945 a street was named after him – Hatschekstraße. A street named after him can also be found in the nearby towns of Wels, Gmunden, and in the municipality of Seewalchen am Attersee. In 1953, Hatschekgasse in Vienna – Donaustadt (22nd district) was named after him.
Bakelite, formally Polyoxybenzylmethyleneglycolanhydride, is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed by the Belgian chemist and inventor Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York in 1907, and patented on December 7, 1909.
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.
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Peter Behrens was a leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909. He had a long career, designing objects, typefaces, and important buildings in a range of styles from the 1900s to the 1930s. He was a foundation member of the German Werkbund in 1907, when he also began designing for AEG, pioneered corporate design, graphic design, producing typefaces, objects, and buildings for the company. In the next few years, he became a successful architect, a leader of the rationalist / classical German Reform Movement of the 1910s. After WW1 he turned to Brick Expressionism, designing the remarkable Hoechst Administration Building outside Frankfurt, and from the mid-1920s increasingly to New Objectivity. He was also an educator, heading the architecture school at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna from 1922 to 1936. As a well known architect he produced design across Germany, in other European countries, Russia and England. Several of the leading names of European modernism worked for him when they were starting out in the 1910s, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius.
Asbestos cement, genericized as fibro, fibrolite, or AC sheet, is a composite building material consisting of cement and asbestos fibres pressed into thin rigid sheets and other shapes.
Fiber cement siding is a building material used to cover the exterior of a building in both commercial and domestic applications. Fiber cement is a composite material made of cement reinforced with cellulose fibers. Originally, asbestos was used as the reinforcing material but, due to safety concerns, that was replaced by cellulose in the 1980s. Fiber cement board may come pre-painted or pre-stained or can be done so after its installation.
Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. These elements are typically flat, rectangular shapes laid in courses from the bottom edge of the roof up, with each successive course overlapping the joints below. Shingles are held by the roof rafters and are made of various materials such as wood, slate, flagstone, metal, plastic, and composite materials such as fibre cement and asphalt shingles. Ceramic roof tiles, which still dominate in Europe and some parts of Asia, are still usually called tiles. Roof shingles may deteriorate faster and need to repel more water than wall shingles. They are a very common roofing material in the United States.
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