Lviv Oblast

Lviv Oblast Львівська область
Oblast
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname:  Львівщина (Lvivshchyna)
Country	Ukraine
Administrative center	Lviv
Government
•  Governor	Maksym Kozytskyy [1]
•  Oblast council	84 seats
• Chairperson	Yevhenii Girnyk (acting)
Area
• Total	21,833 km2 (8,430 sq mi)
• Rank	Ranked 17th
Elevation	296 m (971 ft)
Population  (2022) [2]
• Total	2,478,133
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	79-82
Area code	+380-32
ISO 3166 code	UA-46
Raions	7
Hromadas	73
FIPS 10-4	UP15
Website	www.loda.gov.ua [ dead link ]

Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian : Льві́вська о́бласть, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA:  [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ] ), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Льві́вщина, IPA:  [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ] ), ^{[lower-alpha 1]} is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 est.). ^[2]

History

Name

The region is named after the city of Lviv which was founded by Daniel of Galicia, the King of Ruthenia, in the 13th century, where it became the capital of Galicia-Volhynia. Daniel named the city after his son, Leo. During this time, the general region around Lviv was known as Red Ruthenia (Cherven' Rus').

Early history

The oblast's strategic position at the heart of central Europe and as the gateway to the Carpathians has caused it to change hands many times over the centuries. It was ruled variously by Great Moravia, Kievan Rus', Poland, was independent as the state of Galicia-Volhynia (circa 1200 to 1340), and then ruled by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1340 to 1772), the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772 to 1918), West Ukrainian People's Republic and Poland (1919 to 1939), when it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Republic of Poland. The region's historically dominant Ukrainian population declared the area to be a part of an independent West Ukrainian National Republic in November 1918 — June 1919, but this endured only briefly. Local autonomy was provided in international treaties but later on those were not honoured by the Polish government and the area experienced much ethnic tension between the Polish and Ukrainian population.

Establishment

The oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 4 December 1939 following the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland and annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.

It was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 following the start of Operation Barbarossa, where most of the local Jewish population were killed. Following the end of World War II, the region remained in Soviet hands as was arranged in the Tehran and Yalta conferences. Local Poles were expelled and Ukrainians expelled from Poland arrived.

In 1959, Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into Lviv Oblast.

Present day

Given its historical development, Lviv Oblast is one of the least russified and sovietized parts of Ukraine, with much of its Polish and Habsburg heritage still visible today.

In Ukraine today, there are three provinces (oblasts) that formed the eastern part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Two of these, Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast were entirely contained in the kingdom; the third oblast of Ternopil was mainly in the kingdom apart from four of its most northerly counties (raions). The counties of the Kingdom of Galicia remained largely unchanged when they were incorporated into successor states; with minor changes as detailed below, the current counties are almost co-extensive with those of the Kingdom.

During the 2014 Euromaidan protests, the region is also notable for having declared independence from the central government led by Viktor Yanukovych who started to use active military force against protestors. ^[3]

Geography

The terrain of Lviv Oblast is highly varied. The southern part is occupied by the low Beskyd (Ukrainian: Бескиди) mountain chains running parallel to each other from northwest to southeast and covered with secondary coniferous forests as part of the Eastern Carpathians; the highest point is Pikui (1408 m). North from there are the wide upper Dniester river valley and much smaller upper San River valley. These rivers have flat bottoms covered with alluvial deposits, and are susceptible to floods. Between these valleys and Beskyd lies the Precarpathian upland covered with deciduous forests, with well-known mineral spa resorts (see Truskavets, Morshyn). It's also the area of one of the earliest industrial petroleum and gas extraction. These deposits are all but depleted by now.

In the central part of the region lie Roztocze, Opillia, and part of the Podolia uplands. Rich sulphur deposits were mined here during the Soviet era. Roztocze is densely forested, while Opillia and Podolia (being covered with loess on which fertile soils develop) are densely populated and mostly covered by arable land. In the central-north part of the region lies the Small Polesia lowland, geographically isolated from the rest of Polesia but with similar terrain and landscapes (flat plains with sandy fluvioglacial deposits and pine forests). The far North of the region lies on the Volhynia upland, which is also covered with loess; coal is mined in this area.

• 
  Roztochia Biosphere Reserve
• 
  The Tustan rock complex in Skole Raion
• 
  Skole Beskids. View of the village Tukholka.
• 
  Grassy flatlands with rolling hills in Drohobych Raion
• 
  Mount Parashka, the highest peak of the Parashka Range in the Skole Beskids
• 
  Zashkiv village in Zhovkva Raion

Climate

The climate of Lviv Oblast is moderately cool and humid. The average January temperatures range from −7 °C (19  °F ) in the Carpathians to −3 °C (27 °F) in the Dniester and San River valleys while in July the average temperatures are from 14–15 °C (57–59  °F ) in the Carpathians to 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) in Roztocze and 19 °C (66 °F) in the lower part of the Dniester valley. ^[4] The average annual precipitation is 600–650 mm (23.62–25.59  in ) in the lowlands, 650–750 mm (25.59–29.53 in) in the highlands and up to 1,000 mm (39.37 in) in the Carpathians, with the majority of precipitation occurring in summer. Prolonged droughts are uncommon, while strong rainfalls can cause floods in river valleys. Severe winds during storms can also cause damage, especially in the highlands. The climate is favourable for the cultivation of sugar beets, winter wheat, flax, rye, cabbage, apples, and for dairy farming. It is still too cold to successfully cultivate maize, sunflower, grapes, melon, watermelon or peaches in Lviv Oblast. In the Carpathians conditions are favourable for Alpine skiing 3–4 months a year.

Politics

Government House, Lviv

Governors

• Chairmen of the Executive Committee

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth	Year of death
March 1991	6 April 1992	Vyacheslav Chornovil	b. 1937	d. 1999
June 1994	July 1995	Mykola Horyn	b. 1945

• Representative of the President

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth
20 March 1992	June 1994	Stepan Davymuka	b. 1947

• Heads of the Administration ^[5]

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth	Year of death
7 July 1995	6 Feb. 1997	Mykola Horyn	b. 1945
6 Feb. 1997	14 Jan. 1999	Mykhailo Hladiy	b. 1952
15 Jan. 1999	19 March 2001	Stepan Senchuk	b. 1955	d. 2005
26 March 2001	26 April 2002	Mykhailo Hladiy	b. 1952
26 April 2002	4 June 2003	Myron Yankiv	b. 1951
9 June 2003	20 Dec. 2004	Oleksandr Sendeha	b. 1953
20 Dec. 2004	4 Feb. 2005	Bohdan Matolych (acting)	b. 1955
4 Feb. 2005	20 Feb. 2008	Petro Oliynyk	b. 1957	d. 2011
20 Feb. 2008	27 Feb. 2008	Valery Pyatak (acting)	b. 1959
27 Feb. 2008	20 April 2010?	Kmit Mykola (acting to 1 Sep 2008)	b. 1966
20 April 2010	21 December 2010 [6]	Vasyl Horbal [7]	b. 1971
21 December 2010	2 November 2011 [6]	Mykhailo Tsymbaliuk [6]	b. 1964
2 November 2011 [6]	4 March 2013 [8]	Mykhailo Kostiuk [6]	b. 1961
4 March 2013 [8]	31 October 2013 [9]	Viktor Shemchuk [8]	b. 1970
31 October 2013 [9]	23 January 2014 [10]	Oleh Salo [9]	b. 1968
2 March 2014	14 August 2014 [11]	Iryna Sekh	b. 1970
14 August 2014	26 December 2014	Yuriy Turyanskyi (acting)	b. 1975
26 December 2014	11 June 2019	Oleh Synyutka	b. 1970
11 June 2019	5 July 2019	Rostyslav Zamlynsky (acting)	b. 1976
5 July 2019	5 February 2020	Markiyan Malsky	b. 1984
5 February 2020		Maksym Kozytsky	b. 1984

Subdivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Lviv Oblast

Drohobych.The second largest city in Lviv Oblast

Truskavets - a small resort town in the Carpathian foothills

Architecture in Stryi

Half-timbered old villa in the Carpathian foothills in Skole Raion

Until the big district reform on July 18, 2020 Lviv Oblast was administratively subdivided into 20 raions (districts), as well as 9 city (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Boryslav, Chervonohrad, Drohobych, Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, Sambir, Stryi, Truskavets, and the administrative center of the oblast, Lviv.

Raions of Lviv Oblast as of August 2020.

On 18 July 2020, the number of districts was reduced to seven. ^{[12] [13]} These are:

1. Chervonohrad (Червоноградський район), the center is in the town of Chervonohrad;
2. Drohobych (Дрогобицький район), the center is in the town of Drohobych;
3. Lviv (Львівський район), the center is in the city of Lviv;
4. Sambir (Самбірський район), the center is in the town of Sambir;
5. Stryi (Стрийський район), the center is in the town of Stryi;
6. Yavoriv (Яворівський район), the center is in the town of Yavoriv;
7. Zolochiv (Золочівський район), the center is in the town of Zolochiv.

In addition, there are the city raions of the city of Lviv.

Kingdom of Galicia, administrative, 1914

Hromada (Громада)	Type	Center	Raion	Raion before 2020
Belz	urban	Belz	Chervonohrad	Sokal
Bibrka	urban	Bibrka	Lviv	Peremyshliany
Biskovychi	rural	Biskovychi	Sambir	Sambir
Borynia	settlement	Borynia	Sambir	Turka
Boryslav	urban	Boryslav	Drohobych	Boryslav Municipality
Brody	urban	Brody	Zolochiv	Brody
Busk	urban	Busk	Zolochiv	Busk
Chervonohrad	urban	Chervonohrad	Chervonohrad	Chervonohrad Municipality
Davydiv	rural	Davydiv	Lviv	Pustomyty
Dobromyl	urban	Dobromyl	Sambir	Staryi Sambir
Dobrosyn-Maheriv	rural	Maheriv	Lviv	Zhovkva
Dobrotvir	settlement	Dobrotvir	Chervonohrad	Kamianka-Buzka
Drohobych	urban	Drohobych	Drohobych	Drohobych Municipality
Hlyniany	urban	Hlyniany	Lviv	Zolochiv
Hnizdychiv	settlement	Hnizdychiv	Stryi	Zhydachiv
Horodok	urban	Horodok	Lviv	Horodok
Hrabovets-Duliby	rural	Duliby	Stryi	Stryi
Ivano-Frankove	settlement	Ivano-Frankove	Yavoriv	Yavoriv
Kamianka-Buzka	urban	Kamianka-Buzka	Lviv	Kamianka-Buzka
Khodoriv	urban	Khodoriv	Stryi	Zhydachiv
Khyriv	urban	Khyriv	Sambir	Staryi Sambir
Komarno	urban	Komarno	Lviv	Horodok
Kozova	rural	Kozova	Stryi	Skole
Krasne	settlement	Krasne	Zolochiv	Busk
Kulykiv	settlement	Kulykiv	Lviv	Zhovkva
Lopatyn	settlement	Lopatyn	Chervonohrad	Radekhiv
Lviv	urban	Lviv	Lviv	Lviv Municipality
Medenychi	settlement	Medenychi	Drohobych	Drohobych
Morshyn	urban	Morshyn	Stryi	city of Morshyn
Mostyska	urban	Mostyska	Yavoriv	Mostyska
Murovane	rural	Murovane	Lviv	Pustomyty
Mykolaiv	urban	Mykolaiv	Stryi	Mykolaiv
Novoiavorivsk	urban	Novoiavorivsk	Yavoriv	Yavoriv
Novyi Kalyniv	urban	Novyi Kalyniv	Sambir	Sambir
Novyi Rozdil	urban	Novyi Rozdil	Stryi	city of Novyi Rozdil
Obroshyne	rural	Obroshyne	Lviv	Pustomyty
Peremyshliany	urban	Peremyshliany	Lviv	Peremyshliany
Pidberiztsi	rural	Pidberiztsi	Lviv	Pustomyty
Pidkamin	settlement	Pidkamin	Zolochiv	Brody
Pomoriany	settlement	Pomoriany	Zolochiv	Zolochiv
Pustomyty	urban	Pustomyty	Lviv	Pustomyty
Radekhiv	urban	Radekhiv	Chervonohrad	Radekhiv
Ralivka	rural	Ralivka	Sambir	Sambir
Rava-Ruska	urban	Rava-Ruska	Lviv	Zhovkva
Rozvadiv	rural	Rozvadiv	Stryi	Mykolaiv
Rudky	urban	Rudky	Sambir	Sambir
Sambir	urban	Sambir	Sambir	city of Sambir
Shchyrets	settlement	Shchyrets	Lviv	Pustomyty
Shehyni	rural	Shehyni	Yavoriv	Mostyska
Skhidnytsia	settlement	Skhidnytsia	Drohobych	Boryslav Municipality
Skole	urban	Skole	Stryi	Skole
Slavske	settlement	Slavske	Stryi	Skole
Sokal	urban	Sokal	Chervonohrad	Sokal
Sokilnyky	rural	Sokilnyky	Lviv	Pustomyty
Solonka	rural	Solonka	Lviv	Pustomyty
Staryi Sambir	urban	Staryi Sambir	Sambir	Staryi Sambir
Strilky	rural	Strilky	Sambir	Staryi Sambir
Stryi	urban	Stryi	Stryi	city of Stryi
Sudova Vyshnia	urban	Sudova Vyshnia	Yavoriv	Mostyska
Trostianets	rural	Trostianets	Stryi	Mykolaiv
Truskavets	urban	Truskavets	Drohobych	city of Truskavets
Turka	urban	Turka	Sambir	Turka
Velyki Mosty	urban	Velyki Mosty	Chervonohrad	Sokal
Velykyi Liubin	settlement	Velykyi Liubin	Lviv	Horodok
Yarychiv	settlement	Novyi Yarychiv	Lviv	Kamianka-Buzka
Yavoriv	urban	Yavoriv	Yavoriv	Yavoriv
Zabolottsi	rural	Zabolottsi	Zolochiv	Brody
Zhovkva	urban	Zhovkva	Lviv	Zhovkva
Zhovtantsi	rural	Zhovtantsi	Lviv	Kamianka-Buzka
Zhuravne	settlement	Zhuravne	Stryi	Zhydachiv
Zhydachiv	urban	Zhydachiv	Stryi	Zhydachiv
Zolochiv	urban	Zolochiv	Zolochiv	Zolochiv
Zymna Voda	rural	Zymna Voda	Lviv	Pustomyty

Raions of the Lviv Oblast

	In English	In Ukrainian	Administrative Center
	Brody Raion	Бродівський район Brodivs'kyi raion	Brody (City)
	Busk Raion	Буський район Bus'kyi raion	Busk (City)
	Drohobych Raion	Дрогобицький район Drohobyts'kyi raion	Drohobych (City)
	Horodok Raion	Городоцький район Horodots'kyi raion	Horodok (City)
	Kamianka-Buzka Raion	Кам'янка-Бузький район Kamyanka-Buz'kyi raion	Kamianka-Buzka (City)
	Mostyska Raion	Мостиський район Mostys'kyi raion	Mostyska (City)
	Mykolaiv Raion	Миколаївський район Mykolayivs'kyi raion	Mykolaiv (City)
	Peremyshliany Raion	Перемишлянський район Peremyshlians'kyi raion	Peremyshliany (City)
	Pustomyty Raion	Пустомитівський район Pustomytivs'kyi raion	Pustomyty (City)
	Radekhiv Raion	Радехівський район Radekhivs'kyi raion	Radekhiv (City)
	Sambir Raion	Самбірський район Sambirs'kyi raion	Sambir (City)
	Skole Raion	Сколівський район Skolivs'kyi raion	Skole (City)
	Sokal Raion	Сокальський район Sokal's'kyi raion	Sokal (City)
	Staryi Sambir Raion	Старосамбірський район Starosambirs'kyi raion	Staryi Sambir (City)
	Stryi Raion	Стрийський район Stryis'kyi raion	Stryi (City)
	Turka Raion	Турківський район Turkivs'kyi raion	Turka (City)
	Yavoriv Raion	Яворівський район Yavorivs'kyi raion	Yavoriv (City)
	Zhovkva Raion	Жовківський район Zhovkivs'kyi raion	Zhovkva (City)
	Zhydachiv Raion	Жидачівський район Zhydachivs'kyi raion	Zhydachiv (City)
	Zolochiv Raion	Золочівський район Zolochivs'kyi raion	Zolochiv (City)

Demographics

• Male/female ratio: 48%/52%
• Nationalities (2001): 94.8% of the region's population are Ukrainians; 3.6% (or 92,600 people) are Russians; Poles account for 0.7%; there are also smaller German, Jewish and Romani minorities. ^[14] Notably, the comparison of the 2001 Ukrainian census (mentioned above), with the last Soviet census of 1989 reveals that in those 12 years the number of Poles in the Lviv Oblast declined by 29.7 percent which, in the opinion of "Wspólnota Polska" Society defies explanation, and could possibly be attributed to the intensive Ukrainization of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[15]

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.7% (male 202,923/female 193,000)

15-64 years: 70.0% (male 867,699/female 897,788)

65 years and over: 14.3% (male 122,906/female 238,016) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 38.0 years

male: 35.2 years

female: 40.9 years (2013 official)

Religion

Fifty-nine percent of the religious organisations active in the Lviv Oblast adhere to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is the second largest religious body. The followers of the Roman Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) are mostly from the Polish, and Russian or non-Galician Ukrainian minorities respectively.

• 
  Zhovkva. Temple of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
• 
  Church of Sts. Peter & Paul in Sokal
• 
  Church of Our Lady Protectress in Stryi
• 
  Church of St. Anna in Boryslav, the fifth largest city in Lviv Oblast
• 
  Church of the Blessed Eucharist, Klymets, Skole district
• 
  Zolochiv. The church of Assumption of the Holy Virgin (1731-1763)

Historical and cultural sites

The city of Lviv contains a well-preserved main square (Rynok) and numerous historical and beautiful churches. Other sites of interest are the historic Lychakivskiy Cemetery, the local museum of folklore, and the ruins of the famous Vysokyi Zamok. The name of the castle is closely tied to the name of the city. There is also a museum of military artifacts, the "Arsenal".

Well-preserved local wooden churches, castles, and monasteries can be found throughout the Oblast. One of them is the Olesko Castle which is first recorded in 1327. Another castle that was built at the end of the 15th century is Svirzh Castle in the village of Svirzh, Peremeshliany Raion. One more and no less famous castle is the Pidhirtsi Castle. Its architectural complex consists of the three-story palace, Kostel, and small park. In Roztochia is also located the Krekhivsky monastery in the buch^{[ check spelling ]}-pine grove at the foot of the Pobiyna mount. The whole complex consists of the Saint Nikola Church, the bell tower, numerous service structures, and defensive walls with towers. Another site worth of mentioning is the Tustan city-fortress which is built in the rock. The site was nominated as the historical and as the natural wonder of Ukraine. There also a nature complex in the valley of the Kamianka river in Skoliv Raion. Another natural wonder of the region is the Kamin-Veleten (Rock-Giant in English) which is located near city of Pidkamin in Zolochiv Raion. The name of the local city means Under the Rock. A local museum of Ukrainian art and an institution of higher learning (Ivan Franko State University) are also present.

Gallery

• 
  Wooden Trinity Church in Zhovkva
• 
  Zhovkva Castle
• 
  Villa in Drohobych
• 
  Svirzh Castle
• 
  Sambir. The former Treasury building

Economy

The most important research into cereal epidemics in the country is undertaken here. ^[16] The National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine's Institute of Agriculture in Obroshino is the center of study for cereal pathogens including powdery mildew of barley. ^[16] In the early 2000s the most active researchers here were Olga Vronska and G. Kosilovich at the IoA. ^[16] Puccinia recondita , Erysiphe graminis , (syn. Blumeria graminis) and various Pseudocercosporella spp. are present and are significant in winter wheat in this oblast. ^[17]

Two introduced banded land snails, the Grove Snail ( Cepaea nemoralis ) and White-Lipped Snail ( C. hortensis ) are found here. ^[18] C. n. was intentionally brought here in the late 1800s, but the genetic analysis of Gural-Sverlova et al., 2021 shows continued introductions have also occurred ever since. ^[18] (The geographic distribution of both suggests they arrive through the gardening trade, as is known from other countries.) ^[18] This analysis shows several distinct arrivals of C. n. yielding several present-day populations in and around Lviv. ^[18]

See also

• List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin – Ukrainian immigrants to Canada brought place names from this oblast with them to Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.
• Poland’s Lwów Voivodeship (1921–1939)
• Subdivisions of Ukraine

References

1. Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially referred to as "oblast centers" (Ukrainian: обласни́й це́нтр, romanized: oblasnýi céntr, IPA:  [oblɐsˈnɪj ˈtsɛntr] ). The name of each oblast is a relational adjective—in English translating to a noun adjunct which otherwise serves the same function—formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of the respective center city: Lʹvív is the center of the Lʹvívsʹka óblastʹ (Lviv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Lviv Oblast, Lvivshchyna.

1. Zelensky introduces new head of Lviv Regional State Administration, Ukrinform (6 February 2020)
2. Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022](PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
3. Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule
4. WorldClimate.com (Data for L'viv)
5. Lviv, worldstatesmen.org
6. Yanukovych appoints ex-Ukrzaliznytsia head Kostiuk governor of Lviv region, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)
7. Horbal appointed Lviv regional governor, Kyiv Post (April 20, 2010)
8. Gryshchenko introduces new Lviv regional governor to local officials, Kyiv Post (4 March 2013)
9. Yanukovych appoints Salo as governor of Lviv region, UKRINFORM (23 January 2014)
10. Lviv governor Salo resigns – mass media, Unian (23 January 2013)
11. Poroshenko dismisses Sekh as Lviv region governor, appoints Turiansky as acting governor, kyivpost.com (15 August 2014)
12. "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
13. "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
14. Державний комітет статистики України (2004). "Національний склад населення / Львівська область" [Ukrainian Census, Lviv Oblast]. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
15. Polonia w opracowaniach (2013). "Zmiany w liczebności ludności polskiej na Ukrainie w okresie 1989-2001" [Changes in the number of Poles in Ukraine in the period between 1989 and 2001]. Polacy na Ukrainie. Stowarzyszenie "Wspólnota Polska". Archived from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
16. • Deising, H. B. (2009). Plant Relationships. The Mycota. Vol. 5. Berlin: Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN   978-3-540-87407-2. OCLC   318545655. ISBN   978-3-540-87406-5. ISBN   978-3-642-09952-6.^: 63
    • Brown, James K. M.; Hovmøller, Mogens S. (2002-07-26). "Aerial Dispersal of Pathogens on the Global and Continental Scales and Its Impact on Plant Disease". Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 297 (5581): 537–541. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..537B. doi:10.1126/science.1072678. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   12142520. S2CID   4207803.
    • Zhan, Jiasui; Thrall, Peter H.; Papaïx, Julien; Xie, Lianhui; Burdon, Jeremy J. (2015-08-04). "Playing on a Pathogen's Weakness: Using Evolution to Guide Sustainable Plant Disease Control Strategies". Annual Review of Phytopathology . Annual Reviews. 53 (1): 19–43. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120040. ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   25938275.
    • Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Caffier, Valérie; Jalli, Marja (2000). "The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993-1999" (PDF). Agronomie . EDP Sciences. 20 (7): 729–743. doi:10.1051/agro:2000172. ISSN   0249-5627. HAL Id: 00886083.
17. • "Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
    • Lisovoy, M. P.; Parphenyuk, A. I. (1997). "Pathogenicity of Puccinia recondita, Erysiphe graminis and Pseudocercosporella spp. in the Ukraine and sources of group resistance of the winter wheat to these pathogens". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection . Taylor & Francis. 31 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1080/03235409709383215. ISSN   0323-5408.
18. • Gural-Sverlova, Nina; Egorov, Roman; Kruglova, Oksana; Kovalevich, Natalia; Gural, Roman (2021-09-27). "Introduced land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Eastern Europe: spreading history and the shell colouration variability". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca . Masaryk University Press. 20: 75–91. doi: 10.5817/mab2021-20-75 . ISSN   1336-6939. S2CID   244209896. ORCIDs: (NVGS 0000-0002-3892-5338). (RE 0000-0002-1955-1756). (OK 0000-0003-0049-412X). (RIG 0000-0002-1546-1956).
    • Gural-Sverlova, Nina V.; Gural, Roman I.; Rodych, T. V. (2021). "Shell Banding and Color Polymorphism of the Introduced Snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae) in Lviv, Western Ukraine". Zoodiversity . National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. 55 (1): 51–62. doi: 10.15407/zoo2021.01.051 . ISSN   2707-725X. S2CID   234113827. ORCIDs: (NVGS 0000-0002-3892-5338). (RIG 0000-0002-1546-1956).

• Source for statistics used: L'viv Regional State Administration Web Site – accessed February 29, 2004.

External links

Media related to Lviv Oblast at Wikimedia Commons

• L'viv Regional State Administration Web Site
• Symbols and flags

49°43′03″N23°57′01″E / 49.71750°N 23.95028°E / 49.71750; 23.95028