The ManchusA are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and Qing (1636–1912) dynasties of China were established and ruled by the Manchus,who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China,forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them,Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China,such as Xinbin,Xiuyan,Qinglong,Fengning,Yitong,Qingyuan,Weichang,Kuancheng,Benxi,Kuandian,Huanren,Fengcheng,BeizhenB and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region.
The Eight Banners were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war,the Eight Banners functioned as armies,but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci,the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty.
Yoshiko Kawashima,born Aisin Gioro Xianyu,was a Qing dynasty princess of the Aisin-Gioro clan. She was raised in Japan and served as a spy for the Japanese Kwantung Army and Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War. She is sometimes known in fiction under the pseudonym "Eastern Mata Hari". After the war,she was captured,tried,and executed as a traitor by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China. She was also a notable descendant of Hooge,eldest son of Hong Taiji.
The House of Aisin-Gioro was a Manchu clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636),the Qing dynasty (1636–1912),and Manchukuo (1932–1945) in the history of China. Under the Ming dynasty,members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the Jianzhou Jurchens,one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the Great Wall in 1644,and eventually conquered the short-lived Shun dynasty,Xi dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty. After gaining total control of China proper,the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions,including Xinjiang,Tibet,Outer Mongolia,and Taiwan. The dynasty reached its zenith during the High Qing era and under the Qianlong Emperor,who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline.
Zaifeng,also known as Tsai Feng,Prince of Ch'ün,formally known by his title Prince Chun,was a Manchu prince and regent of the late Qing dynasty. He was a son of Yixuan,the seventh son of the Daoguang Emperor,and the father of Puyi,the Last Emperor. He served as prince regent from 1908 to 1911 during the reign of his son until the Qing dynasty was overthrown by the Xinhai Revolution in 1911.
Manchukuo was a puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945. The Manchukuo regime was established four months after the Japanese withdrawal from Shanghai with Puyi as the nominal but powerless head of state to add some semblance of legitimacy,as he was a former emperor and an ethnic Manchu.
Pujie was a Qing dynasty imperial prince of the Aisin-Gioro. Pujie was the younger brother of Puyi,the last Emperor of China. After the fall of the Qing dynasty,Pujie went to Japan,where he was educated and married to Hiro Saga,a Japanese noblewoman. In 1937,he moved to Manchukuo,where his brother ruled as Emperor under varying degrees of Japanese control during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). After the war ended,Pujie was captured by Soviet forces,held in Soviet prison camps for five years,and then extradited back to the People's Republic of China,where he was incarcerated for about 10 years in the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre. He was later pardoned and released from prison by the Chinese government,after which he remained in Beijing where he joined the Communist Party and served in a number of positions in the party until his death in 1994.
Jin Yuzhang,born Aisin-Gioro Yuzhang,is a Chinese civil servant,politician and former nobleman. He is the current head of the House of Aisin-Gioro,the ruling house of the late Qing dynasty.
Jin Youzhi,born Aisin-Gioro Puren,was a Chinese politician,teacher and historian. He was the head of the House of Aisin-Gioro,the ruling clan of the Qing dynasty,from 1994 until his death in 2015. He was the fourth and youngest son of Prince Chun,and a younger half-brother of Puyi,the last emperor of China. Instead of using his Manchu clan name "Aisin-Gioro" as his family name,Puren adopted "Jin" as his new family name. "Jin" means "gold" in Mandarin,as does "Aisin" in the Manchu language. His courtesy name was "Youzhi." He is best known as "Jin Youzhi." The Chinese media referred to him as "the last emperor's younger brother" or "the last imperial younger brother."
Yuntang,born Yintang,was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was the ninth son of the Kangxi Emperor and an ally of his eighth brother Yunsi,who was the main rival to their fourth brother Yinzhen in the power struggle over the succession. In 1722,Yinzhen succeeded their father and became historically known as the Yongzheng Emperor,after which he started purging his former rivals. In 1725,the Yongzheng Emperor stripped Yuntang off his beizi title,banished him from the Aisin Gioro clan,and imprisoned him in Baoding. Yuntang died under mysterious circumstances later. In 1778,the Qianlong Emperor,who succeeded the Yongzheng Emperor,posthumously rehabilitated Yuntang and restored him to the Aisin Gioro clan.
Aisin-Gioro Huisheng,better known simply as Huisheng or Eisei,was a Manchu-Japanese noblewoman. She was born in the Aisin Gioro clan,the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty. She was the elder daughter of Pujie,the younger brother of Puyi,the last emperor of China. Her mother was Hiro Saga,a Japanese noblewoman who married Pujie in 1937.
Aisin-Gioro Xiqia (Aisin-Gioro Hsi-hsia;Chinese:愛新覺羅·熙洽;pinyin:ÀixīnjuéluóXīqià;Wade–Giles:Ai4-hsin1-chüeh2-lo2 Hsi1-ch'ia4;1883–1950),commonly known as Xi Qia or Xi Xia (Hsi Hsia;Chinese:熙洽;pinyin:Xīqià;Wade–Giles:Hsi1-hsia4;Hepburn:Ki Kō),was a general in command of the Jilin Provincial Army of the Republic of China,who defected to the Japanese during the Invasion of Manchuria in 1931,and who subsequently served as a cabinet minister in Manchukuo.
Irgen Gioro is a Manchu clan and family name,which was officially categorized as a "notable clan",and member of the eight great houses of the Manchu nobility in Qing dynasty. Sibe and Nanai people also has Irgen Gioro as their family name.
King Pu-tsung is a Taiwanese politician. He served as the Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 25 March 2014 until 12 February 2015. King was widely regarded as the most important aide to Ma Ying-jeou. He served as the Secretary-General of Kuomintang (KMT) from December 2009 to January 2011. King also served as Vice Mayor of Taipei from 2002 to 2006 and had previously been a scholar and journalist. King is alleged to be a descendant of the Aisin Gioro clan.
Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun is a Chinese linguist of Manchu ethnicity who is known for her studies of the Manchu,Jurchen and Khitan languages and scripts. She is also known as a historian of the Liao and Jin dynasties. Her works include a grammar of Manchu (1983),a dictionary of Jurchen (2003),and a study of Khitan memorial inscriptions (2005),as well as various studies on the phonology and grammar of the Khitan language.
Jin Qicong or Aisin-Gioro Qicong was a Chinese historian and linguist of Manchu ethnicity who is known for his studies of the Manchu and Jurchen languages. His works include the first modern dictionary of Jurchen (1984),various books about the Manchu people,and editions of the poetry of his great-great-grandfather Aisin-Gioro Yihui (1799–1838) and his wife Gu Taiqing.
Jin Guangping or Aisin-Gioro Hengxu (1899–1966) was a Chinese linguist of Manchu ethnicity who is known for his studies of the Jurchen and Khitan languages and scripts.
Secession in China refers to several secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China. Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the factors that have created these ethnic issues include history,nationalism,economic and political disparity,religion,and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other minority ethnic groups,particularly in rural and border regions. Historically,other ruling ethnicities,such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty,experienced ethnic issues as well.
Kosei Fukunaga,better known simply as Husheng or Kosei,is a Manchu-Japanese noblewoman. She was born in the Aisin Gioro clan,the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty. She is the younger daughter of Pujie,the younger brother of the last Chinese Emperor Xuantong,and her mother was Hiro Saga,a Japanese noblewoman who was distantly related to Emperor Shōwa.
China was a monarchy from prehistoric times up to 1912,when a republic was established. The succession of legendary monarchs of China were non-hereditary. Dynastic rule began c. 2070 BC when Yu the Great established the Xia dynasty,and monarchy lasted until 1912 when dynastic rule collapsed together with the monarchical government. Various attempts at preserving and restoring the Chinese monarchy occurred during and following the Xinhai Revolution,but these regimes were short-lived and lacked widespread recognition.
