Mandarese people

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Mandarese
Mandar people
ᨔᨘᨀᨘ ᨆᨊᨛᨉᨑᨛ
سوكو ماندار
Traditional Mandar Wedding.JPG
Traditional Mandar Wedding at Mandar, West Sulawesi, 2011.
Total population
Approximately 1 million
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
West Sulawesi 565,225
South Sulawesi 489,986
South Kalimantan 49,322
East Kalimantan 33,000
Languages
Mandar, Mamasa, Mamuju, Indonesian
Religion
Islam (predominantly) [1]
Related ethnic groups

The Mandarese are an ethnic group in the Indonesian province of West Sulawesi in Sulawesi. The Mandar language belongs to the Northern subgroup of the South Sulawesi languages group of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The closest language to Mandar is the Toraja-Sa'dan language. [2]

Contents

Identity

Before there was a regional expansion, the Mandarese along with the Bugis people, Makassar people and Toraja people formed a cultural diversity in South Sulawesi. Although politically West Sulawesi and South Sulawesi are divided by a border, the Mandarese are historically and culturally close knitted to their cognate relatives in South Sulawesi. The term "Mandar" is actually a unified name among the seven coastal kingdoms (Pitu Ba'ba'na Binanga) [3] and seven river kingdoms (Pitu Ulunna Salu). [4] In terms of ethnicity, the Pitu Ulunna Salu or commonly known as Kondo Sapata are classified as a part of the Toraja group (Mamasa Regency and part of Mamuju Regency), while at Pitu Ba'ba'na Binanga itself there are a variety of dialects and languages. [5] The strength of these fourteen kingdoms complement each other and the term Sipamandar (meaning, brotherhood and unification of the Mandarese community) [6] as one people through a covenant that was sworn by their ancestors at Allewuang Batu in Luyo.

History

The Mandarese are made up of seventeen kingdoms. Seven upstream kingdoms which are called Pitu Ulunna Salu, seven estuary kingdoms that are known as Pitu Ba'bana Binanga and three kingdoms that are called Kakarunna Tiparittiqna Uhai. [7]

The seven kingdoms that merged in the Pitu Ulunna Salu Alliance region are: [4]

The seven kingdoms that merged in the Pitu Baqbana Binanga Alliance region are: [3]

The three kingdoms that called Kakaruanna Tiparittiqna Uhai in the Lembang Mapi region are: [8] [9]

The upstream kingdoms are well versed with the conditions of the mountains while the estuary kingdoms are experienced with the conditions of the ocean. With the boundaries on the south which borders Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, on the eastern side borders with Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi, on the north part borders with Palu, Central Sulawesi, and on the west coast border is Straits of Makassar.

Throughout the history of Mandar kingdoms, many notable freedom fighters arose against the Dutch East Indies such as Imaga Daeng Rioso, Puatta I Sa'adawang, Maradia Banggae, [10] Ammana Iwewang, [11] Andi Depu, [12] Mara'dia Batulaya and so forth, although later regions occupied by the Mandarese was successfully captured by the Dutch East Indies. From the zeal of the Mandarese which is referred as "the spirit of Assimandarang" until later in 2004 the Mandar region became recognized as a province in Indonesia as West Sulawesi.

Social structure

The Mandarese people are dominated by the vestiges of traditional relations. Feudal nobility, including royal rulers of the past mara'dia (prince), participates with the administrative and governmental system. [13]

However, the following interesting trend was observed in Mandarese society is that many women left their traditional work at the loom and began to engage in the fish trade instead. [14]

Culture

In Mandarese culture, they are quite similar to the Bugis people. They engage in fisheries by exporting dried, salted or fermented fish [15] and also in agriculture by cultivating coconut palm, dried rice, coffee, tobacco, as well as forestry. It is believed that the Mandarese people are some of the best sailors in Sulawesi, [16] who serve in the sea transportation sector.

A traditional musical instrument is a two-stringed lute. [17] The traditional house of the Mandarese is called boyang. [18] Customary festivals such as Sayyang Pattu'du (Dancing horse), [19] and Passandeq (Sailing on an outrigger canoe) [20] are practiced by the Mandarese. In South Pulau Laut District, Kota Baru Regency, the Mandarese practice the Mappando'esasi (Sea bathing) ceremony. [21] Traditional food such as Jepa, [22] Pandeangang Peapi, Banggulung Tapa and so on are Mandarese specialty.

The Mandarese are predominantly Muslim. The Mandarese adopted Islam in the early 17th century. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sulawesi</span> Province of Indonesia

South Sulawesi is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital and largest city is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tana Toraja Regency</span> Regency of Indonesia

Tana Toraja is a landlocked regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and home to the Toraja ethnic group. It covers an area of 2,054.30 km2 (793.17 sq mi) and had a population of 221,081 at the 2010 census and 280,794 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 291,046, but the official figure for mid 2023 was a much reduced total of 257,901.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Sulawesi</span> Province of Indonesia

West Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It borders the provinces of South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The province also shares maritime borders with East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan to the west and West Nusa Tenggara to the south. It is located on the western side of Sulawesi island. It covers a land area of 17,152.99 km2, and its capital is the town of Mamuju. The 2010 Census recorded a population of 1,158,651, while that in 2020 recorded 1,419,228; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,481,077.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torajan people</span> Ethnic group from South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Torajans are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja. Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk. The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as Aluk To Dolo.

The Lontara script, also known as the Bugis script, Bugis-Makassar script, or Urupu Sulapa’ Eppa’ "four-cornered letters", is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed in the South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi region. The script is primarily used to write the Buginese language, followed by Makassarese and Mandar. Closely related variants of Lontara are also used to write several languages outside of Sulawesi such as Bima, Ende, and Sumbawa. The script was actively used by several South Sulawesi societies for day-to-day and literary texts from at least mid-15th Century CE until the mid-20th Century CE, before its function was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today the script is taught in South Sulawesi Province as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited usage in everyday life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majene</span> Town in Indonesia

Majene is the administrative capital of Majene Regency and it is located in the Indonesian province of West Sulawesi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polewali Mandar Regency</span> Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Polewali Mandar is one of the five regencies in West Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It borders on the regencies of Mamasa in the North, Majene in the West and Pinrang regency of South Sulawesi in the East. It covers an area of 2,074.76 km2 and had a population of 396,120 at the 2010 Census and 478,534 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 495,371. The regency is inhabited by various ethnic groups such as the Mandar, Buginese, Javanese and Toraja.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sulawesi languages</span> Subgroup of the Austronesian language family

The South Sulawesi languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are primarily spoken in the Indonesian provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, with a small outlying pocket in West Kalimantan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Sulawesi</span>

On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, 114 native languages are spoken, all of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. With a total number of 17,200,000 inhabitants, Sulawesi displays a high linguistic diversity when compared with the most densely populated Indonesian island Java, which hosts 4–8 languages spoken by 145,100,000 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majene Regency</span> Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Majene Regency is one of the six regencies which comprise West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. The town of Majene in the far south of the regency is the administrative capital, and consists of two administrative districts - Banggae and Banggae Timur. The population of Majene Regency was 151,197 at the 2010 Census and 174,407 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 181,360.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamasa Regency</span> Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Mamasa Regency is one of the six regencies that make up the West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. It covers a land area of 3,005.88 km2. The population was 140,082 at the 2010 Census and 163,383 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 170,354. Its capital is the town of Mamasa. The Mamasa people - which is a sub-group of the Toraja people - form the most common ethnic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poso Regency</span> Regency in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Poso Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 7,438.55 km2, and had a population of 209,228 at the 2010 Census and 244,875 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 251,654. The principal town lies at Poso.

Ulumandaʼ is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is nearly intelligible with other Pitu Ulunna Salu languages.

Bambam is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is spoken in the Mambi and Tabang districts of Mamasa Regency, and in the Matangnga district of Polewali Mandar Regency. Together with Aralle-Tabulahan, Ulumanda', Pannei and Dakka, Bambam belongs to the Pitu Ulunna Salu languages, which form a subbranch within the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup.

Taeʼ is a language spoken in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Austronesian language family and is one of the languages of the ten tribes that inhabit the Tana Luwu region of South Sulawesi. The Taeʼ language is used by most of the inhabitants of the three regencies of Tana Luwu, and the city of Palopo. Taeʼ is part of the South Sulawesi group of languages. It is closely related to Toraja, and more distantly to Mandar, Massenrempulu, and Mamuju. Taeʼ is used as a lingua franca from south of the border with Buriko Wajo Regency to Malili East Luwu Regency, as well as in Tana Toraja and Massenrempulu.

Mamasa is an Austronesian language spoken in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This language is the native language of the Mamasa people which is related to the Toraja people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandeq</span>

A Sandeq is a type of outrigger sailboat or trimaran used by the Mandarese people for fishing and as a means of transportation between islands. The size of Sandeq varies, with hulls ranging from 5 to 15 metres long and 0.5 to 1.5 metres wide. Its carrying capacity ranges from a few hundred kilograms to over 2 tons. The sleek shape of the Sandeq makes it more agile and faster than other sailboats. The name of the vessel comes from a word in the Mandar language that means pointy, referring to the bow's shape.

The Northern South Sulawesi languages are a subgroup of the South Sulawesi languages in the Austronesian language family. They are spoken in an area that stretches from the western peninsula of Sulawesi to the Gulf of Bone. Its most prominent members are Mandar and Toraja.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamasa people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

The Mamasa is an ethnic group residing in Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi. The Mamasa community is known in districts in Mamasa Regency. The Mamasa people are part of the Toraja sub-people. Mamasa language is similar to Toraja language. The Mamasa people are often referred to as the Toraja Mamasa people.

References

  1. ↑ Martin van Bruinessen (2013). Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "conservative Turn". p. 147. ISBN   9789814414562 . Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  2. ↑ Toby Alice Volkman (1990). Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia. Passport Books. ISBN   978-0-8442-9906-8.
  3. 1 2 Charles F. Keyes (2006). On The Margins of Asia:Diversity In Asian States. Association for Asian Studies. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-924304-48-4.
  4. 1 2 Drs. Abd. Muis Mandra. "Pitu Ulunna Salu, Adaq Tuo (Hukum Hidup)". Kampung Mandar. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  5. ↑ L. T. Tangdilintin (1985). Tongkonan (rumah adat Toraja): arsitektur & ragam hias Toraja. Yayasan Lepongan Bulan Tana Toraja. p. 15. OCLC   572001383.
  6. ↑ Sejarah dan dialog peradaban: persembahan 70 tahun Prof. Dr. Taufik Abdullah. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 2005. p. 728. ISBN   978-97-936-7384-4.
  7. ↑ Muhammad Ridwan Alimuddin (2005). Orang Mandar Orang Laut: Kebudayaan Bahari Mandar Mengarungi Gelombang Perubahan Zaman. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN   978-979-9100-27-6.
  8. ↑ Drs. Abd. Muis Mandra. "Paliliq Massedang, wilayah Tiparittiqna Uhai Mandar". Kampung Mandar. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  9. ↑ "Kerajaan Alu". Arekindo. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  10. ↑ Sulbar, dulu, kini, dan esok: sebuah jalan terjal menuju provinsi. Yapensi. 2006. p. 27. ISBN   97-932-7432-8.
  11. ↑ Bustan Basir Maras (2007). Ziarah tanah Mandar. Annora Media. p. 71. OCLC   212205023.
  12. ↑ Aminah P. Hamzah (1991). Hajjah Andi Depu Maraddia Balanipa: biografi pahlawan. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. pp. 2–3. OCLC   29430243.
  13. ↑ Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin. The Museum. 1988. p. 68. OCLC   23943078.
  14. ↑ Volkman, Toby Alice (1994). "Our garden is the sea: Contingency and improvisation in Mandar women's work". American Ethnologist. 21 (3): 564–585. doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00060.
  15. ↑ Melani Budianta; Manneke Budiman; Abidin Kusno; Mikihiro Moriyama, eds. (2017). Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, November 7-9, 2016: Topics in Arts and Humanities. CRC Press. ISBN   978-13-518-4660-8.
  16. ↑ Insight Guides (2016). Insight Guides Indonesia. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. ISBN   978-17-867-1031-4.
  17. ↑ Gini Gorlinski (1999). Dieter Christensen (ed.). "South Sulawesi Strings by Philip Yampolsky". Yearbook for Traditional Music. International Council for Traditional Music's Yearbook for Traditional Music. Vol. 31: 200. ISSN   0740-1558.
  18. ↑ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal (2005). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 161. M. Nijhoff.
  19. ↑ "Sayang Pattudu Tarian Kuda Khas Sulawesi Barat". Pesona Mandar. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  20. ↑ Hariandi Hafid (30 July 2017). "Horst H. Liebner, berguru tradisi maritim hingga ke Sulawesi". Beritagar. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  21. ↑ Fadjeriansyah (13 March 2014). Rian (ed.). "Pesta Mapandaoesasi Kurang Perhatian". Gema Saijaan. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  22. ↑ Fauzan (29 January 2017). "Nikmatnya Buka Pagi dengan Roti Singkong dan Ikan Tuing-Tuing". Liputan6. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  23. ↑ Bruinessen, Martin van (2013). Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "conservative Turn". Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 147. ISBN   978-981-4414-56-2.
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