Marawi

Last updated

Marawi
مراوي
Islamic City of Marawi
Marawi City Skyline.jpg
Skyline of the city as viewed in November 2018 more than a year after the Battle of Marawi
Flag of Marawi, Lanao del Sur.png
Seal of Marawi.png
Nickname: 
"Summer Capital of the South"
Ph locator lanao del sur marawi.png
Map of Lanao del Sur with Marawi highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Marawi
Philippines location map (square).svg
Red pog.svg
Marawi
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 8°00′11″N124°17′06″E / 8.0031°N 124.285°E / 8.0031; 124.285
CountryFlag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Region Flag of Bangsamoro.svg  Bangsamoro
Province Lanao del Sur
District 1st district
Settled1639
CharteredMay 24, 1907
CityhoodAugust 19, 1940
RenamedJune 16, 1956
Barangays 96 (see Barangays)
Government
[1]
  Type Sangguniang Panlungsod
   Mayor Majul U. Gandamra (PMP)
   Deputy mayor Anouar A. Abdulrauf (PMP)
   Representative Ziaur-Rahman A. Adiong (Lakas–CMD)
   City Council
Members
   Electorate 79,244 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
  Total87.55 km2 (33.80 sq mi)
Elevation
[3]
710 m (2,330 ft)
Highest elevation
1,852 m (6,076 ft)
Lowest elevation
19 m (62 ft)
Population
 (2020 census) [4]
  Total207,010
  Density2,400/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
   Households
30,839
Economy
   Income class 4th city income class
   Poverty incidence
63.18
% (2018) [5]
   Revenue 837.6 million (2020)
   Assets 3,559 million (2020)
   Expenditure 843.9 million (2020)
   Liabilities 2,116 million (2020)
Service provider
   Electricity Lanao del Sur Electric Cooperative (LASURECO)
Time zone UTC+08:00 (PST)
ZIP code
9700
PSGC
IDD : area code +63(0)63
Native languages Maranao
Tagalog

Marawi, officially the Islamic City of Marawi (Maranao: Bandar a Marawi; Filipino : Lungsod ng Marawi), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 207,010 people. [4]

Contents

Marawi is located upon the shores of Lake Lanao. [6] It is primarily inhabited by the Maranao people. The city is also called the "Summer Capital of the South" due to its higher elevation and cooler climate, [7] a nickname it shares with Malaybalay. [8] [ better source needed ]

On May 23, 2017, the city suffered extensive damage during the Battle of Marawi as militants affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant invaded the city and engaged in a massive urban gunfight. [9] The ensuing battle lasted until October 23, 2017, when Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana announced the ending of the battle. Major damage of the city was mostly caused by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force in an attempt to eliminate the militants.

Etymology

Dansalan (Marawi's prior name) derived from the Mëranaw word "dansal", which means rendezvous; literally, it also means arrival [10] (in other source, [11] "where the waves come to shore"). Being known as the destination point for arriving boats, [11] the place refers to a port, [12] hence, the "Place of Destination and Purpose." [13]

Meanwhile, Marawi is derived from the word "rawi", which means reclining, in reference to Agus River. [10] On the other hand, this present name is in honor of the city's martyred hero in Kuta Maraghui (Fortress of Marawi) in 1895. [11]

History

Aerial view of Dansalan, 1932 Landing Fields - Philipines - Mindanao Island - NARA - 68160114.jpg
Aerial view of Dansalan, 1932

As Dansalan

Dansalan began as a port area. [11]

Old Marawi municipal hall Old Marawi City Hall (Kapantaran, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Old Marawi municipal hall

Around the original Meranaw fortification, Spanish captain Francisco Atienza founded a settlement called Dansalan in October 1639. His forces had come from Iligan and were attempting to conquer the entire Lake Lanao area. However, it was abandoned later the same year when thousands of Meranaw soldiers invested the then-fortifying settlement, pressing the Spaniards hard and thus they returned to Iligan, having failed in their quest. [12]

The Spaniards only returned to the area when they began the conquest of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in the 19th century. [12] They made attempts to capture Marahui, the stronghold of the Maranao, twice until they succeeded in 1895 with the deaths of Datu Amai Pakpak and Datu Sinal. [14] They abandoned the place again upon the arrival of the Americans in the country in 1898. [12] [14]

Dansalan was created as a municipality by the Moro Province legislative council on May 24, 1907; [13] [15] served as the capital of the undivided Lanao province since its declaration by the American Colonial Government. [10] [11]

A sovereign of Marawi before 1639 was "Datu Buadi Sa Kayo" who imposed taxation.[ citation needed ]

It was in this municipality when, on March 18, 1935, a group of 189 Maranao leaders and its leader, Hadji Abdulhamid Bongabong of Unayan, signed a document known as the Dansalan Declaration , urging then United States President Franklin Roosevelt and its Congress to grant Mindanao and Sulu separate independence by the US instead of inclusion in the country's independence. [14] [16]

Cityhood (1940), renaming as Marawi (1956), and later developments

Skyline of Marawi in 2008 Marawi City II.jpg
Skyline of Marawi in 2008

Dansalan was the last to become a chartered city under the country's Commonwealth era with the approval of Commonwealth Act No. 592 on August 19, 1940. [11] [17] During World War II, the Japanese invaded Dansalan and established a "comfort station" in the city, where local girls, teenagers, and young adults were kidnapped and turned into sex slaves under brutal "comfort women" system, where victims were routinely gang-raped and killed by Japanese soldiers. [18] [19] [20] After the Second World War, inauguration took place on September 30, 1950. [21] It was renamed Marawi City on June 16, 1956 through Republic Act (RA) No. 1552 which amended the charter. [11] [22] [10] [13]

Upon division of Lanao province through RA No. 2228 in 1959, it was made capital of Lanao del Sur. [11] [23]

The city, being the country's only predominantly Muslim chartered city, was declared "Islamic City of Marawi" through City Council Resolution No. 19-A on April 15, 1980. [10] [11] [13] This was proposed by Parliamentary Bill No. 261 in the defunct Batasang Pambansa, the country's former parliament during the Marcos regime, reportedly to attract funds from the Middle East. [7]

Siege of Marawi (2017)

The Marawi Grand Mosque after the 2017 siege. Marawi Grand Mosque post-siege.jpg
The Marawi Grand Mosque after the 2017 siege.

On May 23, 2017, a pro–Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group called the Maute group attacked the city. The battle of Marawi—also known as the Marawi siege, the Marawi clash, and the Marawi crisis—started on May 23. CNN Philippines reported that the militants had over 500 men. [24] Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law on the island of Mindanao, where the fighting was taking place, initially until December 31, 2017, [25] but was later extended to the end of 2018 and then again to the end of 2019. [25] [26] The city was liberated from militant control on October 17, 2017 and battle operations officially ended on October 23, 2017.

Post-battle period

On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a 10-hectare military base will be established in the city to prevent the reentry of terrorists. [27]

Creation of additional barangays

The 2017 siege resulted to internally displaced persons contributing to a significant population increase in certain barangays , later led to the creation of new ones. [28] [29] Since then, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) held two separate plebiscites in the city, eventually establishing five barangays. [30] [31]

Results of plebiscites for the creation of barangays, 2023–2024
Proposed barangayMother barangayChoiceTotal votesTurnout (%)Registered voters
YesNo
Votes %Votes %
2023 plebiscite(City Ordinances 07-10 and 05-10, series of 2022) [30]
Boganga IIBoganga9482950992
Datu DalidiganSagonsongan4733476480
2024 plebiscite(City Ordinances 20-11, 18-11, and 19-11, series of 2023) [31]
AngoyaoPatani1,13721,1391,235
Sultan CorobongDulay Proper3870387395
Sultan PanorogananKilala5970597635
Sources: COMELEC, via Rappler [32] and Inquirer.net. [33]

The plebiscite for the creation of two barangays on March 18, 2023, marking the first exclusively local electoral exercise in the city post-siege, [28] was held in five polling precincts. [34] With

Another plebiscite, seeking for the creation of three additional barangays, was held on March 9, 2024, [31] in eight clustered precincts. [38] With

Geography

Lake Lanao viewed from Marawi Marawi lake.jpg
Lake Lanao viewed from Marawi

Marawi has a total land area of 8,755 hectares (21,630 acres). [41] It is located on the northernmost shores of Lake Lanao and straddles the area where the Agus River starts. It is bounded to the north by the municipalities of Kapai and Saguiaran; to the south by Lake Lanao; to the east by the municipalities of Bubong and Ditsaan-Ramain; and to the west by the municipalities of Marantao and Saguiaran. [7] The Bagang beach is situated 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) from the city's commercial center.

The Muslim majority city also hosts a national park, the Sacred Mountain National Park, which spans the barangays of Guimba and Papandayan covering an area of 94-hectare (230-acre). The protected area was established on August 5, 1965, by Republic Act no. 4190. [42] The park is dominated by Mount Mupo, a 900-foot (270 m) tall [43] extinct volcanic cone. The park is ideal for birdwatching and mountain climbing to the summit that features a small pond. [44] [ better source needed ]

Topography

Mountains, rolling hills, valleys, and a large placid lake dominate the city's landscape. Angoyao Hills (Barangay Sogod) served as natural viewpoint over the water of the Lake Lanao. Signal Hill (Barangay Matampay), Arumpac Hill (Barangay Saduc), and Mt. Mupo (Barangay Guimba) are considered beautiful but mysterious. Mt. Mupo, located within the Sacred Mountain National Park, is known for its untouched trees and beautiful, perfect cone.[ citation needed ]

Barangays

Marawi is politically subdivided into 101 barangays. [32] [33] [45] Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

  • Ambolong
  • Angoyao
  • Bacolod Chico Proper
  • Banga
  • Bangco
  • Banggolo Poblacion
  • Bangon
  • Biaba-Damag
  • Bito Buadi Itowa
  • Bito Buadi Parba
  • Bubonga Pagalamatan
  • Bubonga Lilod Madaya
  • Boganga
  • Boganga II
  • Boto Ambolong
  • Bubonga Cadayonan
  • Bubong Lumbac
  • Bubonga Marawi
  • Bubonga Punod
  • Cabasaran
  • Cabingan
  • Cadayonan
  • Cadayonan II
  • Calocan East
  • Calocan West
  • Kormatan Matampay
  • Daguduban
  • Dansalan
  • Datu Dalidigan
  • Datu Saber (Navarro)
  • Datu Sa Dansalan
  • Dayawan
  • Dimaluna
  • Dulay
  • Dulay West
  • East Basak
  • Emie Punud
  • Fort
  • Gadongan
  • Buadi Sacayo (Green)
  • Guimba (Lilod Proper)
  • Kapantaran
  • Kilala
  • Lilod Madaya (Poblacion)
  • Lilod Saduc
  • Lomidong
  • Lumbaca Madaya (Poblacion)
  • Lumbac Marinaut
  • Lumbaca Toros
  • Malimono
  • Basak Malutlut
  • Gadongan Mapantao
  • Amito Marantao
  • Marinaut East
  • Marinaut West
  • Matampay
  • Pantaon (Langcaf)
  • Mipaga Proper
  • Moncado Colony
  • Moncado Kadingilan
  • Moriatao Loksadato
  • Datu Naga
  • Olawa Ambolong
  • Pagalamatan Gambai
  • Pagayawan
  • Panggao Saduc
  • Papandayan
  • Papandayan Caniogan
  • Paridi
  • Patani
  • Pindolonan
  • Poona Marantao
  • Puga-an
  • Rapasun MSU
  • Raya Madaya I
  • Raya Madaya II
  • Raya Saduc
  • Rorogagus Proper
  • Rorogagus East
  • Sabala Manao
  • Sabala Manao Proper
  • Saduc Proper
  • Sagonsongan
  • Sangcay Dansalan
  • Somiorang
  • South Madaya Proper
  • Sugod Proper
  • Sultan Corobong
  • Sultan Panoroganan
  • Tampilong
  • Timbangalan
  • Tuca Ambolong
  • Tolali
  • Toros
  • Tuca
  • Tuca Marinaut
  • Tongantongan-Tuca Timbangalan
  • Wawalayan Calocan
  • Wawalayan Marinaut
  • Marawi Poblacion
  • Norhaya Village

Climate

Climate data for Marawi
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)24
(75)
24
(75)
25
(77)
26
(79)
26
(79)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
21
(70)
21
(70)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
20
(68)
Average precipitation mm (inches)159
(6.3)
143
(5.6)
166
(6.5)
183
(7.2)
357
(14.1)
414
(16.3)
333
(13.1)
309
(12.2)
289
(11.4)
285
(11.2)
253
(10.0)
166
(6.5)
3,057
(120.4)
Average rainy days18.417.220.623.429.329.229.929.427.728.725.519.9299.2
Source: Meteoblue [46]

Marawi's weather is warm and wet throughout the year. With the elevation along Lake Lanao at around 2,300 feet (700 m), [3] this raised altitude together frequent heavy showers at all seasons, ensures that hot conditions are seldom observed.

Demographics

Population census of Marawi
YearPop.±% p.a.
1918 6,005    
1939 11,319+3.06%
1948 19,657+6.32%
1960 27,049+2.70%
1970 55,708+7.48%
1975 63,332+2.61%
1980 53,812−3.20%
1990 91,901+5.50%
1995 114,389+4.19%
2000 131,090+2.96%
2007 177,391+4.26%
2010 187,106+1.96%
2015 201,785+1.45%
2020 207,010+0.50%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [47] [48] [49] [50]

Language

Maranao or Meranaw is widely spoken in Marawi; however, local inhabitants can also speak Maguindanao, Iranun, English and Tagalog.

Religion

Marawi Grand Mosque Marawi Grand Mosque top view (Disalongan Street, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Marawi Grand Mosque
Dansalan Bato Mosque Dansalan Bato Mosque (Gomisa Avenue, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Dansalan Bato Mosque

Marawi is predominantly a Muslim city, with Muslims accounting for 99.6% of the population. [7]

Economy

The economy of Marawi is largely based on agriculture, trading, and exporting. Most industries in the city are agriculture-oriented. They include rice and corn farming, hollow blocks manufacturing, goldsmithing, and saw milling. Small and cottage-size enterprises are engaged in garment making, mat and malong weaving, wood carving, brassware making, web development, and blacksmithing. [7]

Apart from that, Marawi is home to NPC – Agus 1 Hydro Electric Power Plant and the first of the six cascading Agus Hydro Power Plants.

A new wind and solar energy plant and a new diesel-generated power plant are set to be developed in Saguiaran, Lanao del Sur, by two private firms to provide electricity to Marawi and adjoining areas. [58] [59] [ better source needed ] The project will cost PHP 2 billion and will generate 10 to 30 megawatts of electricity. [58]

Culture

Marawi Convention Center Marawi Convention Center lake view (Dansalan, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Marawi Convention Center
Marawi Rizal Park Marawi Rizal Park, Peace Park (Dansalan, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Marawi Rizal Park
Sarimanok Sports Stadium Sarimanok Sports Stadium grandstand (Dansalan, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Sarimanok Sports Stadium

Architecture

The feeling of the unique natural setting of the Maranaos in Marawi is manifested by the presence of many large Torogans, an antique royal high-roofed houses with carvings designed by the Meranau, and the Sambitory Old Building in Barrio Naga in front of Tuaka Laput, Marawi.

Government

Marawi City Hall Marawi City Hall (Thobakan, Marawi, Lanao Del Sur; 10-14-2023).jpg
Marawi City Hall
List of Mayors

Education

Marawi is home to the main campus of Mindanao State University, the biggest state university in Philippines. Other institutions and colleges are well established in the city and are as follows:

Other notable secondary schools are:

TESDA is also stationed in Marawi which caters to technical training of students for the province.

Within the Mindanao State University is the Aga Khan Museum of Islamic Arts which is named in honor of Sultan Aga Khan who contributed to the realization of the museum. Historical development of the country is bank on the large space upon the conservation of cultural materials. It has huge, collection of indigenous art, displayed ethnic music tape recorded, the native folk dances from different regions of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, the native tools and weapons used by the Muslims and different artistic designs of houses are the main attractions of museum. Indigenous art and cultural material are being displayed.

Sister cities

Local

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanao del Sur</span> Province in Bangsamoro, Philippines

Lanao del Sur, officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of Marawi, and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north, Bukidnon to the east, and Maguindanao del Norte and Cotabato to the south. To the southwest lies Illana Bay, an arm of the Moro Gulf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soccsksargen</span> Administrative region of the Philippines

Soccsksargen, formerly known as Central Mindanao, is an administrative region of the Philippines, designated as Region XII. Located in south-central Mindanao, its name is an acronym that stands for the region's four provinces and one highly urbanized city. The regional center is in Koronadal, located in the province of South Cotabato, and the center of commerce and industry is General Santos, which is the most populous city in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganassi, Lanao del Sur</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Ganassi, officially the Municipality of Ganassi, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 30,802 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Binidayan</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Binidayan, officially the Municipality of Binidayan, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,965 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buadiposo-Buntong</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Buadiposo-Buntong, officially the Municipality of Buadiposo-Buntong, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 18,046 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butig</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Butig, officially the Municipality of Butig, is a 6th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 22,768 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ditsaan-Ramain</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Ditsaan-Ramain, officially the Municipality of Ditsaan-Ramain, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 24,406 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumbatan</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Lumbatan, officially the Municipality of Lumbatan, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 22,780 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malabang</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Malabang, officially the Municipality of Malabang, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,088 people. The town is one of the two former capitals of the Sultanate of Maguindanao from 1515 until the Spanish conquered the land in 1888.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masiu</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Masiu, officially the Municipality of Masiu, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,580 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulondo, Lanao del Sur</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Mulondo, officially the Municipality of Mulondo, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 19,932 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piagapo</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Piagapo, officially the Municipality of Piagapo, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 30,132 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saguiaran</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Saguiaran, officially the Municipality of Saguiaran, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,712 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tagoloan, Lanao del Sur</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Tagoloan, officially the Municipality of Tagoloan and also known as Tagoloan II, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,602 people. It is the poorest municipality in the whole country of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamparan</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Tamparan, officially the Municipality of Tamparan, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 32,074 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taraka, Lanao del Sur</span> Municipality in Lanao del Sur, Philippines

Taraka, officially the Municipality of Taraka, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 27,184 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maigo</span> Municipality in Lanao del Norte, Philippines

Maigo, officially the Municipality of Maigo, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 23,337 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangcal</span> Municipality in Lanao del Norte, Philippines

Tangcal, officially the Municipality of Tangcal, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 16,075 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanao (province)</span> Former province of the Philippines

Lanao was a province of the Philippines from 1914 to 1959. Today, the province comprises Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saidamen Pangarungan</span> Filipino businessman, lawyer, and politician

Saidamen Balt Pangarungan is a Filipino businessman, lawyer and politician who previously served as the ad interim Chairman of the Commission on Elections from March–June 2022. He previously served as the secretary of the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos in the Duterte administration, and was the governor of Lanao del Sur from 1988 to 1992.

References

  1. Islamic City of Marawi | (DILG)
  2. "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN   0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. 1 2 ""Marawi City terrain"" (Map). Google Maps. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  4. 1 2 Census of Population (2020). "Bangsamoro (BARMM)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  5. "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  6. "Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Islamic City of Marawi". armm.gov.ph. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  8. Beezz. "Exploring Malaybalay: The South Summer Capital of the Philippines". TriptheIslands.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  9. "Philippines: 'Battle of Marawi' Leaves Trail of Death and Destruction". Amnesty International. November 17, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "City Profile". Islamic City of Marawi. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "A brief history: The Islamic City of Marawi". ANC-X . ABS-CBN News. January 1, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Custodio, Arlo (March 25, 2019). "Marawi City as an Exponent of Maranao Culture". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 For historical background of Marawi, a Philstar.com news article cited an annual Commission on Audit report.
  14. 1 2 3 "Why Does Islamic State Target Marawi City?". Jakarta Globe . September 12, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  15. Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War (Part 1 of 3). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1908. p. 383. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  16. Dansalan Declaration:
  17. "Commonwealth Act No. 592". Senate of the Philippines . Government of the Philippines. August 19, 1940. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  18. "Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  19. The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia. The University of the Philippines Press. 2008. ISBN   9789715425629 . Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  20. "Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines". www.awf.or.jp.
  21. "Marawi City: The Least Populated Highly Urbanized City". Philippine Statistics Authority. September 18, 2002. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  22. "Republic Act No. 1552". Senate of the Philippines . Government of the Philippines. June 15, 1956. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  23. "Republic Act No. 2228". Senate of the Philippines . Government of the Philippines. May 22, 1959. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  24. Marcelo, Ver (May 23, 2017). "Gov't Forces, Maute Group Clash in Marawi City". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  25. 1 2 Santos, Eimor P. (December 13, 2017). "Congress Grants Duterte Request to Extend Mindanao Martial Law until End of 2018". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  26. Cabico, Gaea Katreena (December 12, 2018). "Congress Extends Martial Law in Mindanao to End of 2019". Philstar.com. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  27. Yecyec, Joey Taguba (January 30, 2018). "Gov't to Build P400-Million Military Camp in Marawi". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  28. 1 2 "Comelec to hold plebiscites in Marawi City on March 18". Inquirer.net . March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  29. de Leon, Dwight (March 9, 2024). "Marawi voters head to polls to decide on proposal to create 3 new barangays". Rappler . Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  30. 1 2 "Printing of ballots for Marawi plebiscites starts Feb. 25". Philippine News Agency . February 23, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  31. 1 2 3 Naval, Gerard (January 12, 2024). "Comelec sets twin plebiscites in Bangsamoro". Malaya . Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  32. 1 2 3 "Marawi plebiscite: Voters say yes to creation of 2 new barangays". Rappler . March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  33. 1 2 Legaspi, Zeus (March 10, 2024). "Marawi City residents OK creation of 3 new barangays". Inquirer.net . Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  34. "Marawi City to host 1st local polls since 2017 seige". SunStar . March 17, 2023. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  35. "High voter turnout seen in Marawi plebiscite". Philippine News Agency . March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  36. "Marawi set to create 2 new barangays after plebiscite". ABS-CBN News . March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  37. Mapa, Dennis (April 18, 2023). "First Quarter 2023 PSGC Updates" (Press release). Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  38. "Comelec urges Marawi residents to vote in plebiscite". SunStar . March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  39. Baron, Gabriela (March 9, 2024). "3 new barangays created in Marawi plebiscite". Daily Tribune . Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  40. "Marawi voters back creation of 3 additional barangays". GMA News Online . March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  41. "Province: Lanao del Sur". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  42. "Protected Areas in Region 12". Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  43. "Sacred Mountain National Park" (Map). Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2012 via Google Maps.
  44. "Marawi, Islamic City of". Biyahero: Philippine Travel Portal. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  45. "PSGC Interactive – Marawi City (Capital)". National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  46. "Marawi City: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  47. Census of Population (2015). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  48. Census of Population and Housing (2010). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office . Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  49. Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. "Province of Lanao del Sur". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  51. "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  52. "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  53. "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  54. "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  55. "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  56. "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  57. "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  58. 1 2 "P2-B Power Plant to Rise in Lanao Sur". Manila Bulletin. Philippine News Agency. October 20, 2018. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  59. Aquino, Vick (October 20, 2018). "Marawi Tatayuan ng mga Wind, Solar-Powered Energy Plant" [Marawi to Build Wind, Solar-Powered Energy Plant]. Abante (in Filipino). Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2018.