Mardin Province is a linguistically, ethnically and religiously diverse province.[3] The dominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Arameans, and Kurds, of which Kurds constitute a majority.[4] Other minor groups include Armenians, Chechens and Turks, while Jews lived in the area before migrating to Israel around 1948.[5] The Chechens settled in the region during the Russo-Turkish War in 1877/1878.[4]
The distinctive Mhallami community also reside in the district.[6]
The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.[7] In 1990, it was estimated that Kurds constituted 75% of the population.[8]
Social relations
Social relations between Arabs and Kurds have historically been difficult with hostility, prejudice and stereotypes but have in recent years improved.[9] Arabs with Assyrians did not take part in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict and the position of the two groups have been described as being 'submissive' to the Turkish state, creating distrust between them and the Kurds. Kurds perceived Arabs as spies for the state and local Arabs in Mardin city tended to exclude and dominate local politics in the city.[10] Arabs started losing their grip on Mardin city in the 2010s and the Kurdish BDP won the city in the local elections in 2014. Mardin city had previously been governed by pro-state parties supported by local Arabs.[11]
In the first Turkish census in 1927, Kurdish and Arabic were the first language for 60.9% and 28.7% of the population, respectively. Turkish stood as the third largest language at 6.6%. In the 1935 census, Kurdish and Arabic remained the two most spoken languages for 63.8% and 24.9% of the population, respectively. Turkish remained as the third largest language at 6.9%.[13] In the 1945 census, Kurdish stood at 66.4%, Arabic at 24.1% and Turkish at 5.6%.[14] In 1950, the numbers were 66.3%, 23.1% and 7.5% for Kurdish, Arabic and Turkish, respectively.[15] The same numbers were 65.8%, 16.5% and 12.9% in 1955, and 66.4%, 20.9% and 8.6% in 1960.[16] In the last Turkish census in 1965, Kurdish remained the largest language spoken by 71% of the population, while Arabic remained the second largest language at 20% and Turkish stood at 8.9%.[17]
A 2018 estimate put the Kurdish language at 70%, Arabic at 30% and Syriac at less than 1%.[4]
Religion
In the Ottoman yearbook of 1894–1895, Mardin Sanjak had a population of 34,361 and 75.8% adhered to Islam. The largest religious minority was Syriac Orthodox Assyrians who comprised 9.9% of the population, followed by Catholic Armenians at 8.3%, Catholic Assyrians at 3.4%, Protestants at 1.6% and Chaldeans at 0.9%.[18]
Muslims comprised 90.5% of the population in 1927, while Christians of various denominations stood at 3.1% and Jews at 0.3%.[20] In 1935, Muslims comprised 91.2% of the population, while Christians remained the second largest minority at 5.3%. The Jewish population declined to 72 individuals from 490 in 1927.[21] In 1945, 92.1% of the population was Muslim, while Christians were 3.8% of the population.[22] The same numbers were 93.2% and 6.8% in 1955.[23] In 1960, Muslims constituted 93.7% and Christians remained at 6.3%.[24] Same numbers were 91.9% and 5.7% in 1965.[25]
It was estimated that 25,000 Assyrian members of the Syriac Orthodox Church still lived in the province in 1979.[26] Only 4,000 Assyrians remained in the province in 2020, most having migrated to Europe or Istanbul since the 1980s.[27]
Economy
In Mardin agriculture is an important branch accounting for 70% of the province's income.[28]Bulgur, lentils or wheat and other grains are produced.[28] In the capital, there are many civil servants, mostly Turks.[28] Close markets for foreign trade are Syria and Iraq.[28]
The local Assyrians, while reduced due to the Assyrian genocide and Kurdish-Turkish conflict, hold on to two of the oldest monasteries in the world, Dayro d-Mor Hananyo (Turkish Deyrülzafaran, English Saffron Monastery) and Deyrulumur Monastery. The Christian community is concentrated on the Tur Abdin plateau and in the town of Midyat, with a smaller community (approximately 200) in the provincial capital. After the foundation of Turkey, the province has been a target of a Turkification policy, removing most traces of a non-Turkish heritage.[30]
Inspectorate General
In 1927 the office of the Inspector general was created, which governed with martial law.[31] The province was included in the First Inspectorate-General (Turkish: Birinci Umumi Müfettişlik) over which the Inspector General ruled. The Inspectorate-General span over the provinces of Hakkâri, Siirt, Van, Mardin, Bitlis, Sanlıurfa, Elaziğ and Diyarbakır.[32] The Inspectorate General were dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.[33] The Mardin province was also included in a wider military zone in 1928, in which the entrance to the zone was forbidden for foreigners until 1965.[34]
State of Emergency
In 1987 the province was included in the OHAL region governed in a state of emergency.[35] In November 1996 the state of emergency regulation was removed.[36]
↑Üngör, Uğur (2011), The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 245. ISBN0-19-960360-X.
↑Jongerden, Joost (1 January 2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. BRILL. p.53. ISBN978-90-04-15557-2.
↑Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p.139. ISBN978-1-317-09579-8.
↑Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (17 April 2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p.343. ISBN978-0-521-62096-3.
↑Jongerden, Joost (28 May 2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War. BRILL. p.303. ISBN978-90-474-2011-8.
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