Blackburn became the state's senior senator in January 2021 when Lamar Alexander retired from the Senate. Blackburn is a Tea Party Republican[1] who has been described as staunchly conservative.[2]
Early life and education
Marsha Wedgeworth Blackburn was born in Laurel, Mississippi, to Mary Jo (Morgan) and Hilman Wedgeworth, who worked in sales and management.[3] Blackburn is a former beauty-pageant winner while in high school.[4] Blackburn attended Mississippi State University on a 4-H scholarship, earning a B.S. in home economics in 1974.[5][6][7]
Early career and political activity
Iin 1973, she worked a sales manager for the Times Mirror Company. From 1975 to 1978, she worked in the Castner Knott Division of Mercantile Stores, Inc. In 1978, she became the owner of Marketing Strategies, a promotion-event management firm. She continues to run this business.[7]
Blackburn was a founding member of the Williamson CountyYoung Republicans.[8] She was chair of the Williamson County Republican Party from 1989 to 1991.[8][9] In 1992, she was a candidate for Congress and a delegate to the 1992 Republican National Convention. She lost the congressional race.[8] In 1995, Blackburn was appointed executive director of the Tennessee Film, Entertainment, and Music Commission by Tennessee governor Don Sundquist,[10][8] and held that post through 1997.[11]
In 1998, she was elected to the Tennessee Senate, where she served until 2003[12] and rose to be minority whip.[6] In 2000, she took part in the effort to prevent the passage of a state income tax bill.[8]
U.S. House of Representatives
Tenure
Rep. Marsha Blackburn official photo in 2005.
In 2002, Republican Ed Bryant gave up his seat as U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 7th District so that he could run for the Senate. In the Republican primary election for the seat, Blackburn defeated six other candidates including David Kustoff and Mark Norris.[13] In the general election, Blackburn ran against Democrat Tim Barron and was elected with 70% of the vote. In 2004, she ran unopposed and was re-elected.[14]
In 2006, she successfully ran for a third term in the House of Representatives.[15] In November 2007, she unsuccessfully ran for the position of Republican conference chair.[16][17][18] Blackburn joined Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign as a senior advisor. In May 2007, she resigned her position in the Romney campaign and endorsed former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson for president.[19][20] She was re-elected in 2008,[21][22] 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016.
Redistricting after the 2000 Census moved Blackburn's home from the 6th district into the 7th district. The 6th District's Democraticincumbent congressman, Bart Gordon, had faced three tough races in the 1990s, including a near-defeat in 1994, in part due to the growing Republican trend in Nashville's suburbs. This was especially pronounced in Williamson County, the richest county in the state and the most Republican county in Middle Tennessee. It appeared that the Democratic-controlled Tennessee General Assembly wanted to protect Gordon by moving Williamson County into the already heavily Republican 7th District.[30] To maintain approximately equal district sizes (as required by Wesberry v. Sanders) and to compensate for the substantial increase in the 7th's population by the addition of Williamson County, the legislature shifted some of the more Democratic parts of Clarksville to the nearby 8th district. This created a district that, in the words of Memphis Magazine, stretched "in reptilian fashion" for 200 miles from eastern Memphis to southwest Nashville.[8]
In 2002, 7th District incumbent Republican congressman Ed Bryant decided to run for the Senate seat being vacated by Fred Thompson. Blackburn entered the primary to replace Bryant—the real contest in this Republican stronghold. Of the four main candidates, she was the only one from the Nashville suburbs. The other three were all from Memphis and its suburbs–future state senate majority leader Mark Norris, conservative activist and future U.S. Attorney and congressman David Kustoff, and Memphis city councilman Brent Taylor. She garnered the endorsement of the conservative Club for Growth.[31] The three Memphians split the vote in that area, allowing her to win the primary by nearly 20 percentage points.[32] (Kustoff would go on to win the neighboring 8th district in 2016 after the 7th's share of Memphis was moved there, and would serve alongside Blackburn for his first term.)
In the general election, she defeated Democratic nominee Tim Barron, with 70% of the vote. She was the fourth woman elected to Congress from Tennessee, but the first not to serve as a stand-in for her husband.[33] She ran unopposed for reelection in 2004, which is somewhat unusual for a freshman member of Congress, even from a district as heavily Republican as the 7th. A 2004 survey of congressional aides by the Washingtonian identified her as one of the three "best newcomers" in the House of Representatives.[34] Redistricting after the 2010 census made the 7th district more compact; it lost its shares of Nashville and Memphis while regaining all of Clarksville. However, it is no less Republican than its predecessor; with a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+18, it is one of the most Republican districts in the South.[35]
In October 2017, Tennessee governor Bill Haslam declined to run for the Senate seat being vacated by Bob Corker. Shortly after, Blackburn announced her campaign for the seat. In her announcement, she said that House Republicans were frustrated with Senate Republicans[36] who they believe act like Democrats on important issues, including Obamacare.[37] In the announcement of her candidacy, Blackburn described herself as a "hard-core, card-carrying Tennessee conservative", said she was "politically incorrect", and noted with pride that liberals have characterized her as a "wing nut".[38] Blackburn dismissed compromise and bipartisanship, saying "No compromise, no apologies."[38] She also said that she carried a gun in her purse.[38] On August 2, Blackburn received 610,302 votes (84.48%) in the Republican primary, winning her party's nomination.[39]
Early on in the campaign, retiring Republican incumbent Bob Corker said that Blackburn's opponent, Democrat Phil Bredesen, was "a very good mayor, a very good governor, a very good business person," that he had "real appeal" and "crossover appeal," and that the two of them had cooperated well over the years. However, Corker said he would vote for Blackburn and donate to her campaign, and questioned whether Bredesen would be able to win a Senate seat in a red state like Tennessee.[40][41] Following Corker's praise for Bredesen, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell warned Corker that such comments could cost the Republican Party its Senate majority.[41] Shortly after Corker's comments, President Trump tweeted an endorsement of Blackburn.[41] Blackburn largely backed President Donald Trump's policies,[38][42] including a U.S.–Mexico border wall,[36] and shares his opinion regarding National Football League national anthem protests.[43][44] Vice President Mike Pence also endorsed Blackburn a few days later on April 23, 2018. During the campaign, Blackburn pledged to support President Trump's agenda and suggested that her opponent, Bredesen, would not, asking, "Do you think Phil Bredesen would vote with crying Chuck Schumer or would he vote with our president when it comes to support our troops and supporting our veterans?"[45]
In October 2018, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift endorsed Bredesen. The endorsement was notable given that Swift had been publicly apolitical, but spoke out because Blackburn's "voting record in Congress appall[ed] and terrifie[d]" her. Swift shared a link to non-partisan voter registration website Vote.org which saw a significant spike in page views and new registrations. Swift's endorsement was criticized by Donald Trump as well as Mike Huckabee, who said, "[She] has every right to be political but it won't impact [the] election unless we allow 13 yr old girls to vote".[46][47][48]
For most of the campaign, polls showed the two candidates nearly tied. However, following the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Blackburn pulled ahead of Bredesen. The hearings are believed by some to have mobilized Republican voters in the state,[49] even though nationwide Democrats won the House. Blackburn won the election on November 6, 2018, taking 54.7 percent of the vote to Bredesen's 43.9 percent, a margin which was unexpected. She carried all but three counties in the state (Davidson, Shelby and Haywood), the most number of counties ever won in an open senate election in Tennessee.[50]
Blackburn is a Tea Party Republican.[1] She has been described as staunchly conservative,[38][2][52][53] and describes herself as "a hard-core, card-carrying Tennessee conservative."[54] She scored 100% on American Conservative Union's 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Ratings of Congress.[55][56][57] According to GovTrack, a website that tracks the histories and positions of congresspeople, Blackburn was ranked the most ideologically conservative member of the U.S. Senate for the 2019 legislative year.[58]
Abortion and stem cell research
Blackburn opposes abortion.[38] In 2013, Blackburn was chosen to manage debate on a bill promoted by House Republicans that would have prohibited abortions after 22 weeks' gestation, with limited exceptions for rape or incest.[59] She replaced the bill's prior sponsor, U.S. Representative Trent Franks (R-AZ), after Franks made controversial and dubious statements.[60][61]
In 2015, Blackburn led a panel that investigated the Planned Parenthood undercover video controversy - where anti-abortion activists published a video which purported to show that Planned Parenthood illicitly sold fetal tissue. Subsequent investigations into Planned Parenthood found no evidence of fetal tissue sales or of wrongdoing.[62] Later, in 2017, when Blackburn announced that she was running in the 2018 Tennessee senatorial race, she ran an advertisement saying that she "fought Planned Parenthood and we stopped the sale of baby body parts".[62][63] Twitter banned the advertisement on its platform because of her assertion about the sale of baby body parts.[64][54] In 2015, Blackburn claimed that 94% of Planned Parenthood's business revolves around abortion services; FactCheck.Org noted that abortions account for 3% of the total services provided by Planned Parenthood in 2013 and that most of Planned Parenthood's work is dedicated to treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, contraception, pregnancy tests, prenatal services and cancer screenings.[65]
In March 2016, Blackburn chaired the Republican-led Select Investigative Panel, a committee convened to "explore the ethical implications of using fetal tissue in biomedical research".[66] Democrats on the panel characterized the probe as a politically motivated witch hunt, and objected to subpoenas demanding "names of researchers, technicians and medical personnel involved in fetal tissue handling".[66] Subpoenaed biotechnology executives Eugene Gu of the Ganogen Research Institute and Cate Dyer of StemExpress argued in an article in Nature that the panel was intimidating researchers and patients.[67] Gu went on Science Friday on NPR and detailed his experiences living in close proximity to Blackburn's Congressional district and having United States Marshals deliver the subpoena to his home.[68] The Republican majority on the panel released a report concluding that fetal tissue "makes a vanishingly small contribution to clinical and research efforts, if it contributes at all"; scientists[who?] on the other hand widely hold that fetal tissue research is valuable for science and medicine.[64] A fact-check by Science magazine identified a number of falsehoods in the panel's report.[69]
Birth certificate bill
In 2009, Blackburn sponsored legislation requiring presidential candidates to show their birth certificates. The bill was in response to so-called Birther conspiracy theories that alleged that President Obama was not born in the United States. Her spokesperson added that Blackburn did not doubt that the then-president was an American citizen.[70][71]
Health care and pharmaceuticals
Blackburn opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), stating, with the passage of the bill, "freedom dies a little bit today."[38][72] She subsequently supported efforts to repeal the legislation, arguing that it "means well" but fails to live up to its promise.[73] In 2017, while arguing for the repeal of the Affordable Care Act, Blackburn falsely stated that two popular provisions of the Affordable Care Act (protections for individual with preexisting conditions and the provision allowing adult children to be on their parents' health plans until they're 26) "were two Republican provisions which made it into the [Obamacare] bill."[74] In her declaration that she would run for the Senate in 2018, she said that the failure to repeal the Affordable Care Act was "a disgrace".[75]
At October 2013 congressional hearings on the Affordable Care Act, Blackburn charged the health.gov website violated HIPAA and health information privacy rights. The next day, when a CNN interviewer pointed out that the only health-related question that the web site asks is "do you smoke?," Blackburn repeated her criticism of the site for violating privacy rights.[76]
According to The New York Times, Blackburn's best known legislation was her co-sponsorship of a bill which revised the legal standard that the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had used to establish that "a significant and present risk of death or serious bodily harm that is more likely than not to occur," rather than the previous tougher standard of "imminent danger," before suspending the manufacturer's opioid drug shipments.[77][54] The legislation passed the House and the Senate unanimously but was criticized in internal Justice Department documents, and by the DEA's chief administrative law judge, as hampering DEA enforcement actions against drug distribution companies engaging in black-market sales.[77] Joe Rannazzisi, who had led the Drug Enforcement Administration's Office of Diversion Control, said he informed Blackburn's staffers precisely what the effects would be as a result of passage of a 2016 law she co-sponsored, as national awareness of a crisis in the prescriptions of opioids in the United States sharpened. Blackburn admitted that her bill had unforeseen “unintended consequences,” but Rannazzisi said they should have been anticipated. He said that during a July 2014 conference call he informed congressional staffers the bill would cause more difficulties for the DEA if it pursued corporations which were illegally distributing such drugs.[78] Blackburn and Representative Tom Marino, the main co-sponsor of her House bill, sent a letter requesting an Office of Inspector General investigation regarding Rannazzisi, saying he tried to intimidate Congress in the July conversation. Rannazzisi said in August 2015, he was removed from his DEA position.[78]
Climate change
Blackburn rejects the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change, which is that climate change is occurring, progressing, dangerous, and primarily caused by human activity. In a February 16, 2014 televised debate on NBC's Meet the Press with science communicator Bill Nye, Blackburn rejected the science and urgency of the issue, claiming that there is "not consensus" in the scientific community, and that climate change remains "unproven". In the debate she also incorrectly cited the works of Richard Lindzen and Judith Curry as denial of the science of climate change. She said in 2015 "The jury is still out saying man is the cause for global warming, after the earth started to cool 13 years ago."
In April 2009, an exchange between Blackburn and former Vice President Al Gore received significant publicity. During a congressional hearing on energy policy, Blackburn asked Gore, "The legislation that we are discussing here today, is that something that you are going to personally benefit from?" Gore indicated in response that all income he earned from renewable technology investment went to non-profits.
In early 2017, Blackburn introduced to the House a measure to dismantle an Obama-administration online privacy rule that had been adopted by the FCC in October 2016.[84] Blackburn's measure, which was supported by broadband providers but criticized by privacy advocates, repealed the rule which required broadband providers to obtain consumers' permission before sharing their online data, including browsing histories.[84][85] The measure passed the House in a party-line vote in March 2017, after a similar measure had been passed by the Senate the same week.[84] She subsequently proposed legislation which expanded the requirement to include internet companies as well as broadband providers.[86]
As of 2017, Blackburn had accepted at least $693,000 in campaign contributions from telecom companies over her career in Congress.[87][88]
Blackburn has advocated for increased regulation of technology companies and complained about anti-conservative bias on major platforms.[89] In June 2018, she published an op-ed arguing for greater oversight that sparked a vocal backlash among employees at Google including charges that she was a "terrorist" and "thug".[90] During a 2020 Commerce Committee hearing in which she criticized tech companies for stifling free speech, Blackburn asked Google chief Sundar Pichai about the employment status of the employee who had negatively characterized her.[91][89][92]
LGBT rights
During her tenure as a House Representative, Blackburn fought to remove Kevin Jennings, an openly gay man who served as Assistant Deputy Secretary of the Office of Safe and Healthy Students in the United States Department of Education. Blackburn made several comments about Jennings, stating that he "has played an integral role in promoting homosexuality and pushing a pro-homosexual agenda in America’s schools".[93]
In 2013, Blackburn voted in favor of the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in the House,[95] but voted against the Senate's version of the Act, which expanded VAWA to apply to people regardless of sexual orientation.[96] Blackburn argued that increasing the number of targets for VAWA funding would "dilute the money that needs to go into the sexual assault centers, domestic abuse centers, [and] child advocacy centers,"[97] and said VAWA ought to remain focused on supporting women's shelters and facilitating law enforcement against crimes against women, rather than addressing other groups or issues.[98]
Blackburn opposes same-sex marriage[38][99] and in 2004 and 2006, voted for proposed constitutional amendments to ban it.[96] Of the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges Blackburn said "I have always supported traditional marriage. Despite this decision, no one can overrule the truth about what marriage actually is -- a sacred institution between a man and a woman."[100]
Blackburn also voted against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act to ban discrimination against LGBT employees.[96] In August 2019, she co-signed an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation or gender identity.[101][102] Blackburn has a 0% rating from the Human Rights Campaign, a gay rights group.[96]
Donald Trump
In November 2016, Blackburn joined Donald Trump's presidential transition team as vice chair.[103] Blackburn is a staunch supporter of President Trump, and has backed most of his policies and proposals.[38][42][54] She nominated him for a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations with North Korea.[54][104]Vox speculated that Blackburn's ties to Trump, who won Tennessee in the 2016 election by 26 points, helped boost her 2018 U.S. Senate candidacy.[105]
During the Senate impeachment trial of President Donald Trump, Blackburn left the chamber for a television interview, an offense punishable by imprisonment.[106] Blackburn also garnered attention by reading a book during the proceedings.[107] Blackburn also spent time during the trial to again tweet about Lt. Col. Vindman, calling Vindman unpatriotic for allegedly "badmouth[ing] and ridicul[ing]" the United States in front of Russia.[108][109] Vindman is a Foreign area officer (FAO), "who is a regionally focused expert in political-military operations",[110] specializing in Eurasia (particularly Ukraine); as one of 2200 FAOs, Vindman has linguistic, diplomatic, and military training appropriate for maintaining the relationship between the US and Ukraine.[109][111] In November 2019, #MoscowMarcia started trending on Twitter after Blackburn tweeted a conspiratorial smear against Vindman on her official Twitter account.[112] In her post, she wrote "Vindictive Vindman is the 'whistleblower's' handler".[113] The tweet was in reference to Vindman, a decorated army official and purple heart veteran, who became a central figure in President Trump's impeachment proceedings in Congress after testifying he heard Trump pressure the president of Ukraine to investigate the son of one of his chief political rivals, former Vice President Joe Biden.[114]
Following Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 United States presidential election, Blackburn supported Trump's claims of victory, and raised funds to support the Trump campaign's effort to overturn the election's results in court.[115] In an interview on November 20, she briefly referred to Joe Biden as the "president-elect", but later retracted this as a mistake.[115] On January 2, 2021, Blackburn and ten other Republican senators announced that they would vote to oppose certification of the results of the election, citing allegations of widespread election fraud.[116][117]
Following the 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting on the evening of November 7, 2018, which resulted in 12 deaths, Blackburn responded to a question about the shooting in a Fox News interview with Sandra Smith by saying "how do we make certain that we protect the Second Amendment and protect our citizens? We've always done that in this country. Mental health issues need to be addressed."[120]
In December 2020, Blackburn posted "China has a 5,000 year history of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change..." on her Twitter account, two hours after she thanked President Donald Trump for his import ban on cotton from China's Xinjiang province over alleged human rights violations targeting the Uighur minority. The European Union bureau chief for China Daily, Chen Weihua, responded on Twitter by calling Blackburn a "lifetime bitch". In what appeared to be a thinly veiled reference to Chen, Blackburn asserted in her response that the US would "not bow down to sexist communist thugs". One of Chen's tweets was, with an apparently sarcastic comment, retweeted by Republican Senator Marco Rubio.[122][123]
The Chinese American rights group Tennessee Chinese American Alliance protested Blackburn's comments, arguing that she insulted people of Chinese descent.[124]
*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2002, write-ins received 31 votes. In 2006, James B. "Mickey" White received 898 votes; William J. Smith received 848 votes; John L. Rimer received 710 votes; and Gayl G. Pratt received 663 votes.
Blackburn is married to Chuck Blackburn,[8] and they live in Brentwood, a suburb of Nashville in Williamson County.[25] The couple have two children.[8] She is a Presbyterian.[15]
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↑ "Congresswoman Votes Against VAWA Because of LGBT Inclusiveness". The Advocate. Retrieved October 25, 2017. I didn't like the way it was expanded to include other different groups...What you need is something that is focused specifically to help the shelters and to help out law enforcement who is trying to work with the crimes that have been committed against women and helping them to stand up
1 2 "Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
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