May 2009 Southern Midwest derecho

Last updated
May 2009 Southern Midwest derecho
Swilmcv3.png
A screenshot from the Paducah, Kentucky, radar of the mesoscale convective vortex portion of the derecho near Carbondale, Illinois. This screenshot is from the approximate time the 106 mph (171 km/h) wind gust was recorded at the Southern Illinois Airport.
Date(s)May 8, 2009
Duration15 hours, 28 minutes (tornado outbreak)
Tornado count39 confirmed [1] [2] [3]
Strongest tornado1  EF3 tornado
FatalitiesFour direct, two indirect [4] [5] [6] [7]
Damage costs~$500 million [8]
Part of the May 2009 derecho series and Tornadoes of 2009
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

The May 2009 Southern Midwest Derecho was an extreme progressive derecho and mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) event that struck southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, and southwestern Illinois on May 8, 2009. [9] [10] Thirty-nine tornadoes, including two of EF3 strength on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, were reported in addition to high non-tornadic winds associated with the derecho and MCV. [10] Due to the abnormal shape of the storm on radar and the extremely strong winds, many called this an "inland hurricane." [11] [12] A new class of storm, the Super Derecho, has been used to describe this event after analysis in 2010. [13] Embedded supercells produced hail up to baseball size in southern Missouri, a rare event in a derecho. [2] A wind gust of 106 mph (171 km/h) was recorded by a backup anemometer at the Southern Illinois Airport after official National Weather Service equipment failed. [1] This derecho was the last of a series of derechos that occurred at the beginning of May.

Contents

Meteorological synopsis

Radar animation spanning the lifetime of the storm

A complex of thunderstorms formed over northwestern Kansas overnight May 7 and into the early morning hours of May 8, before moving into south-central Kansas, where greater moisture and stronger upper-level winds were present. [14] The cluster of storms began to evolve into a more organized derecho near Hutchinson, Kansas, where National Weather Service damage surveys found winds greater than 100 mph (160 km/h) started, then continued through southern Missouri. [3] [14]

While in southwestern Missouri, the derecho began to change; supercells began to embed within the line, and a wake low began to form in conjunction with a bookend vortex on the northern end of the derecho. [1] [3] As the derecho entered southeastern Missouri, the initial line associated began to weaken, but the MCV became increasingly pronounced on the northern end. [2]

Many experts and NWS meteorologists considered this to be one of the worst derechos and MCVs in the past decade. [1] [15] The Storm Prediction Center issued two "particularly dangerous situation" severe thunderstorm watches [16] [17] and a vividly worded tornado watch, mentioning the possibility of winds in excess of 105 mph (169 km/h). [18] Local National Weather Service offices in Springfield, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, also issued strongly worded severe thunderstorm warnings, with precautionary statements similar to those used in tornado warnings. [19] [20]

As both the initial squall line and MCV weakened, very little severe weather was reported between southern Illinois and central Kentucky. [21] However, as the weakening squall line encountered higher instability and more favorable upper-level winds, the line split into several supercells in a process still not fully understood; [22] these storms produced several tornadoes in central Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and northwestern North Carolina. [23] [24] While no longer producing severe weather itself, the MCV continued to enhance thunderstorms early the next morning across southeastern Virginia. [25]

Other similar events

Despite its at first seeming extremely rare, further research has found that similar storms have occurred previously. [1] One case, which occurred in North Carolina on April 15, 1999, produced a killer tornado and a 165 mph (266 km/h) wind gust, although this may have been associated with a tornado. [26] [27] Another heavily studied event in northern Pennsylvania on July 21, 2003, also resulted in several tornadoes. [28] However, these events lasted for a much shorter period of time and were significantly smaller; numerical modeling has shown that an average bookend vortex is only 12 nmi (22 km) across, while the May 2009 storm reached up to 40 nmi (74 km) in diameter. [1]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFUEF0EF1EF2EF3EF4EF5Total
09181120040

May 8 event

List of reported tornadoes - Friday, May 8, 2009
EF# LocationCountyCoord.Time (UTC)Path lengthSummary
Missouri
EF1E of Pilgrim Dade 37°22′N93°45′W / 37.367°N 93.750°W / 37.367; -93.750 (Pilgrim (May 8, EF1)) 12532 miles (3.2 km)Brief tornado damaged several trees and outbuildings along an intermittent path. [29]
EF1 Republic area Greene 37°06′N93°30′W / 37.100°N 93.500°W / 37.100; -93.500 (Republic (May 8, EF1)) 13054 miles (6.4 km)Short-lived tornado tracked through downtown Republic, damaging about 50 structures. Losses from the storm reached $1 million. [30]
EF1NW of Springfield-Branson National Airport Greene 37°15′N93°23′W / 37.250°N 93.383°W / 37.250; -93.383 (Springfield Airport (May 8, EF1)) 13142 miles (3.2 km)A brief tornado touched down near Springfield Airport, destroying a few outbuildings and heavily damaging a home. Losses from the storm reached $200,000. [31]
EF1NW of Brighton Polk 37°28′N93°22′W / 37.467°N 93.367°W / 37.467; -93.367 (Brighton (May 8, EF1)) 13169 miles (14 km)An EF1 tornado damaged or destroyed several barns and outbuildings and caused moderate to severe damage to frame homes. Losses from the storm reached $2 million. [32]
EF0 Ebenezer area Greene 37°19′N93°19′W / 37.317°N 93.317°W / 37.317; -93.317 (Ebenezer (May 8, EF0)) 13214 miles (6.4 km)Several trees and outbuildings were damaged. [33]
EF1SE of Swan to SW of Merritt Taney, Christian, Douglas 36°46′N93°01′W / 36.767°N 93.017°W / 36.767; -93.017 (Swan (May 8, EF1)) 132512 miles (19 km)A 0.5 mi (0.80 km) wide, relatively long-tracked tornado tracked for 12 miles (19 km) through three counties. The most severe damage took place in Christian County, where two homes were damaged and several outbuildings were destroyed. Losses from the tornado reached $2.6 million. [34] [35] [36]
EF1E of Fordland Webster 37°09′N92°55′W / 37.150°N 92.917°W / 37.150; -92.917 (Fordland (May 8, EF1)) 13384 miles (6.4 km)A dairy farm lost its roof, a truck was lofted over a fence, and an outbuilding was destroyed. [37]
EF2W of Goodhope Douglas 36°54′N92°49′W / 36.900°N 92.817°W / 36.900; -92.817 (Goodhope (May 8, EF2)) 13392.5 miles (4.0 km)A short-lived tornado tore the roof off a home and damaged numerous trees. [38]
EF2N of Merritt Douglas 36°55′N92°52′W / 36.917°N 92.867°W / 36.917; -92.867 (Merritt (May 8, EF2)) 13392.5 miles (4.0 km)A short-lived but very large 0.75 mi (1.21 km) tornado damaged two homes and several outbuildings. Losses from the storm reached $200,000. [39]
EF2ESE of March Dallas 37°31′N93°03′W / 37.517°N 93.050°W / 37.517; -93.050 (March (May 8, EF2)) 13414 miles (6.4 km)A 400 yd (0.37 km) wide tornado made several touchdowns along a 4 mi (6.4 km) path. Peaking at EF2 intensity with estimated winds of 130 mph (210 km/h), the tornado destroyed three framed houses and numerous outbuildings. Two people were injured and had to be transported to a local hospital; one died of a heart attack en route. [40]
EF1N of Ava Douglas 37°00′N92°40′W / 37.00°N 92.67°W / 37.00; -92.67 (Ava (May 8, EF1)) 14001 mile (1.6 km)A barn was destroyed and a few homes suffered minor damage.
EF1NW of Hartville Wright 37°18′N92°33′W / 37.30°N 92.55°W / 37.30; -92.55 (Hartville (May 8, EF1)) 14023.5 miles (5.6 km)Several outbuildings were destroyed, and numerous trees were uprooted.
EF1SW of Wasola Ozark 36°46′N92°37′W / 36.76°N 92.61°W / 36.76; -92.61 (Wasola (May 8, EF1)) 14112 miles (3.2 km)Seven outbuildings were destroyed and three homes were damaged; intense tree damage was also noted.
EF0ESE of Mountain Grove Texas 37°07′N92°11′W / 37.12°N 92.19°W / 37.12; -92.19 (Mountain Grove (May 8, EF0)) 14223.5 miles (5.6 km)Several buildings were damaged and numerous trees were uprooted.
EF1WNW of Peace Valley Howell 36°53′N91°47′W / 36.89°N 91.79°W / 36.89; -91.79 (Peace Valley (May 8, EF1)) 14359 miles (14 km)A few homes and numerous trees were damaged.
EF2W of Mountain View to SE of Summersville Howell, Texas, Shannon 37°00′N91°51′W / 37.00°N 91.85°W / 37.00; -91.85 (Mountain View (May 8, EF2)) 143521 miles (34 km)A farm house was lifted and moved, injuring two people. Two auto shops and several homes and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.
EF2SE of Lebanon Laclede 37°37′N92°35′W / 37.62°N 92.59°W / 37.62; -92.59 (Lebanon (May 8, EF2)) 14402.2 miles (3.5 km)Four homes and several outbuildings were damaged
EF1ESE of Hazelton Texas 37°30′N91°57′W / 37.50°N 91.95°W / 37.50; -91.95 (Hazelton (May 8, EF1)) 14443.5 miles (5.6 km)One barn was destroyed and one mobile home lost its roof.
EF2SW of Alley Spring Shannon 144512 miles (19 km)Several buildings and a cabin at a sawmill were destroyed. Trees suffered extensive damage.
EF3NW of Pomona Howell 36°53′N91°56′W / 36.88°N 91.93°W / 36.88; -91.93 (Pomona (May 8, EF3)) 15002.2 miles (3.5 km)One house, one mobile home, one travel trailer, two outbuildings, and an auto shop were destroyed. Cars were tossed 40 to 50 yards (37 to 46 m) away, and two school buses were blown over.
EF0 McBride area Perry 16202.2 miles (3.5 km)Damage limited to trees; the tornado was caught on tape.
EF1SE of Fredericktown Madison unknown0.5 miles (0.80 km)
EF1N of Ellington Reynolds unknown2 miles (3.2 km)Two homes had roof damage; trees suffered significant damage.
Illinois
EF1WSW of Du Quoin Jackson 37°57′N89°24′W / 37.95°N 89.40°W / 37.95; -89.40 (Du Quoin (May 8, EF1)) 16303 miles (4.8 km)Structural damage to two barns, shingle damage to homes, power poles blown over, and dozens of trees were snapped or uprooted.
EF1N of Thompsonville to NE of Crab Orchard Franklin, Williamson 19455 miles (8.0 km)Trees were damaged in a rural area.
EF0N of Royalton Franklin unknownunknownA brief tornado touchdown was photographed.
Kentucky
EF1E of Hiseville Barren, Metcalfe 37°07′N85°48′W / 37.11°N 85.80°W / 37.11; -85.80 (Hiseville (May 8, EF1)) 19044 miles (6.4 km)Three outbuildings were destroyed, and one home and a pole barn were damaged.
EF3S of Richmond Garrard, Madison, Estill 37°41′N84°22′W / 37.68°N 84.37°W / 37.68; -84.37 (Richmond (May 8, EF3)) 2055at least 22 miles (35 km)2 deaths – Homes suffered severe damage. Several cars were flipped over. Five people were injured.
EF0NW of Irvine Estill 2123less than 0.25 miles (0.40 km)Two structures had metal roofing torn off. Several trees were knocked down, including one that damaged the porch of a home.
Tennessee
EF2SE of Huntsville Scott 22544.5 miles (7.2 km)Seven homes were damaged and a freestanding cellphone tower collapsed.
EF2SW of Tazewell Claiborne unknown2.2 miles (3.5 km)Two large barns were destroyed and one home lost its roof.
EF1NE of Thorn Hill Grainger, Hancock 36°24′N83°20′W / 36.40°N 83.34°W / 36.40; -83.34 (Thorn Hill (May 8, EF1)) 23363.5 miles (5.6 km)Barns and outbuildings were damaged heavily, and several homes suffered roof damage.
EF0S of Gray Washington 36°24′N82°29′W / 36.40°N 82.48°W / 36.40; -82.48 (Gray (May 8, EF0)) 0045unknownTornado touchdown was reported by law enforcement, but no damage reported.
EF0NW of Etowah McMinn unknown0.1 miles (0.16 km)A tornado briefly touched down, causing damage to several trees.
Virginia
EF0N of Clintwood Dickenson 37°11′N82°28′W / 37.183°N 82.467°W / 37.183; -82.467 (Clintwood (May 8, EF0)) 01000.75 miles (1.21 km)Numerous trees were uprooted, one of which fell on a mobile home. Two homes suffered minor roof damage. [41]
EF2SE of Pound Wise 37°04′N82°33′W / 37.067°N 82.550°W / 37.067; -82.550 01451.7 miles (2.7 km)Two trailers and several outbuildings were destroyed, and a third trailer was damaged. [42]
EF0NW of Lebanon Russell 36°54′N82°05′W / 36.900°N 82.083°W / 36.900; -82.083 02250.1 miles (0.16 km)A tornado briefly touched down without any known impact. [43]
EF2NE of Lebanon Russell 36°56′N81°57′W / 36.933°N 81.950°W / 36.933; -81.950 02301.1 miles (1.8 km)One barn was destroyed, one home had moderate damage, and 100 trees were snapped or uprooted. [44]
North Carolina
EF2NW of Ennice Alleghany 36°33′N81°01′W / 36.550°N 81.017°W / 36.550; -81.017 (Ennice (May 8, EF2)) 03445 miles (8.0 km)A mobile home was destroyed, injuring four people. Five homes and several outbuildings were damaged, and cement silos were toppled, causing two additional injuries. Damages from the tornado amounted to $200,000. [45]
EF1SW of Ennice Alleghany 36°33′N81°00′W / 36.550°N 81.000°W / 36.550; -81.000 03460.25 miles (0.40 km)Three outbuildings were destroyed and one home and a pole barn were damaged. [46]
Sources: National Weather Service Springfield, MO, National Weather Service St. Louis, MO, National Weather Service Paducah, KY, National Weather Service Louisville, KY, National Weather Service Jackson, KY, National Weather Service Morristown, TN

Effects

Kansas and southwestern Missouri

Damage to a business in downtown Doniphan, Missouri on May 8, 2009 Business damage doniphan.JPG
Damage to a business in downtown Doniphan, Missouri on May 8, 2009

The initial squall line formed in central Kansas, to the northwest of Hutchinson. [14] In Hutchinson, several airplanes were flipped at a local airport, and 21,000 people were left without power. A woman was killed in New Albany, Kansas, when her mobile home was blown forty feet off of its foundation. [7] National Weather Service survey teams found that winds reached 120 mph (190 km/h) in the area, which also resulted in the destruction of a church and the town's post office, in addition to damaging several homes. [7] [14] A total of 130 buildings were damaged in Cherokee, Kansas, including a high school gymnasium. Schools in several counties closed for the day, and a twenty-mile stretch of the Kansas Turnpike was closed for an hour due to flooding. [7]

The derecho continued to intensify as it reached southwestern Missouri, where the storm forced several television stations in Joplin, Missouri, off the air after their transmission towers were downed; one station's tower landed on its studios. [47] Numerous schools were damaged throughout the Springfield, Missouri, area, including a roof collapse at the Fair Grove High School, resulting in three injuries to students. There were numerous reports of tree and roof damage throughout Springfield, prompting some business to close. Drury University canceled some morning classes. [47] A total of 346 buildings suffered some damage in Greene County, Missouri, and four people were injured, but none required hospitalization. [48] A high school in Fair Grove suffered damage. [49]

Southeastern Missouri and southwestern Illinois

Picture of an EF-0 tornado north of Royalton, Illinois, on May 8, 2009 Royalton Tor web.jpg
Picture of an EF-0 tornado north of Royalton, Illinois, on May 8, 2009

As the initial line weakened, the mesoscale convective vortex on the northern end began to strengthen and separate from the squall line. [1] A long-lived supercell formed within the MCV in Madison County, Missouri, producing hail up to baseball size and a few tornadoes, in addition to the more widespread, damaging, straight-line winds throughout the area. [2]

Numerous trees were knocked over from Shannon County, Missouri—near the Current and Jacks Fork rivers, in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways preserve—northward through the Mark Twain National Forest and other forested public conservation lands. Devastation was especially pronounced in the area west of Ironton, Missouri, around the popular Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park and the Bell Mountain Wilderness area. Over 50 miles of the long-distance Ozark Trail were damaged, requiring many months of repairs to rehabilitate.

As the MCV crossed the Mississippi River and entered into more populated areas, it strengthened greatly, while it nearly separated from the initial line. [1] [2] Numerous buildings were severely damaged or destroyed throughout southern Illinois. Immediately after the MCV struck, Carbondale was reported to be virtually impassable due to the amount of debris on roadways. Marion, Murphysboro, Grand Tower, Johnston City, Herrin, Energy, and Carterville, Illinois, declared curfews and states of emergency due to power outages and the massive amounts of damage caused by the storms. Some of these cities were even left without water due to the power outages. [1] [50] [51] In the city of Carbondale, damage was estimated at US$3,000,000, excluding damage at Southern Illinois University. Officials deemed 34 buildings a "total loss" and reported that 3,000 trees were felled throughout the city. [52]

Preliminary estimates placed damages at Southern Illinois University in excess of US$5,000,000. Numerous buildings on campus sustained roof damage, and nearly 100 windows were blown out of residence halls. Due to infrastructure damage from the storm, most communication by land line and mobile phone was reported to be impossible. [52] In Carterville, Illinois, officials found 17 buildings to be a total loss. The city's public works garage was shifted off its foundation, and the police station sustained damage. [52] In Franklin County, Illinois, 13 buildings were deemed to be beyond repair; damage assessments found that 184 buildings received some kind of damage from the storm. Winds were estimated between 80 and 90 mph (130 and 140 km/h) in the county. [52] At one point, 68,000 people were left without power in southern Illinois alone, prompting unusual methods to restore power, such as using helicopters to clear debris and position power poles. [53]

Elsewhere

Damage to home in a subdivision in Madison County, Kentucky, from an EF-3 tornado on May 8, 2009. Madisoncotordamage.jpg
Damage to home in a subdivision in Madison County, Kentucky, from an EF-3 tornado on May 8, 2009.

As the squall line continued east, it began to break apart into separate supercells; several of these supercells produced tornadoes. [23] [54] An EF-3 tornado touched down in eastern Garrard County before tracking into southern Madison County, Kentucky; two people were killed in this tornado, five others were injured, and 150 homes were damaged. All of the injuries and deaths occurred in one mobile home near the intersection of Kentucky Route 1295 and Kentucky Route 52 in southern Madison County. [6] [23] Most of the damaged homes were in a subdivision in the Waco area, just north of the Blue Grass Army Depot. One mobile phone bill from a damaged house was carried 35 miles (56 km) before coming to rest on the property of a National Weather Service employee. [23]

Flooding

The squall line and associated convection resulted in significant flooding south of St. Louis, Missouri and in eastern Kentucky. [2] [55]

Prior to becoming a mesocyclone, the system produced upwards of 4 in (100 mm) of rain over parts of Kansas during the morning hours. [56] In Rice County, high waters washed out several small bridges and low water crossings and damaged concrete structures, leaving roughly $340,000 in losses. [57] In some places, rainfall reached 4 in (100 mm) within a 30-minute span, leading to widespread street flooding. Up to ten drivers required rescue after their cars stalled in the flood waters. [58] Flowing water over the Kansas Turnpike forced officials to shut down a 20 mi (32 km) stretch of the highway for over an hour. [59] One person needed to be rescued in Lyon County after driving into a flooded street. Barricades were set up in some areas of the county due to rising waters. [60] In Reno County, four bridges sustained severe flood damage and another was destroyed. Damages to the bridges amounted to $500,000. [61] In some places, schools canceled classes due to the heavy rainfall. [62]

In parts of Missouri, up to 4 in (100 mm) of rain fell in a short period of time, triggering flash flooding. Along Missouri Route 89, flood waters reached a depth of some 2 feet (60 cm.). [63] Numerous side roads throughout several counties were closed due to flooding. [64] In Washington County, the Big River overflowed its banks and inundated a nearby highway. [65] More significant flooding took place in St. Francois County, where some homes had up to 8 ft (2.4 m) of water in their basements and railroads were partially washed out. [66] A water rescue took place near the town of Bloomsdale. [67] Some of the most severe flooding took place in the town of Doniphan, in Ripley County, where 5.03 in (128 mm) of rain fell in a 24-hour span. Ten people needed to be evacuated from their homes due to rising waters. The county courthouse and local high school sustained major water damage. At the school, all of the classrooms were flooded by up to 18 in (460 mm) of water, and a nearby parking lot buckled under the water. Several other structures in the area were also inundated during the storm, and two people needed to be rescued from their vehicle, which was stalled in waist-deep water. [68] In Laclede County, severe flooding washed out low-lying roads and drainage culverts. [69]

Aftermath

On July 2, 2009, President Barack Obama declared a major disaster in Franklin, Gallatin, Jackson, Randolph, Saline, and Williamson counties in Illinois; Dolph A. Diemont was named as the Federal Emergency Management Agency coordinating officer for the area. FEMA also stated that further disaster declarations were possible as requested by the state. [70] Missouri Governor Jay Nixon requested federal assistance for 46 counties in Missouri; damage in those counties was estimated to exceed US$48,700,000. [71] On November 30, 2009, Senator Claire McCaskill announced that the State Emergency Management Agency of Missouri would receive $1,228,208.25 in federal grant money to cover the state's costs in "administering and managing" FEMA Public Assistance grants. In addition, it was announced that the Citizens Electric Corporation would receive a $1,395,201.46 grant to offset costs incurred in repairing infrastructure in Perry, Sainte Genevieve, and Cape Girardeau counties. [72]

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The 2010 New Year's Eve tornado outbreak was a three-day-long tornado outbreak that impacted the central and lower Mississippi Valley from December 30, 2010 to January 1, 2011. Associated with a low pressure system and a strong cold front, 37 tornadoes tracked across five states over the length of the severe event, killing nine and injuring several others. Activity was centered in the states of Missouri and later Mississippi on December 31. Seven tornadoes were rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale; these were the strongest during the outbreak. Non-tornadic winds were recorded to have reached as high as 80 mph (130 km/h) at eight locations on December 31, while hail as large as 2.75 in (7.0 cm) was documented north-northeast of Mansfield, Missouri. Overall, damage from the outbreak totaled US$123.3 million, most of which was related to tornadoes. This is the most prolific tornado outbreak in Missouri in the month of December.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak of June 18–22, 2011</span>

The tornado outbreak of June 18–22, 2011 was a large and damaging tornado outbreak that produced widespread tornado activity across much of the Midwest and Central U.S. The most intense activity occurred on June 20, when multiple supercell thunderstorms produced numerous tornadoes across the Great Plains. Some of these tornadoes were large and intense, but for the most part only affected rural areas. The strongest of these tornadoes impacted Kansas and Nebraska. Another notable event occurred on June 22, when a series of 5 tornadoes struck the Louisville metropolitan area. One of these tornadoes caused severe damage at the famous Churchill Downs racetrack. Despite the number and intensity of some of the tornadoes, the outbreak caused no fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2014</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 2014. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, Brazil, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also appear regularly in neighboring southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer season, and somewhat regularly in Europe, Asia, and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2015</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2015. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, Brazil and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather including strong thunderstorms, winds and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak sequence of May 5–10, 2015</span>

The tornado outbreak sequence of May 5–10, 2015 was a six-day outbreak of tornado activity that affected the Great Plains of the United States in early May 2015. On May 6, strong tornadoes impacted the Oklahoma City area, along with rural parts of Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, South Dakota, and Nebraska. The outbreak coincided with major flooding, with large amounts of rain falling in parts of Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The National Weather Service forecast office in Norman, Oklahoma issued a "flash flood emergency" for Oklahoma City following record-breaking rainfall that occurred in the area that evening. The outbreak sequence resulted in five tornado-related deaths, along with two flood-related deaths. A total of 127 tornadoes were confirmed and rated as a result of this outbreak sequence. Damage from the outbreak was estimated at $1.5 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak</span> Wind and rainstorm in the south-central United States and Mexico

Preceded by more than a week of heavy rain, a slow-moving storm system dropped tremendous precipitation across much of Texas and Oklahoma during the nights of May 24–26, 2015, triggering record-breaking floods. Additionally, many areas reported tornado activity and lightning. Particularly hard hit were areas along the Blanco River in Hays County, Texas, where entire blocks of homes were leveled. On the morning of May 26, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for southwest Harris County and northeast Fort Bend County. The system also produced deadly tornadoes in parts of Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma. This flood significantly contributed to the wettest month ever for Texas and Oklahoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak of December 23–25, 2015</span> Storm

On December 23, 2015, an outbreak of supercell thunderstorms produced tornadoes across northern Mississippi and middle Tennessee, resulting in 13 tornado-related deaths and numerous injuries. Other tornadoes occurred as far north as Indiana and Michigan. Scattered tornado activity continued over the next two days before the outbreak ended. This was the first of two deadly tornado outbreaks to impact the southern United States during December 2015 with the other occurring just a day after this one ended.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">December 2015 North American storm complex</span> 2015 massive storm system that affected North America

The December 2015 North American storm complex, also known as Winter Storm Goliath, was a major storm complex that produced a tornado outbreak, a winter storm, a blizzard and an ice storm in areas ranging from the Southwestern United States to New England. Tornadoes impacted areas around Dallas, Texas while several other states, especially Missouri, were affected by heavy rain and snow causing severe floods. As the system moved through the Great Lakes region, heavy rain, ice pellets and heavy snow fell in the entire region. Wintry mix moved through southern Ontario and Quebec had significant snowfall on December 29. Almost 60 people were killed in the storm system and its aftermath, which made it one of the deadliest of such systems of 2015 in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 2015</span>

The tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 2015 was a relatively small but damaging outbreak of tornadoes that occurred in parts of the Great Plains and in the Midwestern United States. 27 tornadoes were confirmed during the two days, most of them weak, however a select few of them were powerful and damaging.

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