Memtest86

Last updated
MemTest86
Developer(s) PassMark Software
Initial release1994;30 years ago (1994) [1]
Stable release
10.6 (Build 3000) [2]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg / 11 October 2023
Written in C and assembly
Type Utility
License freeware, proprietary license
Website www.memtest86.com   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Memtest86+
Developer(s) Martin Whitaker, Sam Demeulemeester
Initial releaseearly 2004;20 years ago (2004) [3]
Stable release
7.00 [4]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg / 7 January 2024
Repository github.com/memtest86plus/memtest86plus
Written inC and assembly
Type Utility
License GNU General Public License, version 2.0
Website https://www.memtest.org/

MemTest86 and Memtest86+ are memory test software programs designed to test and stress test an x86 architecture computer's random-access memory (RAM) for errors, by writing test patterns to most memory addresses, reading back the data, and comparing for errors. [5] Each tries to verify that the RAM will accept and correctly retain arbitrary patterns of data written to it, that there are no errors where different bits of memory interact, and that there are no conflicts between memory addresses.

Contents

MemTest86

History

MemTest86 was developed by Chris Brady in 1994. [1] It was written in C and x86 assembly, and for all BIOS versions, was released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The bootloading code was originally derived from Linux 1.2.1. [6] The program is compiled as position-independent code so as to be able to move itself around and test all the memory regions. [7] The proprietary PassMark version does not have this ability. [8]

BadRAM patch

Starting from MemTest86 2.3, the program can output a list of bad RAM regions in the format expected by the BadRAM patch for the Linux kernel. [9] GRUB2 is able to supply this same information to an unpatched kernel, making the BadRAM patch unnecessary. [10] Microsoft Windows has a similar feature (badmemorylist/badmemoryaccess), but manual conversion is required for setting it up. [11]

PassMark purchase

In February 2013, the original MemTest86 was sold to PassMark. The BIOS version was updated under GPL until version 4.3.7.

MemTest86 Version 5.0 (3 December 2013) was rewritten for UEFI booting, allowing for secure boot approval and mouse support. All UEFI versions are released under a proprietary freeware license. When UEFI is not available, Version 5.0 (and later) fall back to BIOS booting and loads the old version 4.3.7. Version 6.0 (13 Feb 2015) adds support for DDR4 RAM, and a row-hammer test based on research from Yoongu Kim, et al.. [9] [12] [1] Version 10 states only UEFI boot and will not boot on non-UEFI systems, requiring separate download of the older 4.3.7 version which is also maintained on the official website downloads for that purpose.

Memtest86+

History

After MemTest86 remained at version 3.0 (2002 release) for two years, Samuel Demeulemeester created the Memtest86+ fork to add support for newer CPUs and chipsets.

From version 1.60, the program can output a list of bad RAM regions in the format expected by the BadRAM patch for the Linux kernel [13] (similar to MemTest86 2.3).

The BIOS-based line of Memtest86+ entered a stall after the release of version 5.01 (September 2013). In April 2020, the final BIOS-based version, 5.31 beta, was released with a short changelog claiming "many fixes". [14]

In May 2020, Martin Whitaker forked Memtest86+ 5.31 into PCMemTest, rewriting it for UEFI support, DDR4 and DDR5 RAM, and supporting all current AMD and Intel chipsets and CPUs. In October 2022, this branch merged back, becoming Memtest86+ 6.0. [15] [16]

Adoption

Memtest86+ is included, optionally or by default, in many Linux distributions, including Debian, [17] the derived Ubuntu, and Arch Linux. [18] Ubuntu includes it as part of the default installation if the machine is booting in BIOS mode, showing it in the GRUB OS-select menu, [19] ; the version 6.0, UEFI-capable, is available from Ubuntu 23.04 Lunar Lobster. [20] Whilst Memtest86+ version 5.01 required significant patching by distributions to keep the 2013 code base functional, [21] the 6.0 release did not require such extensive patching. [22]

Common features

Detections of faulty memory are displayed prominently. The application shows which memory locations failed and which patterns made them fail. Memtest86+ memory errors.png
Detections of faulty memory are displayed prominently. The application shows which memory locations failed and which patterns made them fail.

There are two development streams of MemTest86(+). The original is simply known as MemTest86. The other, known as Memtest86+, is a development fork of the original MemTest86. Their on-screen appearance and functionality were almost identical up until, respectively, MemTest86 4.3 and Memtest86+ 5.0. [1]

Version 5.0 of MemTest86 added a mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI) and UEFI support; the latter was added by Memtest86+ from version 6.0.

These programs work with nearly all PC-compatible computers from 80386- and 80486-based systems to the latest systems with 64-bit processors. Each new release adds support for newer processors and chipsets. [9] [13]

MemTest86(+) is designed to run as a stand-alone, self-contained program from a bootable USB flash drive, CD-ROM, floppy disk, or from a suitable boot manager without an operating system present. [23] This is because the program must directly control the hardware being tested and leave as much of the RAM space as possible for examination.

MemTest86(+)'s testing is very comprehensive, so it can find otherwise hidden problems on machines that appear to work normally. [23] [24] With many chipsets, MemTest86 allows counting of failures even in error-correcting ECC DRAM (without special handling, error correcting memory circuits can mask problems with the underlying memory chips).

Some errors manifest intermittently or depend on the precise bits being stored, and do not occur on each pass; such errors may be revealed by running many passes over an extended period. Some tests use different data each pass to reveal data-dependent errors. [25]

Both versions now support current multi-core processors, the corresponding chipsets, and UEFI. [26] [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BIOS</span> Firmware for hardware initialization and OS runtime services

In computing, BIOS is firmware used to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs and to perform hardware initialization during the booting process. The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on an IBM PC or IBM PC compatible's system board and exists in some UEFI-based systems to maintain compatibility with operating systems that do not support UEFI native operation. The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. The BIOS originally proprietary to the IBM PC has been reverse engineered by some companies looking to create compatible systems. The interface of that original system serves as a de facto standard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linux distribution</span> Operating system based on the Linux kernel

A Linux distribution is an operating system made from a software collection that includes the Linux kernel and often a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices and personal computers to powerful supercomputers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Knoppix</span> Linux distribution

Knoppix, stylized KNOPPIX, is an operating system based on Debian designed to be run directly from a CD / DVD or a USB flash drive. It was first released in 2000 by German Linux consultant Klaus Knopper, and was one of the first popular live distributions. Knoppix is loaded from the removable medium and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU GRUB</span> Boot loader package

GNU GRUB is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation's Multiboot Specification, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple operating systems installed on a computer or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions.

In computing, Physical Address Extension (PAE), sometimes referred to as Page Address Extension, is a memory management feature for the x86 architecture. PAE was first introduced by Intel in the Pentium Pro, and later by AMD in the Athlon processor. It defines a page table hierarchy of three levels (instead of two), with table entries of 64 bits each instead of 32, allowing these CPUs to directly access a physical address space larger than 4 gigabytes (232 bytes).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UEFI</span> Operating system and firmware specification

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface is a specification that defines the architecture of the platform firmware used for booting the computer hardware and its interface for interaction with the operating system. Examples of firmware that implement the specification are AMI Aptio, Phoenix SecureCore, TianoCore EDK II, InsydeH2O. UEFI replaces the BIOS which was present in the boot ROM of all personal computers that are IBM PC compatible, although it can provide backwards compatibility with the BIOS using CSM booting. Intel developed the original Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) specification. Some of the EFI's practices and data formats mirror those of Microsoft Windows. In 2005, UEFI deprecated EFI 1.10.

Puppy Linux is an operating system and family of light-weight Linux distributions that focus on ease of use and minimal memory footprint. The entire system can be run from random-access memory (RAM) with current versions generally taking up about 600 MB (64-bit), 300 MB (32-bit), allowing the boot medium to be removed after the operating system has started. Applications such as AbiWord, Gnumeric and MPlayer are included, along with a choice of lightweight web browsers and a utility for downloading other packages. The distribution was originally developed by Barry Kauler and other members of the community, until Kauler retired in 2013. The tool Woof can build a Puppy Linux distribution from the binary packages of other Linux distributions.

coreboot Open-source computer firmware

coreboot, formerly known as LinuxBIOS, is a software project aimed at replacing proprietary firmware found in most computers with a lightweight firmware designed to perform only the minimum number of tasks necessary to load and run a modern 32-bit or 64-bit operating system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power-on self-test</span> Process performed by firmware or software routines

A power-on self-test (POST) is a process performed by firmware or software routines immediately after a computer or other digital electronic device is powered on.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Video BIOS</span>

Video BIOS is the BIOS of a graphics card in a computer. It initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time. It also implements INT 10h interrupt and VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) for basic text and videomode output before a specific video driver is loaded. In UEFI 2.x systems, the INT 10h and the VBE are replaced by the UEFI GOP.

loadlin is a Linux boot loader that runs under 16-bit real-mode DOS. It allows the Linux system to load and replace the running DOS without altering existing DOS system files.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EFI system partition</span> Partition used by Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

The EFIsystem partition or ESP is a partition on a data storage device that is used by computers that have the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). When a computer is booted, UEFI firmware loads files stored on the ESP to start operating systems and various utilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CDemu</span> Open source virtual drive software

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nouveau (software) Open source software driver for Nvidia GPU

nouveau is a free and open-source graphics device driver for Nvidia video cards and the Tegra family of SoCs written by independent software engineers, with minor help from Nvidia employees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wubi (software)</span> Ubuntu Linux installer for Windows

Wubi is a free software Ubuntu installer, that was the official Windows-based software, from 2008 until 2013, to install Ubuntu from within Windows, to a single file within an existing Windows partition.

Long-term support (LTS) is a product lifecycle management policy in which a stable release of computer software is maintained for a longer period of time than the standard edition. The term is typically reserved for open-source software, where it describes a software edition that is supported for months or years longer than the software's standard edition.

rEFInd Boot manager for UEFI systems

rEFInd is a boot manager for UEFI and EFI-based machines. It can be used to boot multiple operating systems that are installed on a single non-volatile device. It also provides a way to launch UEFI applications.

fwupd is an open-source daemon for managing the installation of firmware updates on Linux-based systems, developed by GNOME maintainer Richard Hughes. It is designed primarily for servicing the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) firmware on supported devices via EFI System Resource Table (ESRT) and UEFI Capsule, which is supported in Linux kernel 4.2 and later. Previously, the initiation of UEFI firmware updates within an operating system could, on most systems, only be performed using Microsoft Windows or DOS-specific software. ESRT allows the firmware to expose updatable components to the operating system, which can pass a UEFI capsule with updated firmware for processing and installation on the next boot. Updates can be exposed via a command line tool, or within graphical package managers via a D-Bus interface.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "MemTest86 History". MemTest86.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  2. ↑ "Version 10.6 (Build 1000) 17/Aug/2023". 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Memtest86+ History". Memtest.org.
  4. ↑ "v7.00". 7 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "MemTest86 Technical Information". MemTest86.com. PassMark Software. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  6. ↑ "bootsect.S - chromiumos/third_party/memtest - Git at Google". ChromiumOS Source. Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds 1-Jan-96 Modified by Chris Brady
  7. ↑ "README.build-process - chromiumos/third_party/memtest - Git at Google". chromium.googlesource.com.
  8. ↑ "MemTest86 - Known Issues". www.memtest86.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31. MemTest86 cannot remap itself to different portions of memory in order to run tests in the section of memory it was occupying.
  9. 1 2 3 "PassMark MemTest86 - Version History".
  10. ↑ "GNU GRUB Manual 1.99 § Badram".
  11. ↑ "How to block out or map out bad RAM in Windows..." thecomputerperson. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  12. ↑ Kim, Yoongu; Daly, Ross; Kim, Jeremie; Fallin, Chris; Lee, Ji Hye; Lee, Donghyuk; Wilkerson, Chris; Lai, Konrad; Mutlu, Onur (2014-07-08). "Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  13. 1 2 "Memtest86+ - Advanced Memory Diagnostic Tool".
  14. ↑ "Memtest86+ Archives". Memtest86+.; "728766 – sys-apps/memtest86+-5.31b version bump". bugs.gentoo.org.
  15. ↑ Klotz, Aaron (2022-10-24). "Memtest86+ Is Back! New Version Released After 9 Years". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  16. ↑ "memtest86+ v6.0 Released As Rewritten Open-Source RAM Tester". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  17. ↑ "Package: memtest86+". Debian Packages. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "Arch Linux - memtest86+ 5.01-3 (any)" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  19. ↑ "MemoryTest". Ubuntu Help Wiki. Retrieved 7 April 2019. Hold down Shift to bring up the GRUB menu. Use the arrow keys to move to the entry labeled Ubuntu, memtest86+
  20. ↑ "Memtest86+ 6.10-4 (amd64 binary) in Ubuntu Lunar". Ubuntu Launchpad. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  21. ↑ "Patch tracker: memtest86+". Debian Sources. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  22. ↑ "Patch tracker: memtest86+". Debian Sources. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  23. 1 2 Fisher, Tim (2018-02-06). "MemTest86 v7.5 Free Memory Testing Tool Review". Lifewire . Dotdash . Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  24. ↑ "MemTest86 Technical Information: Algorithms". MemTest86.com. PassMark Software. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
  25. ↑ "MemTest86 Technical Information: Detailed Descriptions". MemTest86.com. PassMark Software. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  26. ↑ "MemTest86 Support". MemTest86.com.
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