Microplastics effects on human health

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Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle We are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle. The pollutants can get into our bodies in many ways.svg
Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle

Microplastics effects on human health are a subject of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues. Microplastics, defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, and even smaller particles such as nanoplastics (NP), particles smaller than 1000 nm in diameter (0.001 mm or 1 μm), have raised concerns impacting human health. [1] In scientific literature, combined microplastics and nanoplastics are referred to as MNPs or NMPs or NMPPs for nano-and microplastic particles.

Contents

Routes of exposure and bioaccumulation

The major routes of exposure include ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. MNPs can remain in the organ of entry or enter systemic circulation to bioaccumulate in various tissues [2] depending on size. MNPs above 150 μm or 10 μm in diameter do not enter the blood and remain in tissues [3] whereas particles below 200 nm pass through intestinal barriers and reach extracellular spaces. [4]

Ingestion

Direct ingestion includes drinking water, [5] [6] beer, [7] honey and sugar, [8] table salt, [9] [10] and indoor airborne particulates falling on open meals. [11] [12] [13] Indirect ingestion includes toothpaste, face wash, scrubs, [14] [15] and soap [16] [17] and enter systemic circulation.

Maternally

Recent studies have shown the presence of microplastics in breast milk, often leading to exposures in very young children. While it has already been established that chemicals [18] such as flame retardants [19] [20] [21] and pesticides [22] have been detected in breast milk, knowledge about microplastics is limited in comparison. A study in 2022 [23] found plastics smaller than five millimeters in diameter in 75% of breast milk samples examined. It has been suggested that these plastics are especially dangerous for young children due to their role as hormone disruptors. Exposure during developmental stages can lead to long lasting developmental defects or other issues later in life. While these detected levels were not above the currently established thresholds for unsafe levels, they show another possible route for microplastic ingestion. For some native population in north Canada and people who live near industrial factories, it is sometimes suggested by pediatricians that mothers not nurse their children, [24] over fear of ingestion of microplastics and other potentially harmful chemicals. It has been suggested that mothers should directly breast feed their children instead of from a bottle. Studies have shown that pumping milk, freezing it in plastic bags, then subsequently heating it up will increase the contamination of microplastics in the milk. [25] Similar results have been seen from heating plastic reusable food containers in a microwave, showing the release of both microplastics and nanoplastics. [26] It has been suggested that mothers try to avoid ingesting microplastics themselves, to try and avoid passing them onto their children through breastfeeding. Studies have shown that drinking water from plastic bottles has significantly greater detectable plastic content than tap water. [27]

Contact

This is skin penetration through wounds and pores such as sweat glands and hair follicles [2] as the skin interacts with MNP-contaminated media such as soil or water [28] [29] and cosmetics mentioned above and enter systemic circulation.

Inhalation

This is indoor and outdoor airborne entry into the respiratory system [30] [12] [31] from upholstery and household furniture [32] to urban dust, rubber tires and synthetic fibers. [2] MNPs can remain in the lungs or be ingested via mucociliary clearance [33] to enter the systemic circulation.

Occupational exposure

Incidental generation of MNPs is mechanical or environmental degradation or industrial processes such as plastic manufacturing (heating and chemical condensation) and intentional generation of MNPs occur during in 3D printing such as multi-jet fusion or power-bed printing.

Acute inhalation is the main route of workplace exposure is acute inhalation. [33] Workplace exposure can be high concentration and lasting the duration of a shift and thus short-term whereas exposure outside of work is at low concentration and long-term. [34] The concentration of worker exposure is orders of magnitude higher than the general population (e.g., 4×1010 particles per m3 from extrusion 3D printers [35] versus 50 particles per m3 in the general environment [36] ).

High chronic exposure to aerosolized MNPs occur in: the synthetic textile industry, the flocking industry, and the plastics industry consisting of the Vinyl Chloride supplier and the Polyvinyl Chloride manufacturer. [37]

Manufacturing and processing of plastic

Environmental and mechanical degradation of plastic

Medical plastic

Microplastics per square meter in the EU sewage sludge (2015-2019) Microplastique par m2 UE via boues epuration CC BY SA1-s2.0-S0269749122004122-gr7 lrg.jpg
Microplastics per square meter in the EU sewage sludge (2015–2019)

Potential health risks

One of many routes humans are exposed to microplastics is via dermal contact which allows MPs penetration through skin pores P061337-299845.jpg
One of many routes humans are exposed to microplastics is via dermal contact which allows MPs penetration through skin pores

The potential health impacts of microplastics vary based on factors, such as their particle sizes, shape, exposure time, chemical composition (enriched with heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc.), surface properties, and associated contaminants. [63] [64] Experimental and observational studies in mammals have suggested that microplastics and nanoplastics exposure may have adverse effects on human health, such as:

Laboratory investigations demonstrate that microplastics can damage human cells, triggering allergic reactions and cell death. [81] MPs may also disrupt hormone function, potentially contributing to weight gain. [82] [83]

Epidemiological studies

Despite growing concern and evidence, most epidemiologic studies have focused on characterizing exposures. Epidemiological studies directly linking microplastics to adverse health effects in humans remain yet limited and research is ongoing to determine the full extent of potential harm caused by microplastics and their long-term impact on human health. [84] [85]

Clinical studies

In a cohort study involving 304 patients who were undergoing carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery disease in 3 Italian hospitals, polyethylene was detected in carotid artery plaque of 150 patients (58.4%) with a mean level of 21.7±24.5 μg per milligram of plaque; 31 patients (12.1%) also had measurable amounts of polyvinyl chloride, with a mean level of 5.2±2.4 μg per milligram of plaque. Those with carotid artery plaque in which MNPs were detected had a higher risk of a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from any cause at 34 months of follow-up than those in whom MNPs were not detected. [86]

Mitigating inhalation exposure to MNPs

Also see Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials.

As April 2024, there is no established NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for MNPs due to limited data on exposure levels to adverse health effects, the absence of standardization to characterize the heterogeneity of MNPs by chemical composition and morphology, and difficulty in measuring airborne MNPs. [87] [88] And thus, safety measures focus on the hierarchy of controls for nanomaterials with good industrial hygiene to implement source emission control with local exhaust ventilation, air filtration, and nonventilating engineering controls such as substitution with less hazardous materials, administrative controls, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for skin and respiratory protection. [89]

Research from the U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC) show local exhaust ventilation and High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtration to be effective mitigation to theoretically filter 99.97% of nanoparticles down to 0.3 microns. [89]

See also

Related Research Articles

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