Moura Budberg

Last updated

Moura Budberg
Baroness Budberg Allan Warren.jpg
Moura Budberg, by Allan Warren
Born
Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya (Мария Игнатьевна Закревская)

February 1892
Died1 November 1974(1974-11-01) (aged 82)
Nationality Russian Empire
Occupation secretary, screenwriter
Spouse(s)
Ivan Alexandrovich, Count von Benckendorff
(m. 1911;died 1919)

Nikolai, Baron von Budberg-Bönninghausen
(m. 1921,divorced)
Partner(s) R. H. Bruce Lockhart
Maxim Gorky
H. G. Wells
Children2
Parent
  • Ignaty Platonovich Zakrevsky (father)

Maria Ignatievna von Budberg-Bönninghausen (Russian : Мария (Мура) Игнатьевна Закревская-Бенкендорф-Будберг, Maria (Moura) Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff-Budberg, née Zakrevskaya; February 1892 – 1 November 1974) — also known as Countess von Benckendorff and Baroness von Budberg — was a Russian adventuress and suspected double agent of the Soviet Union secret police (OGPU) and British Intelligence Service. [1]

Contents

According to British journalist Robin Bruce Lockhart, who knew her personally, "she was, perhaps, the Soviet Union's most effective agent-of-influence ever to appear on London's political and intellectual stage". [2]

Biography

Early life

Born in Poltava, in central Ukraine, Moura was the daughter of Ignaty Platonovich Zakrevsky (1839–1906), a member of the Russian nobility and diplomat. [3] In 1911, she married Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of the Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at the Russian Embassy in Berlin, and Gentleman of the Court. They had two children: Paul (born in 1913) and Tatiana (born in 1915), who later married Bernard Alexander and became the mother of the businesswoman Helen Alexander. Benckendorff owned a large country house and estate in Estonia, Jendel Jäneda, where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant. [4]

Arrest

Before the October Revolution, Moura worked in the Russian embassy in Berlin, where she became acquainted with British diplomat R. H. Bruce Lockhart. Upon the assassination of her husband in 1919, she was arrested on suspicion of spying for the United Kingdom and was transferred to the Lubyanka prison. Lockhart, who mentioned her under her given name in his 1932 book Memoirs of a British Agent, [5] tried to vouch for her but was detained as well for a couple of weeks. They had been lovers [6] and she became pregnant by him, but the pregnancy miscarried. [7] (Lockhart's book was made into an American movie in 1934, British Agent , in which he was played by Leslie Howard ("Stephen Locke") and she by Kay Francis ("Elena Moura").

After Lockhart was released and expelled from Russia soon afterward in connection with the "Ambassadorial Conspiracy" affair (also known as the "Lockhart Plot"), Budberg was released as well under the condition that she would co-operate with the intelligence service if the need ever arose. Budberg began to publish "World Literature", where she met the writer Maxim Gorky with the help of Korney Chukovsky. She became a secretary and common-law wife of Gorky, living in his house with a few interruptions from 1920 to 1933 when the writer lived in Italy before returning to the Soviet Union. He dedicated his last major work, the novel The Life of Klim Samgin , to her.

H. G. Wells

In 1920, Budberg met British author H. G. Wells when he made a celebrated visit to Moscow [8] and they became lovers. She was briefly married, on 13 November 1921, to Baron Nikolai (Rotger Emil Arthur Friedrich) von Budberg-Bönningshausen (born 1896). [9] The union was in the nature of a marriage of convenience, and they soon divorced. (It provided her with a passport, however, and thus an ability to leave Russia to visit both her children in Estonia and Gorky, who then lived near Sorrento. It is said that the Baron Budberg, a shady character, eventually disappeared in Brazil. [10] ) Moura's relationship with Wells was renewed in 1933 in London, where she had emigrated after parting with Gorky. The close relationship continued until Wells's death in 1946. He had asked her to marry him, but Budberg strongly rejected the proposal.

Double agent?

Budberg was widely suspected of being a double agent for both the Soviet Union and British intelligence and has been called the "Mata Hari of Russia", after the famous Dutch exotic dancer and accused spy. She is known to have visited the Soviet Union at least twice after the 1920s: first in 1936 for the funeral of Gorky (which made people call her an agent of the NKVD) and again at the end of 1950, with a daughter of Alexander Guchkov.

An MI5 informant said of her, "she can drink an amazing quantity, mostly gin". [11]

Writing career

Among many other activities, Budberg wrote books and was the script writer for at least two films: Three Sisters (1970), directed by Laurence Olivier and John Sichel, and The Sea Gull (1968), directed by Sidney Lumet. [12] [13] She translated Gorky's novel The Life of a Useless Man (1908) into English in 1971.

Moura Budberg maintained residences in London at Ennismore Gardens and in Cromwell Road. She had made her permanent home in England from the time she emigrated there in 1929 until shortly before her death (31 October 1974), when she returned to Italy. [14]

Family

Budberg's older half-sister, Alexandra 'Alla' Ignatievna Zakrevskaya (1887–1960), who married Baron Arthur von Engelhardt (1875-1909) in 1908 but divorced in 1909, [15] was the great-grandmother of Nick Clegg, the leader of the British Liberal Democratic Party between December 2007 and May 2015, and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2015.

Legacy

In May 2008 a television film, My Secret Agent Auntie, directed by Dimitri Collingridge, was released in England. [16] Her biography was written by Nina Berberova, who chronicled the émigrés.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maxim Gorky</span> Russian author and political activist (1868–1936)

Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, popularly known as Maxim Gorky, was a Russian writer and socialist political thinker and proponent. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Before his success as an author, he travelled widely across the Russian Empire changing jobs frequently, experiences which would later influence his writing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidney Reilly</span> Russian-born adventurer and secret agent (1873–1925)

Sidney George Reilly —known as "Ace of Spies"—was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the Foreign Section of the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four different great powers, and documentary evidence indicates that he was involved in espionage activities in 1890s London among Russian émigré circles, in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), and in an abortive 1918 coup d'état against Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik government in Moscow.

<i>Gorky Park</i> (novel) 1981 novel by Martin Cruz Smith

Gorky Park is a 1981 crime novel written by American author Martin Cruz Smith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Rakovsky</span> Bulgarian-born Soviet diplomat (1873–1941)

Christian Georgievich Rakovsky was a Bulgarian-born socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet diplomat and statesman; he was also noted as a journalist, physician, and essayist. Rakovsky's political career took him throughout the Balkans and into France and Imperial Russia; for part of his life, he was also a Romanian citizen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorothea Lieven</span> Influential figure in 19th-century European diplomatic, political and social circles (1785-1857)

Princess Katharina Alexandra Dorothea von Lieven, née Freiin von Benckendorff, 17 December 1785 – 27 January 1857), was a Baltic German noblewoman and the wife of Prince Christoph Heinrich von Lieven, who served as the Russian ambassador to London between 1812 and 1834. She became an influential figure among many of the diplomatic, political, and social circles of 19th-century Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jäneda</span> Village in Estonia

Jäneda is a small village in northern Estonia. It is located in Lääne-Viru County and is a part of Tapa municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethel Voynich</span> Irish writer and musician

Ethel Lilian Voynich, néeBoole was an Irish-born British novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes. She was born in Cork, but grew up in Lancashire, England. Voynich was a significant figure, not only on the late Victorian literary scene, but also in Russian émigré circles. She is best known for her novel The Gadfly, which became hugely popular in her lifetime, especially in Russia.

<i>Gorky Park</i> (film) 1983 American mystery thriller film

Gorky Park is a 1983 American mystery thriller film based on the book of the same name by Martin Cruz Smith. The film was directed by Michael Apted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbara von Krüdener</span> 19th century Baltic German Mystic

Beate Barbara Juliane Freifrau von Krüdener, often called by her formal French name, Madame de Krüdener, was a Baltic German religious mystic, author, and Pietist Lutheran theologian who exerted influence on wider European Protestantism, including the Swiss Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, and whose ideas influenced Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

<i>The Gadfly</i> 1897 book by Ethel Lilian Voynich

The Gadfly is a novel by Irish-born British writer Ethel Voynich, published in 1897, set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings. The story centres on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love, Gemma, simultaneously runs through the story. It is a tale of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R. H. Bruce Lockhart</span> British writer, spy and diplomat (1887-1970)

Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart, KCMG was a British diplomat, journalist, author, secret agent, and footballer. His 1932 book Memoirs of a British Agent became an international bestseller and brought him to the world's attention by telling of his failed effort to sabotage the Bolshevik Revolution in Moscow in 1918, by assassinating Lenin and instigating a coup. After the plot failed, U.S. Consul General to Moscow and spymaster DeWitt Clinton Poole dissembled. It was said at the time that his main co-conspirator Sidney Reilly, and others were double agents working for the Bolsheviks. In the end, the "Lockhart Plot" was revealed as a cunning sting operation controlled by Felix Dzerzhinsky with the goal of discrediting the British and French governments. However Boris Savinkov and in particular Xenophon Kalamatiano were working with State Department under the direction of US Secretary of State Robert Lansing, as pieced together in recent research by the historian Barnes Carr.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nina Berberova</span> Russian novelist and short story writer (1901-1993)

Nina Nikolayevna Berberova was a Russian writer who chronicled the lives of anti-communist Russian refugees in Paris in her short stories and novels. She visited post-Soviet Russia. Her 1965-revision of the Constance Garnett translation of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina with Leonard J. Kent is considered the best translation so far by the academic Zoja Pavlovskis-Petit.

Irina is a feminine given name of Ancient Greek origin, commonly borne by followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is derived from Eirene, an ancient Greek goddess, personification of peace. It is mostly used in countries within the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Balkans.

Robert Norman Bruce Lockhart, known as Robin, was a British journalist, stock broker, and author.

<i>British Agent</i> 1934 film by Michael Curtiz

British Agent is a 1934 American romantic espionage film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Leslie Howard and Kay Francis. It is based on Memoirs of a British Agent, the 1932 autobiography of R. H. Bruce Lockhart, who worked for the British Secret Service during the Russian Revolution and had an affair with a Russian agent, later known as Moura Budberg. The film was produced by First National, then a division of Warner Bros.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geneviève Vix</span> French opera singer (1897–1939)

Geneviève Vix was a French soprano. She was a descendant of the Dutch painter Adriaen Brouwer.

Julia Danzas was a Russian historian of religion, a Catholic theologian, writer and a Catholic female religious leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helen Alexander (businesswoman)</span> British businesswoman

Dame Helen Anne Alexander DBE was a British businesswoman. She served as the chairman of UBM plc. She had an MA from Oxford, an MBA from INSEAD and in 2016 was awarded the Legion d'Honneur. She was Chancellor of the University of Southampton (2011–2017).

Marian Schwartz is an American translator of contemporary Russian literature. She is the principal English translator of the author Nina Berberova and has translated over 70 books of fiction, history, biography, and criticism into English. She is the recipient of two translation fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts. Based in Austin, Texas, she is the former president of the American Literary Translators Association.

References

  1. "Мария Будберг / Mariya Budberg /". www.peoples.ru. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  2. Bruce Lockhart, Robin (1987), Reilly: The First Man, Penguin Books, pg 86.
  3. Nicolas Ikonnikov, La noblesse de Russie (2nd edition, Paris, 1962) Vol. T.2, pp. 299-301
  4. Nicolas Ikonnikov, La Noblesse de Russie (Second edition, Paris, 1962) Vol. T.2, p. 301
  5. Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (1932); 384 pp; Reprinted Macmillan (January 1975) ISBN   0-333-17329-5 ISBN   978-0-333-17329-9
  6. Mystery of Nick Clegg's 'Mata Hari' aunt and a plot to kill Lenin Archived 19 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  7. "Epilogue" by Robin Bruce Lockhart (2003) in Memoirs of a British Agent by R. H. Bruce Lockhart (2003 edition by the Folio Society), pg 267.
  8. Burris, Charles (1 August 2007) Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide, LewRockwell.com
  9. Nicolas Ikonnikov, La noblesse de Russie (2nd edition, Paris, 1962), Tome T.2, 301-2
  10. Bruce Lockhart, Robin (1987), Op. cit. , pg 58.
  11. "Mosley was tracked by MI5". BBC News. 28 November 2002. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  12. Internet Movie Database
  13. Filmography – Retrieved on 23 October 2006
  14. Bruce Lockhart, Robin (1987), Op. cit. , pg 60.
  15. Nicolas Ikonnikov, La noblesse de Russie (2nd edition, Paris, 1962) Tome T.2, 301
  16. My Secret Agent Auntie (2008). IMDB

Further reading