National Ambient Air Quality Standards

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US counties that are designated "nonattainment" for the Clean Air Act's NAAQS, as of September 30, 2017 NAAQS Non Attainment Counties 09302017.svg
US counties that are designated "nonattainment" for the Clean Air Act's NAAQS, as of September 30, 2017

The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced /ˈnæks/ naks) are limits on atmospheric concentration of six pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. [1] Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), NAAQS is applied for outdoor air throughout the country. [2]

Contents

The six criteria air pollutants (CAP), or criteria pollutants, for which limits are set in the NAAQS are ozone (O3), atmospheric particulate matter, lead, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). [3] These are typically emitted from many sources in industry, mining, transportation, electricity generation and agriculture. In many cases they are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels or industrial processes. [4]

The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants cover many other chemicals, and require the maximum achievable reduction that the EPA determines is feasible.

Background

The six criteria air pollutants were the first set of pollutants recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as needing standards on a national level. [5] The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to set US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the six CAPs. [6] The NAAQS are health based and the EPA sets two types of standards: primary and secondary. The primary standards are designed to protect the health of 'sensitive' populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. The secondary standards are concerned with protecting the environment. They are designed to address visibility, damage to crops, vegetation, buildings, and animals. [7]

The EPA established the NAAQS according to Sections 108 and 109 of the U.S. Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990. [8] These sections require the EPA "(1) to list widespread air pollutants that reasonably may be expected to endanger public health or welfare; (2) to issue air quality criteria for them that assess the latest available scientific information on nature and effects of ambient exposure to them; (3) to set primary NAAQS to protect human health with adequate margin of safety and to set secondary NAAQS to protect against welfare effects (e.g., effects on vegetation, ecosystems, visibility, climate, manmade materials, etc); and (5) to periodically review and revise, as appropriate, the criteria and NAAQS for a given listed pollutant or class of pollutants." [9]

Descriptions

  1. Ground level ozone (O3): Ozone found on the surface-level, also known as tropospheric ozone is also regulated by the NAAQS under the Clean Air Act. Ozone was originally found to be damaging to grapes in the 1950s. The US EPA set "oxidants" standards in 1971, which included ozone. These standards were created to reduce agricultural impacts and other related damages. Like lead, ozone requires a reexamination of new findings of health and vegetation effects periodically. This aspect necessitated the creation of a US EPA criteria document. Further analysis done in 1979 and 1997 made it necessary to significantly modify the pollution standards
  2. Atmospheric particulate matter
    • PM10, coarse particles: 2.5 micrometers (μm) to 10 μm in size (although current implementation includes all particles 10 μm or less in the standard)
    • PM2.5, fine particles: 2.5 μm in size or less. Particulate Matter (PM) was listed in the 1996 Criteria document issued by the EPA. In April 2001, the EPA created a Second External Review Draft of the Air Quality Criteria for PM, which addressed updated studies done on particulate matter and the modified pollutant standards done since the First External Review Draft. In May 2002, a Third External Review Draft was made, and the EPA revised PM requirements again. After issuing a fourth version of the document, the EPA issued the final version in October 2004.
  3. Lead (Pb): In the mid-1970s, lead was listed as a criteria air pollutant that required NAAQS regulation. In 1977, the EPA published a document which detailed the Air Quality Criteria for lead. This document was based on the scientific assessments of lead at the time. Based on this report (1977 Lead AQCD), the EPA established a "1.5 µg/m3 (maximum quarterly calendar average) Pb NAAQS in 1978." [9] The Clean Air Act requires periodic review of NAAQS, and new scientific data published after 1977 made it necessary to revise the standards previously established in the 1977 Lead AQCD document. An Addendum to the document was published in 1986 and then again as a Supplement to the 1986 AQCD/Addendum in 1990. In 1990, a Lead Staff Paper was prepared by the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OPQPS), which was based on information presented in the 1986 Lead/AQCD/Addendum and 1990 Supplement, in addition to other OAQPS sponsored lead exposure/risk analyses. In this paper, it was proposed that the Pb NAAQS be revised further and presented options for revision to the EPA. The EPA elected to not modify the Pb NAAQS further, but decided to instead focus on the 1991 U.S. EPA Strategy for Reducing Lead Exposure. The EPA concentrated on regulatory and remedial clean-up efforts to minimize Pb exposure from numerous non-air sources that caused more severe public health risks, and undertook actions to reduce air emissions.
  4. Carbon monoxide (CO): The EPA set the first NAAQS for carbon monoxide in 1971. The primary standard was set at 9 ppm averaged over an 8-hour period and 35 ppm over a 1-hour period. [10] The majority of CO emitted into the ambient air is from mobile sources. The EPA has reviewed and assessed the current scientific literature with respect to CO in 1979, 1984, 1991, and 1994. [11] After the review in 1984 the EPA decided to remove the secondary standard for CO due to lack of significant evidence of the adverse environmental impacts. On January 28, 2011 the EPA decided that the current NAAQS for CO were sufficient and proposed to keep the existing standards as they stood. The EPA is strengthening monitoring requirements for CO by calling for CO monitors to be placed in strategic locations near large urban areas. Specifically, the EPA has called for monitors to be placed and operational in CBSA's (core based statistical areas) with populations over 2.5 million by January 1, 2015; and in CBSA's with populations of 1 million or more by January 1, 2017. In addition they are requiring the collocation of CO monitors with NO2 monitors in urban areas having a population of 1 million for more. As of May 2011 there were approximately 328 operational CO monitors in place nationwide. The EPA has provided some authority to the EPA Regional Administrators to oversee case-by-case requested exceptions and in determining the need for additional monitoring systems above the minimum required. [12] The EPA reports the national average concentration of CO has decreased by 82% since 1980. [13] The last nonattainment designation was deemed in attainment on September 27, 2010. Currently all areas in the US are in attainment. [12]
  5. Sulfur oxides (SOx): SOx refers to the oxides of sulfur, a highly reactive group of gases. SO2 is of greatest interest and is used as the indicator for the entire SOx family. The EPA first set primary and secondary standards in 1971. Dual primary standards were set at 140 ppb averaged over a 24-hour period, and at 30 ppb averaged annually. The secondary standard was set at 500 ppb averaged over a 3-hour period, not to be exceeded more than once a year. The most recent review took place in 1996 during which the EPA considered implementing a new NAAQS for 5-minute peaks of SO2 affecting sensitive populations such as asthmatics. The Agency did not establish this new NAAQS and kept the existing standards. [14] In 2010 the EPA decided to replace the dual primary standards with a new 1-hour standard set at 75 ppb. On March 20, 2012, the EPA "took final action" to maintain the existing NAAQS as they stood. [15] Only three monitoring sites have exceeded the current NAAQS for SO2, all of which are located in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The violations occurred between 2007–2008 and the state of Hawaii suggested these should be exempt from regulatory actions due to an 'exceptional event' (volcanic activity). Since 1980 the national concentration of SO2 in the ambient air has decreased by 83%. [16] Annual average concentrations hover between 1–6 ppb. Currently all ACQR's are in attainment for SO2. [17]
  6. Nitrogen oxides (NOx): The EPA first set primary and secondary standards for the oxides of nitrogen in 1971. Among these are nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), all of which are covered in the NAAQS. NO2 is the oxide measured and used as the indicator for the entire NOx family as it is of the most concern due to its quick formation and contribution to the formation of harmful ground level ozone. [18] In 1971 the primary and secondary NAAQS for NO2 were both set at an annual average of 0.053 ppm. The EPA reviewed this NAAQS in 1985 and 1996, and in both cases concluded that the existing standard was sufficient. The most recent review by the EPA occurred in 2010, resulting in a new 1-hour NO2 primary standard set at 100 ppb; the annual average of 0.053 ppm remained the same. Also considered was a new 1-hour secondary standard of 100 ppb. This was the first time the EPA reviewed the environmental impacts separate from the health impacts for this group of criteria air pollutants [18] Also, in 2010, the EPA decided to ensure compliance by strengthening monitoring requirements, calling for increased numbers of monitoring systems near large urban areas and major roadways. On March 20, 2012, the EPA "took final action" to maintain the existing NAAQS as they stand. [19] The national average of NOx concentrations has dropped by 52% since 1980. [20] The annual concentration for NO2 is reported to be averaging around 10–20 ppb, and is expected to decrease further with new mobile source regulations. [21] Currently all areas of the US are classified as in attainment. [18]

Standards

The standards are listed in 40 CFR 50 . Primary standards are designed to protect human health, [22] with an adequate margin of safety, including sensitive populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals suffering from respiratory diseases. Secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare, damage to property, transportation hazards, economic values, and personal comfort and well-being from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. A district meeting a given standard is known as an "attainment area" for that standard, and otherwise a "non-attainment area". [2]

Standards are required to "accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge," and are reviewed every five years by a Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC), consisting of "seven members appointed by the EPA administrator." [23]

EPA has set NAAQS for six major pollutants listed as below. These six are also the criteria air pollutants. [1]

PollutantTypeStandardAveraging TimeForm a Regulatory Citation
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Primary75 ppb1-hour99th Percentile of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.17
Secondary0.5 ppm (1,300 μg/m3)3-hourNot to be exceeded more than once per year 40 CFR 50.5
Particulate matter (PM10)Primary and Secondary150 μg/m324-hourNot to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years 40 CFR 50.6
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)Primary12 μg/m3annualAnnual mean, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.18
Secondary15 μg/m3annualAnnual mean, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.7
Primary and Secondary35 μg/m324-hour98th percentile, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.18
Carbon monoxide (CO)Primary35 ppm (40 mg/m3)1-hourNot to be exceeded more than once per year 40 CFR 50.8
Primary9 ppm (10 mg/m3)8-hourNot to be exceeded more than once per year 40 CFR 50.8
Ozone (O3)Primary and Secondary0.12 ppm (235 μg/m3)1-hour b expected number of days per calendar year, with maximum hourly average concentration greater than 0.12 ppm, is equal to or less than 1 40 CFR 50.9
Primary and Secondary0.070 ppm (140 μg/m3)8-hourAnnual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.19
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Primary and Secondary0.053 ppm (100 μg/m3)annualAnnual mean 40 CFR 50.11
Primary0.100 ppm (188 μg/m3)1-hour98th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.11
Lead (Pb)Primary and Secondary0.15 μg/m3Rolling 3 monthsNot to be exceeded 40 CFR 50.12

Detection methods

The EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory can designate a measurement device using an established technological basis as a Federal Reference Method (FRM) to certify that the device has undergone a testing and analysis protocol, and can be used to monitor NAAQS compliance. Devices based on new technologies can be designated as a Federal Equivalent Method (FEM).[ citation needed ] FEMs are based on different sampling and/or analyzing technologies than FRMs, but are required to provide the same decision making quality when making NAAQS attainment determinations. Approved new methods are formally announced through publication in the Federal Register. [24] A complete list of FRMs and FEMs is available. [25]

Air quality control region

An air quality control region is an area, designated by the federal government, where communities share a common air pollution problem. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollutant</span> Substance or energy damaging to the environment

A pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming or anthropogenic in origin. Pollutants result in environmental pollution or become public health concerns when they reach a concentration high enough to have significant negative impacts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smog</span> Smoke-like, fog-like air pollutions

Smog, or smoke fog, is a type of intense air pollution. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity, and odor. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, ozone, smoke and other particulates. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ground-level ozone</span>

Ground-level ozone (O3), also known as surface-level ozone and tropospheric ozone, is a trace gas in the troposphere (the lowest level of the Earth's atmosphere), with an average concentration of 20–30 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with close to 100 ppbv in polluted areas. Ozone is also an important constituent of the stratosphere, where the ozone layer (2 to 8 parts per million ozone) exists which is located between 10 and 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The troposphere extends from the ground up to a variable height of approximately 14 kilometers above sea level. Ozone is least concentrated in the ground layer (or planetary boundary layer) of the troposphere. Ground-level or tropospheric ozone is created by chemical reactions between NOx gases (oxides of nitrogen produced by combustion) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The combination of these chemicals in the presence of sunlight form ozone. Its concentration increases as height above sea level increases, with a maximum concentration at the tropopause. About 90% of total ozone in the atmosphere is in the stratosphere, and 10% is in the troposphere. Although tropospheric ozone is less concentrated than stratospheric ozone, it is of concern because of its health effects. Ozone in the troposphere is considered a greenhouse gas, and may contribute to global warming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indoor air quality</span> Air quality within and around buildings and structures

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around buildings and structures. IAQ is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. Poor indoor air quality has been linked to sick building syndrome, reduced productivity, and impaired learning in schools. Common pollutants of indoor air include: Secondhand tobacco smoke, air pollutants from indoor combustion, radon, molds and other allergens, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, legionella and other bacteria, asbestos fibers, carbon dioxide, ozone and particulates. Source control, filtration, and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air quality index</span> Measure of pollution

An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. AQI information is obtained by averaging readings from an air quality sensor, which can increase due to vehicle traffic, forest fires, or anything that can increase air pollution. Pollutants tested include ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, among others.

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Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc., 531 U.S. 457 (2001), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for regulating ozone and particulate matter was challenged by the American Trucking Association, along with other private companies and the states of Michigan, Ohio, and West Virginia.

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Title 40 is a part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40 arranges mainly environmental regulations that were promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based on the provisions of United States laws. Parts of the regulation may be updated annually on July 1.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clean Air Act (United States)</span> United States federal law to control air pollution

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air quality law</span> Type of law

Air quality laws govern the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere. A specialized subset of air quality laws regulate the quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are often designed specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are designed to address broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect the ozone layer, and emissions trading programs to address acid rain or climate change. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorising air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and dictating necessary or appropriate mitigation technologies.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile source air pollution</span>

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CMAQ is an acronym for the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model, a sophisticated three-dimensional Eulerian grid chemical transport model developed by the US EPA for studying air pollution from local to hemispheric scales. EPA and state environmental agencies use CMAQ to develop and assess implementation actions needed to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) defined under the Clean Air Act. CMAQ simulates air pollutants of concern—including ozone, particulate matter (PM), and a variety of air toxics — to optimize air quality management. Deposition values from CMAQ are used to assess ecosystem impacts such as eutrophication and acidification from air pollutants. In addition, the National Weather Service uses CMAQ to produce twice-daily forecast guidance for ozone air quality across the U.S. CMAQ unites the modeling of meteorology, emissions, and chemistry to simulate the fate of air pollutants under varying atmospheric conditions. Other kinds of models—including crop management and hydrology models— can be linked with the CMAQ simulations, as needed, to simulate pollution more holistically across environmental media.

References

  1. 1 2 "Definition of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)". ohioepa.custhelp.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  2. 1 2 "Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Renewal Environmental Impact Statement article". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  3. ↑ EPA,OAR, US (9 April 2014). "Criteria Air Pollutants | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  4. ↑ http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/ard/documents/ard-41.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  5. ↑ Michigan Department Of Environmental Quality, January 2004. What is an Air Contaminant Pollutant? Fact Sheet
  6. ↑ "National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) | Air and Radiation | US EPA". Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2011-02-11. US EPA
  7. ↑ "National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) | Air and Radiation | US EPA". Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  8. ↑ "EPA - TTN NAAQS". Archived from the original on 2009-04-28.
  9. 1 2 "Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Final Report, 2006)".
  10. ↑ "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  11. ↑ http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/coaqcd.pdf. Archived 2011-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  12. 1 2 "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  13. ↑ "National Air Quality: Status and Trends of Key Air Pollutants". 8 July 2014.
  14. ↑ "Sulfur Dioxide | Air & Radiation | US EPA".
  15. ↑ http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/pdfs/20120320factsheet.pdf. Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "National Air Quality: Status and Trends of Key Air Pollutants". 8 July 2014.
  17. ↑ "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  18. 1 2 3 "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  19. ↑ Fact Sheet – Air Quality Designations for the 2010 Primary Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standards http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/designations/pdfs/20120120FS.pdf.
  20. ↑ "National Air Quality: Status and Trends of Key Air Pollutants". 8 July 2014.
  21. ↑ "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  22. ↑ "Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. Video, Transcript (see p4). July 12, 2016.
  23. ↑ Goldstein, Bernard D (2018-12-11). "The latest chapter in EPA vs environmental science saga". The Hill. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  24. ↑ "EPA scientists develop Federal Reference & Equivalent Methods for measuring key air pollutants". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  25. ↑ Gilliam, Joseph H.; Hall, Eric S. (2016-07-13). "Reference and Equivalent Methods Used to Measure National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Criteria Air Pollutants - Volume I". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  26. ↑ "EPA document".
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