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A court is any person or institution,often as a government institution,with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil,criminal,and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems,courts are the central means for dispute resolution,and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly,the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court.
The United Kingdom has three legal systems,each of which derives from a particular geographical area for a variety of historical reasons:English and Welsh law,Scots law,Northern Ireland law,and,since 2007,calls for a fourth type that of purely Welsh law as a result of Welsh devolution,with further calls for a Welsh justice system.
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales,comprising mainly criminal law and civil law,each branch having its own courts and procedures.
The Court of Cassation is the supreme court for civil and criminal cases in France. It is one of the country's four apex courts,along with the Council of State,the Constitutional Council and the Jurisdictional Disputes Tribunal.
The courts of England and Wales,supported administratively by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service,are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales.
Sir Donald Neil MacCormick was a Scottish legal philosopher and politician. He was Regius Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations at the University of Edinburgh from 1972 until 2008. He was a Member of the European Parliament 1999–2004,member of the Convention on the Future of Europe,and officer of the Scottish National Party.
A sheriff court is the principal local civil and criminal court in Scotland,with exclusive jurisdiction over all civil cases with a monetary value up to £100,000,and with the jurisdiction to hear any criminal case except treason,murder,and rape,which are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court of Justiciary. Though the sheriff courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court over armed robbery,drug trafficking,and sexual offences involving children,the vast majority of these cases are heard by the High Court. Each court serves a sheriff court district within one of the six sheriffdoms of Scotland. Each sheriff court is presided over by a sheriff,who is a legally qualified judge,and part of the judiciary of Scotland.
District courts are a category of courts which exists in several nations,some call them "small case court" usually as the lowest level of the hierarchy. These include:
Edinburgh Law School,founded in 1707,is a school within the University of Edinburgh,Scotland,United Kingdom dedicated to research and teaching in law. It is located in the historic Old College,the original site of the University. Two of the twelve currently sitting Supreme Court of the United Kingdom justices are graduates of Edinburgh,including the current President and Deputy President.
France's independent court system enjoys special statutory protection from the executive branch. Procedures for the appointment,promotion,and removal of judges vary depending on whether it is for the ordinary or administrative stream. Judicial appointments in the judicial stream must be approved by a special panel,the High Council of the Judiciary. Once appointed,career judges serve for life and cannot be removed without specific disciplinary proceedings conducted before the council with due process.
In Scotland a sheriff principal is a judge in charge of a sheriffdom with judicial,quasi-judicial,and administrative responsibilities. Sheriffs principal have been part of the judiciary of Scotland since the 11th century. Sheriffs principal were originally appointed by the monarch of Scotland,and evolved into a heritable jurisdiction before appointment was again vested in the Crown and the monarch of the United Kingdom following the passage of the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746.
Thomas Eugene Baker is a constitutional law scholar,Professor of Law,and founding member of the Florida International University College of Law. With four decades of teaching experience,Baker has authored eighteen books,including two leading casebooks,has published more than 200 scholarly articles in leading law journals,and has received numerous teaching awards.
In most legal jurisdictions,a supreme court,also known as a court of last resort,apex court,and highcourt of appeal,is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking,the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts,hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts,or from intermediate-level appellate courts.
Legal education in the United Kingdom is divided between the common law system of England and Wales and Northern Ireland,and that of Scotland,which uses a hybrid of common law and civil law.
The School of Law at the University of Glasgow provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Law,and awards the degrees of Bachelor of Laws,Master of Laws,LLM by Research,Master of Research (MRes) and Doctor of Philosophy,the degree of Doctor of Laws being awarded generally only as an honorary degree.
Barry Sullivan is a Chicago lawyer,Professor of Law and holder of the Cooney &Conway Chair in Advocacy at Loyola University Chicago School of Law.
Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is a hybrid or mixed legal system containing civil law and common law elements,that traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. Together with English law and Northern Ireland law,it is one of the three legal systems of the United Kingdom.
In law,an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority,where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and interpreting law. Although appellate courts have existed for thousands of years,common law countries did not incorporate an affirmative right to appeal into their jurisprudence until the 19th century.
The judiciary of Belgium is similar to the French judiciary. Belgium evolved from a unitary to a federal state,but its judicial system has not been adapted to a federal system.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Professor Neil Walker". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ "Neil Walker: Police culture and organisation". University of Strathclyde Library. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- 1 2 "News Release: Review of Civil Appeal". Scottish Government. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- 1 2 "Review of final appellate jurisdiction". Scots Law News. 24 December 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
